土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响

选择湖南3大烟区的永州市、浏阳市、桑植县进行客土盆栽试验,探讨土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响.结果表明:烤烟二氢猕猴桃内酯、大马烯酮、糠醛、巨豆三烯酮总量、β-紫罗兰酮5种中性挥发性香气物含量属中等变异强度,其变异强弱按该顺序依次递减.土壤和气候及其互作对烤烟不同中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同.对糠醛含量,气候具有显著效应,土壤及气候和土壤互作效应较小;对大马烯酮含量,气候、土壤均具有显著效应,以气候效应最大,气候和土壤互作效应较小;对β-紫罗兰酮和巨豆三烯酮总量,气候及气候和土壤互作均具有显著效应,以气候和土壤互作效应最大,土壤效应较小;对二氢猕猴桃内酯含量,气候、土壤及其互作效应均较小;气候对5个中性挥发性香气物质含量的变异贡献率为40.82%,土壤为20.67%,气候和土壤互作为38.51%.大田生长不同时期的气象因素对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同,影响较大的前3个气象因子在发根期为降雨量、云量和平均气温,在旺长期为昼夜温差、日照时间和蒸发量,在成熟期为降雨量、蒸发量和平均气温.对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量影响的前3个主要土壤养分因子为速效钾、有效磷和pH.     

挥发性香气物质和乙烯生产在"湖景蜜露"桃果实发育过程中的变化

以"湖景蜜露"水蜜桃(Prunus persica L.)为试材,检测了果实从未成熟到成熟发育过程中乙烯生成、呼吸速率及挥发性香气性物质的变化;同时对果实大小、果皮色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸进行了测定;对与果实乙烯产生密切相关的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)含量、ACC合成酶活性、ACC氧化酶活性也进行了测定.结果表明,随果实成熟度的增加,果实大小、果皮L*值、可溶性固形物含量增加,而果实硬度、果皮h°值、可滴定酸含量减少.在未成熟的果实中,C6的醛类(反式-2-己烯醛)和醇类(顺式-3-己烯醇)是主要的成分;乙烯生成量很低;呼吸速率较高.到跃变阶段C6～C12的内酯类物质明显增加,尤其是γ和δ-内酯类成为果实主要的香气挥发性物质.推测果实乙烯、呼吸作用等基本的生理变化可能调节着内酯类物质的生成.在乙烯跃变上升时果肉中ACC氧化酶的活性下降,ACC含量和ACC合成酶活力的变化与乙烯生成量变化的趋势一致.根据以上结果可以认为桃果实主要的香气挥发性物质的形成与乙烯、呼吸跃变的开始密切相关.香气物质形成速率动态变化可能是桃果实发育过程中成熟度的另一个生理学指标.     

采后光照条件对白凤桃果实品质和挥发性香气物质形成的影响

研究了白凤桃果实贮藏过程中光照条件对果实成熟的影响。在7月12日(未熟期)和7月16日(硬熟期)采收果实,分别贮藏在光条件(白色荧光灯照明,果顶部光强为80μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))和暗条件中,室温均为25℃。硬熟期采收果实贮藏在光条件下,达到完熟期时,乙烯生成量较低。果肉的硬度在各个采收期,各种贮藏条件下均没有差别。光条件贮藏果实中花青苷含量较高。未熟期采收果实贮藏在光条件下时,可溶性固形物含量增加较多。光条件贮藏果实中天冬酰胺的下降比暗贮藏果实中更多。各时期采收的果实中,在光下贮藏时,果肉和果皮γ-癸内酯和γ-十二内酯的含量都明显增加。以上结果表明,白凤桃果实采收后在光下贮藏,可以明显改善果实的品质。     

三种酒曲酿造的崇明老白酒的挥发性风味物质分析及比较

分别采用八二酒曲、纯种米根霉曲及酿酒酵母曲、纯种米根霉曲和粘红酵母曲按崇明老白酒工艺酿造老白酒,应用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法对样品进行挥发性物质的检测,并对其进行醇酯比、香气活力值(OAVs)的计算及主成分分析,筛选出较佳的酒曲,得出崇明老白酒的主体香气.辛酸乙酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和乙酸异戊酯的OAVs大于10,是崇明老白酒的主要呈香物质.由八二酒曲酿造的酒液挥发性物质总量最高,醇酯比为5.89∶1,呈香物质以具蘑菇香的1-辛烯-3-醇为主.米根霉和酿酒酵母曲酿造的酒液酯类、芳香族化合物种类最多,醇酯比3.24∶1,香气以丁酸乙酯的甜香、苯乙醛、苯乙醇和乙酸苯乙酯的玫瑰花香为主要特征.米根霉和粘红酵母曲酿造的酒液挥发性化合物总量最低,醇酯比为2.86,主要香气特征为辛酸乙酯的甜香和己酸乙酯的水果香.纯种曲酿造的酒液的香气类型、风味种类比例、呈香物质的丰富程度均优于八二酒曲酿造的酒液.     

野生华中樱“YS01”花瓣挥发性成分与香气特征分析

目的：分析野生华中樱“YS01”花瓣挥发性物质种类、含量及香气特征。方法：采用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术鉴定“YS01”不同发育时期花瓣挥发性物质,并应用气味“ABC”分类法对挥发性物质的香气进行了量化和特征分析。结果：从“YS01”花瓣中鉴定出66种挥发性物质,其中苯丙素类/苯环型化合物32种,脂肪酸衍生物26种,萜烯类及其衍生物5种,杂环化合物3种,挥发性物质的种类及其总释放量随花朵开放而逐渐增加。“YS01”花瓣挥发性物质覆盖26种香型,其中水果香、麻醉性香、香荚兰香、青香、辛香和食品香占主导地位。结论：“YS01”花瓣的香韵丰富,香气较为独特,主要香气物质是苯甲醛、对甲氧基苯甲醛、4-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇、反式-2-己烯醛和己醛。     

酿酒酵母和异常毕赤酵母混菌发酵对白酒液态发酵效率和风味物质的影响

[目的]通过酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)在麸皮汁培养基中的混菌发酵,以增加发酵液的风味酯含量并保证发酵效率.[方法]采用两种酵母混合接种、顺序接种混菌发酵方式,以酵母单独接种发酵作对照,测定酵母的发酵性能和发酵液中乙酸乙酯含量,并对发酵结束时风味物质进行半定量;利用无细胞系统,分析两种酵母之间的相互作用.[结果]采用顺序接种混菌发酵方式,避免S.cerevisiae 对P.anomala的生长竞争性抑制,使两种酵母均能获得较高的生物量;发酵结束时,乙醇浓度为20.17 g/L,比酿酒酵母单菌种发酵时降低了9.14％;但乙酸乙酯含量达到0.74 g/L,比异常毕赤酵母单菌种发酵时提高了80％;发酵液风味物质的测定结果表明,酿酒酵母与异常毕赤酵母的混合发酵能够形成更多的酯类物质,总酸和高级醇含量却相对较低,有效改善了发酵液的风味特性;在混菌发酵时,碳源是影响酿酒酵母繁殖的重要因素,但酵母的代谢物对异常毕赤酵母产生明显的抑制作用.[结论]混菌发酵,为丰富发酵产物的风味复杂性和增强风格的独特性提供了一条有效的途径.     

基于GC-IMS比较不同干燥方式对柴达木枸杞中挥发性物质的影响CSCD

柴达木枸杞作为青藏高原特有的中药材之一,为探究不同干燥方式对柴达木枸杞品质以及挥发性成分的影响。本文采用自然阴干、热风烘干、真空冷冻干燥以及微波干燥的方式处理柴达木枸杞鲜果,通过气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用(GC-IMS)法分析枸杞鲜果和各类枸杞干果的挥发性成分的变化,构建挥发性成分的差异谱图,并进行主成分分析。从样品中共鉴别出了52种挥发性有机物质以及部分物质的单体和二聚体,包括醛类、烯醛类、酯类、酮类和醇类等。差异图和主成分分析图表明枸杞干燥后挥发性有机物发生了显著的变化,冷冻干燥后的枸杞中挥发性有机物质的种类和含量与枸杞鲜果较为相近,但与其他干燥方式干燥后的枸杞干果差异较大,而热风烘干和微波干燥后的枸杞干果中挥发性有机物种类非常相似。通过建立一种利用GC-IMS检测分析枸杞中挥发性成分的方法,结果表明与其他干燥方式相比,冷冻干燥法能够有效保留枸杞中的挥发性成分,使枸杞保持较高的品质,该研究结果为后续柴达木枸杞的质量评价和加工提供一定的参考依据。     

黄酒中挥发性和半挥发性成分检测固相微萃取条件的优化

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱联用质谱法分析黄酒中的挥发性和半挥发性成分,对萃取时间、萃取温度、预热时间、酒样添加量、盐添加量、解析时间等条件参数进行了优化,最终确定最佳条件为采用50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头,在20 mL顶空瓶中,加入6 mL黄酒样和2.0 g NaCl,萃取温度60℃,预热时间15 min,萃取时间30 min,解析温度250℃,解析时间6 min。本方法简单快速,干扰少,灵敏度高。     

吐鲁番传统馕饼酸面团中微生物多样性及挥发性香气成分的分析

【目的】新疆传统发酵食品馕饼是维吾尔族的传统主食之一,在不同地区居住的维吾尔族家庭都具有不同的面团发酵方法。对吐鲁番托克逊县坎儿井饮用水制成的传统馕饼酸面团进行可培养微生物组成分析及其面团在发酵过程中挥发性香气成分分析。【方法】采用纯培养、16S r RNA基因序列分析法、26S r RNA基因D1/D2区序列分析法对发酵面团微生物多样性进行分析;采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测挥发性香气成分。【结果】从两种样品中共鉴定到9株旧金山乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis)、4株食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)、11株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),1株嗜热解淀粉杆菌(Bacillus shackletonii)、1株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtills)和10株酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),其中2号样品中未分离到任何可培养酵母菌。GC/MS检测表明,两组酸面团的主要香气成分有脂类、醇类、醛类。【结论】吐鲁番托克逊县传统馕饼酸面团中得到的优势细菌为解淀粉芽孢杆菌和旧金山乳杆菌,优势酵母菌为酿酒酵母菌。虽然2号样品中没有酵母菌,但并未影响到其多种风味物质的产生。用坎儿井水和成的面团均比自来水和成的面团(对照)产生的芳香类物质种类丰富,相对百分含量高。     

植物挥发性物质对昆虫作用的研究进展

不同植物的挥发性物质对昆虫行为有着不同的调节作用,部分对害虫表现为引诱作用,部分对害虫表现为驱避和致死作用,有的则表现为寄主植物与天敌昆虫之间的互惠引诱定位作用。本文综述了近年国内外有关植物挥发性物质的研究概况及其对昆虫的不同作用,展望了其在未来害虫综合治理中的应用。     

Xylitol production from rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate using different yeast strains

Thirty different yeast strains belonging to four different genera (Candida, Debaryomyces, Hansenula and Pichia) were evaluated for xylitol production in rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate under two aeration levels. Candida guillier-mondii FTI-20037, C. mogii NRRL Y-17032, C. parapsilosis IZ-1710 and C. veronae IZ-945 produced xylitol from rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate with high yields (>60%). The best performance was by C. mogii, which yielded 0.65 g xylitol/g at 0.40 g/l.h over 75 h. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

沙棘果酒酿造中优良酵母菌的筛选及鉴定

从成熟的沙棘果皮中筛选得到9株酵母茵,通过产气性能、产酒精能力和发酵力测试试验及对发酵所得的沙棘果酒的感官评价,选出R1为最佳的沙棘果酒酿酒用茵株.该茵株适合在酸度较高的沙棘果汁中进行正常的酒精发酵,起酵快、发酵能力强,发酵所得沙棘果酒品质优,而且酒体澄清透明、色泽红润,具有沙棘果酒的典型风味,适用于果酒生产以及下一步...     

Technological properties of indigenous wine yeast strains isolated from wine production regions of Turkey

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the important technological and fermentative properties of wine yeast strains previously isolated from different wine producing regions of Turkey. The determination of the following important properties was made: growth at high temperatures; fermentative capability in the presence of high sugar concentration; fermentation rate; hydrogen sulfide production; killer activity; resistance to high ethanol and sulfur dioxide; foam production; and enzymatic profiles. Ten local wine yeast strains belonging to Saccharomyces, and one commercial active dry yeast as a reference strain were evaluated. Fermentation characteristics were evaluated in terms of kinetic parameters, including ethanol yield (Y_P/S), biomass yield (Y_X/S), theoretical ethanol yield (%), specific ethanol production rate (q_p; g/gh), specific glucose uptake rate (q_s; g/gh), and the substrate conversion (%). All tested strains were able to grow at 37 °C and to start fermentation at 30° Brix, and were resistant to high concentrations of sulfur dioxide. 60 % of the strains were weak H₂S producers, while the others produced high levels. Foam production was high, and no strains had killer activity. Six of the tested strains had the ability to grow and ferment at concentrations of 14 % ethanol. Except for one strain, all fermented most of the media sugars at a high rate, producing 11.0–12.4 % (v/v) ethanol. Although all but one strain had suitable characteristics for wine production, they possessed poor activities of glycosidase, esterase and proteinase enzymes of oenological interest. Nine of the ten local yeast strains were selected for their good oenological properties and their suitability as a wine starter culture.     

Modulation of volatile sulfur compounds by wine yeast

Sulfur compounds in wine can be a ‘double-edged sword’. On the one hand, certain sulfur-containing volatile compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, imparting a rotten egg-like aroma, can have a negative impact on the perceived quality of the wine, and on the other hand, some sulfur compounds such as 3-mercaptohexanol, imparting fruitiness, can have a positive impact on wine flavor and aroma. Furthermore, these compounds can become less or more attractive or repulsive depending on their absolute and relative concentrations. This presents an interesting challenge to the winemaker to modulate the concentrations of these quality-determining compounds in wine in accordance with consumer preferences. The wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a central role in the production of volatile sulfur compounds. Through the sulfate reduction sequence pathway, the HS^- is formed, which can lead to the formation of hydrogen sulfide and various mercaptan compounds. Therefore, limiting the formation of the HS^- ion is an important target in metabolic engineering of wine yeast. The wine yeast is also responsible for the transformation of non-volatile sulfur precursors, present in the grape, to volatile, flavor-active thiol compounds. In particular, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one, 3-mercaptohexanol, and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate are the most important volatile thiols adding fruitiness to wine. This paper briefly reviews the metabolic processes involved in the production of important volatile sulfur compounds and the latest strategies in the pursuit of developing wine yeast strains as tools to adjust wine aroma to market specifications.     

FLO gene-dependent phenotypes in industrial wine yeast strains

Most commercial yeast strains are nonflocculent. However, controlled flocculation phenotypes could provide significant benefits to many fermentation-based industries. In nonflocculent laboratory strains, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to adjust flocculation and adhesion phenotypes to desired specifications by altering expression of the otherwise silent but dominant flocculation (FLO) genes. However, FLO genes are characterized by high allele heterogeneity and are subjected to epigenetic regulation. Extrapolation of data obtained in laboratory strains to industrial strains may therefore not always be applicable. Here, we assess the adhesion phenotypes that are associated with the expression of a chromosomal copy of the FLO1, FLO5, or FLO11 open reading frame in two nonflocculent commercial wine yeast strains, BM45 and VIN13. The chromosomal promoters of these genes were replaced with stationary phase-inducible promoters of the HSP30 and ADH2 genes. Under standard laboratory and wine making conditions, the strategy resulted in expected and stable expression patterns of these genes in both strains. However, the specific impact of the expression of individual FLO genes showed significant differences between the two wine strains and with corresponding phenotypes in laboratory strains. The data suggest that optimization of the flocculation pattern of individual commercial strains will have to be based on a strain-by-strain approach.     

黄酒中多糖的提取和分析

本文利用单因素和正交试验探究了黄酒中多糖提取工艺条件,并分析了黄酒多糖的化学组分。单因素实验结果表明,乙醇浓度在低于80%时,粗多糖的提取量随着乙醇浓度的增加而增加,高于80%时,粗多糖的量变化不大;醇沉时间到达第8 h时粗多糖的提取量基本达到稳定;在醇沉温度为10℃时粗多糖的量达到最大值。通过正交试验得到的黄酒多糖的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为80%,醇沉时间为6 h,醇沉温度为5℃。进一步分析纯化后多糖的化学组分为中性糖含量为89.6%、糖醛酸含量为0.48%、蛋白质含量为4%。     

双歧椰汁米酒实验室生产工艺的研究

目的 以优质糯米和椰汁为原料,通过双歧杆菌和酿酒酵母共生发酵研制出一种功能性的米酒.方法 采用正交试验设计的方法得到了双歧杆菌和酿酒酵母最佳的共生发酵条件.结果 最佳的共生发酵条件是:发酵温度35℃、双歧杆菌接种量3％、酿酒酵母接种量2％、发酵时间16 h,再通过添加30％酿酒酵母单独发酵产物之后,研制出双歧椰汁米酒.结论 采用此工艺生产的功能性米酒既有椰汁的果香味又有米酒的醇香味,口感柔和,易于接受.