喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林木本植物功能性状变异及其适应策略

叶片功能性状能反映植物对环境的高度适应能力和复杂生境下的自我调控能力,同时也能反映植物的基本特征和对资源的有效利用率。以木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林144种优势木本植物为研究对象,测定其叶厚(LT)、叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶长宽比(L/W)、叶组织密度(LTD)叶片形态性状和12种叶元素性状特征及变异程度,并探讨植物对喀斯特生境的适应策略。结果表明：17个性状变异程度不同,其中叶面积变异系数最大,达到133.31%,叶片碳变异系数最小,为7.73%,叶元素变异程度普遍高于叶形态性状变异程度。不同叶习性物种间叶厚、比叶面积、叶长宽比、叶氮含量性状差异达到显著水平。部分叶性状呈显著相关,得到一系列最佳功能性状组合,体现植物对喀斯特地区特殊生境的适应性。沿着性状贡献率较高的PC1轴,能够定义出叶经济谱,大部分常绿植物采取经济保守策略,而大部分落叶植物则聚集在资源获取的一侧。相较于邻近非喀斯特地区,喀斯特地区植物有较小的LA、SLA。这些结果体现了喀斯特地区植物叶片形成的不同叶性状特征,以及分布于经济谱两端的常绿和落叶植物的不同资源获取策略,揭示了植物对生境的适应策略...     

桂北岩溶区青冈栎-青檀群落植物叶片比叶面积研究

为揭示岩溶地区植物叶片比叶面积变化规律和叶片形态之间的相关关系,研究了桂北岩溶区青冈栎-青檀群落的叶片长/宽(LL/LW)、叶片厚度(LT)和比叶面积(SLA)及其之间的关系。结果表明:群落中常绿树种的LL/LW和LT显著高于落叶树种,而常绿树种的SLA显著低于落叶树种;乔木和灌木之间的LL/LW存在显著差异,但SLA和LT不存在显著差异。总体上看,SLA与LL/LW、LT之间是显著负相关关系,SLA随着LL/LW、LT的变大而逐渐减小。但LT与SLA负相关趋势比LL/LW与SLA的明显。因此,LT比LL/LW对叶片SLA的影响大,其明显影响了叶片的SLA。SLA的大小是衡量叶片获取光照能力的指标,因此岩溶区植物较厚的叶片对光照的获取能力具有较大的影响,并可导致光合作用效率的降低。     

江西阳际峰30种阔叶树叶片氮磷含量及再吸收效率

养分再吸收是植物养分利用的重要策略,体现了植物对养分留存、利用和适应环境的能力.为研究亚热带不同生活型(常绿与落叶)阔叶树养分含量与养分再吸收的关系,以江西阳际峰国家级自然保护区内30种阔叶树为研究对象,测定成熟和衰老叶片氮(N)和磷(P)含量,分析常绿和落叶树种叶片N和P含量及其再吸收效率差异,揭示阔叶树种叶片养分再...     

生长型分类方案不同导致森林生态系统植物功能性状的统计偏差

将植物划分为不同的生长型来统计植物功能性状特征,是当前植物性状研究中常用的方法;但生长型分类方案的不同很可能造成植物功能性状统计分析的偏差,对此偏差的评估却尚未见报道。根据植物志描述及野外调查实际情况,将生长型划分为3种不同的分类方案：分类1：根据植物志信息划分为传统意义的乔木和灌木;分类2：根据树高和胸径划分乔木、小乔木和灌木;分类3：仅根据树高划分乔木层与灌木层的乔木和灌木。以东部亚热带常绿阔叶林区域的浙江金华北山35种优势阔叶木本植物的枝叶性状为研究对象,比较不同生长型分类对植物枝叶性状统计数据的影响。结果表明：（1）与传统的分类1相比,分类2对乔木植物枝叶性状影响的显著程度要高于分类3,而对灌木植物枝叶性状的影响程度低于分类3;但不同生长型分类方案中乔木和灌木的枝叶性状总体差异不显著。而与分类2小乔木相比,分类1以及分类2内部的乔木和灌木生长型的性状与分类2小乔木差异非常明显;（2）将不同生长型植物再划分为不同生活型后,不同生长型分类方案对性状统计的影响增大。无论是常绿还是落叶生活型的小乔木,其与不同生活型乔木和灌木的性状差异仍然显著。可见,不同的生长型分类方案可造成植物功能性状统计的差异;把小乔木植物这一功能类群划分出来,能更好地反映森林生态系统性状特征的差异性。     

Inter-specific variation of the biochemical limitation to photosynthesis and related leaf traits of 30 species from mountain grassland ecosystems under different land use

The maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax) and the potential rate of RuBP regeneration (P_ml, which equals J_max/4), as well as leaf nitrogen content (N_L) and specific leaf area (SLA), were studied in sun leaves of 30 species from differently managed mountain grassland ecosystems (abandoned areas, pastures and meadows) at three study areas in the Eastern Alps. A significant correlation between V_cmax and P_ml across the investigated species was observed. In comparison to a previous survey on the relationship between P_ml and V_cmax, the investigated species were found to invest a proportionally smaller amount of available resources into P_ml. Despite this close correlation between V_cmax and P_ml, variation in the V_cmax–N_L and P_ml–N_L relationships was large, indicating that the investigated species differed widely in their respective nitrogen use efficiencies. Among the investigated species, dwarf shrubs were characterized by significantly lower values of V_cmax, P_ml and N_L compared to graminoids and forbs, which did not differ significantly from each other. Species from abandoned areas were found to be lower with respect to V_cmax, P_ml, N_L and SLA than species from pastures and meadows, which were not significantly different from each other.     

Tissue layer specific regulation of leaf length and width in Arabidopsis as revealed by the cell autonomous action of ANGUSTIFOLIA

In vascular plants the shoot apical meristem consists of three tissue layers, L1, L2 and the L3, that are kept separate during organ formation and give rise to the epidermis (L1) and the subepidermal tissues (L2, L3). For proper organ development these different tissue layers must interact with each other, though their relative contributions are a matter of debate. Here we use ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN), which controls cell polarity and leaf shape, to study its morphogenetic function in the epidermis and the subepidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that ANGUSTIFOLIA expression in the subepidermis cannot rescue epidermal cell polarity defects, indicating a cell‐autonomous molecular function. We demonstrate that leaf width is only rescued by subepidermal AN expression, whereas leaf length is also rescued by epidermal expression. Strikingly, subepidermal rescue of leaf width is accompanied by increased cell number in the epidermis, indicating that AN can trigger cell divisions in a non‐autonomous manner.     

喀纳斯天然林乔灌草叶片及土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

研究森林植被与土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)化学计量关系是理解生态系统各组分的相互作用和探究植物的生长状况及生态适应性的关键。阿尔泰山天然林是我国北方典型的泰加林,在区域水汽、养分循环和多样性维持等方面发挥了重要作用。以喀纳斯天然林30种乔灌草植物及其生境为对象,运用方差分析、相关分析、冗余分析等方法研究植物叶片及土壤的化学计量特征及其相互关系,揭示喀纳斯天然林乔木、灌木和草本环境适应性的异同。结果显示：30种植物叶片C、N、P的平均含量分别为496.66 g/kg、23.87 g/kg、3.67 g/kg;叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为26.52、160.91、6.74。不同生活型植物叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比间显著差异。其中C含量大小顺序为乔木>灌木>草本(P<0.05),N含量大小顺序为草本>灌木>乔木(P<0.05),灌木和草本之间叶片P含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于乔木叶片P含量(P<0.05)。叶片C∶N和C∶P大小顺序均为乔木>灌木>草本(P<0.05),乔木和灌木叶片N∶P不存在显著差异(...     

崖柏群落维管束植物生活型组成、叶子性状及层次层片结构

采用样方法调查了崖柏群落的植物组成,分析了维管束植物的生活型组成、叶子性状及层次层片结构.结果表明：崖柏群落的植物生活型组成以高位芽植物为优势,占73.2%,地面芽植物占18%,地下芽植物占6%,地上芽和一年生植物各占2%和0.8%.叶质以纸质和革质为主,分别占48.8％和36.4％;叶级以小叶为主,占60.8％;叶缘以非全缘叶为主,占56.8％;叶型以单叶为主,占86％.崖柏群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物较少,各层次分别由常绿针叶、阔叶及落叶阔叶高位芽植物层片、常绿和落叶矮高位芽植物层片、地面芽和地下芽以及一年生植物层片构成.     

海南岛热带低地雨林老龄林木本植物幼苗的功能性状分析

运用功能性状的研究方法能有效地利用植物的生理、形态和生活史等特征, 揭示性状对物种共存的影响。以往有关热带林的群落生态学分析中, 基本上都是以胸径(DBH) ≥ 1 cm 以上的个体为对象, 而对 DBH < 1 cm的幼苗很少关注。该文以海南岛典型的热带低地雨林老龄林内幼苗多度最大的16个物种的幼苗为研究对象, 详细测定了4种功能性状: 比叶面积( SLA)、叶干物质比例(LMF)、比茎密度(SSD)和茎干物质比例(SMF), 分析了这些性状之间及其与幼苗高度的关系。结果表明: SLA和LMF随幼苗高度增加而显著减小, SSD和SMF随幼苗高度增加而显著增加; 幼苗功能性状在不同的生长阶段均达到显著差异; 乔木和灌木幼苗的各功能性状均无显著差异, 藤本植物幼苗的各功能性状与前两种生长型植物有显著差异; 乔木、灌木通过低的SLA、LMF和高的SMF来适应热带低地老龄林的林下低光环境, 藤本植物则通过相反的策略实现在老龄林中的共存; 幼苗通过调节各功能性状之间的权衡来适应环境。     

Effect of avian predation on survival of leaf-rolling lepidopterous larvae

Manipulative field experiments were performed in a northern Japanese deciduous forest to determine the role of avian predation in the survival of three leaf-rolling lepidopterous larvae (Homonopsis foedenratana, Archips viola, and Zeiraphera corpulentana) on Japanese lilac (Syringa reticulata) trees. When all leaf rolls on the lilacs were experimentally removed, the visitation rate of birds declined, indicating that the leaf rolls served as a visual cue for the birds. In a second experiment in which birds were excluded from the lilac trees, the survival of H. foedenratana larvae was improved, whereas the mortality of the other two Lepidoptera stayed the same. This is probably the result of differences in the shape of leaf rolls; larvae of H. foedenratana alter the leaf form to a greater extent, which may facilitate the detection of the rolls by birds. The high predation rate on the tight leaf rolls of H. foedenratana may be offset by enhanced resistance against other predators and better food quality for the enclosed larvae. Received: January 30, 1998 / Accepted: December 2, 1998     

Role of plant functional traits in determining vegetation composition of abandoned grazing land in north‐eastern Victoria,Australia

Question: In the Northern Hemisphere, species with dispersal limitations are typically absent from secondary forests. In Australia, little is known about dispersal mechanisms and other traits that drive species composition within post‐agricultural, secondary forest. We asked whether mode of seed dispersal, nutrient uptake strategy, fire response, and life form in extant vegetation differ according to land‐use history. We also asked whether functional traits of Australian species that confer tolerance to grazing and re‐colonisation potential differ from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Location: Delatite Peninsula, NE Victoria, Australia. Methods: The vegetation of primary and secondary forests was surveyed using a paired‐plot design. Eight traits were measured for all species recorded. ANOSIM tests and Non‐metric Multi‐dimensional Scaling were used to test differences in the abundance of plant attributes between land‐use types. Results: Land‐use history had a significant effect on vegetation composition. Specific leaf area (SLA) proved to be the best predictor of response to land‐use change. Primary forest species were typically myrmecochorous phanerophytes with low SLA. In the secondary forest, species were typically therophytes with epizoochorous dispersal and high SLA. Conclusions: The attributes of species in secondary forests provide tolerance to grazing suggesting that disturbance caused by past grazing activity determined the composition of these forests. Myrmecochores were rare in secondary forests, suggesting that species had failed to re‐colonise due to dispersal limitations. Functional traits that resulted in species loss through disturbance and prevented re‐colonisation were different to those in the Northern Hemisphere and were attributable to the sclerophyllous nature of the primary forest.     

科尔沁沙地22种菊科草本植物叶片形态特征研究

以内蒙古科尔沁沙地22种菊科草本植物为实验材料,研究这些植物的比叶面积、叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量、叶片体积、叶重比和叶片组织密度等特性之间的关系.结果表明,叶片体积和叶片厚度之间存在较强的正相关,其相关系数r=0.782.而叶片厚度与叶片组织密度、比叶面积与叶片组织密度、叶片体积与叶片组织密度之间则存在一定的负相关性,它们的相关系数分别为-0.767、-0.559和-0.505,其余各特性之间均不存在相关性.根据赋值后数据或者二元数据,运用聚类分析方法得出3个组群,并运用单因素方差分析方法检验各特性在各组间的显著性,叶片厚度、叶片体积、叶重比和叶片组织密度特性在组间存在极显著差异.     

水曲柳和蒙古栎光合特性和生长对不同氮素形态的响应

为了探讨不同氮素形态对树木幼苗生长和光合特性影响的差异,及其对不同氮形态的适应策略,以水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）1年生幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验施加硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮,采用了双因素方差分析,确定氮素形态和树种对生长和光合指标的影响及其交互作用,采用Spearman秩相关分析生长指标和光合指标的相关性。结果表明：氮素形态处理和树种及其交互作用对幼苗的生长和生理指标的影响均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,氮素形态对光合和生长的影响在2树种间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。有机氮处理组较对照组和其他氮素形态处理组更有利于蒙古栎的生长;3种氮素形态处理组的水曲柳生长指标均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,但是氮素形态处理间水曲柳的生长指标差异不显著（P>0.05）。通过对水曲柳、蒙古栎的生长和生理指标的相关性分析,发现水曲柳的光合指标间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,但光合指标与叶片氮质量分数的相关性不显著（P>0.05）,生长指标高生长量与光合指标光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率均呈显著...     

Growth form evolution and shifting habitat specialization in annual plants

Optimal plant growth form should vary across environments. We examined the potential for mutations causing large changes in growth form to produce new optimal phenotypes across light environments. We predicted that the upright growth form would be favoured in a light limiting environment as leaves were in a position to maximize light interception, while a rosette (leaves in a basal position) growth form would be favoured in a high light environment. Growth form genotypes of Brassica rapa (upright wild-type and rosette mutants) and Arabidopsis thaliana (large rosette wild-type and increasingly upright growth form mutants) were grown in a greenhouse in control (ambient) and filtered (low) light treatments. Compared to upright genotypes, rosette genotypes had relatively high fitness in control light but had a relatively large fitness reduction in filtered light. Our results demonstrate the potential importance of rapid growth form evolution in plant adaptation to new or changing environments.     

The nutritional status of plants from high altitudes

Summary Are plants at high altitudes short in nutrients? In order to answer this question the mineral nutrient content of leaves from over 150 plant species from 9 different mountain areas of all major climatic zones were analyzed (Kjeldahl nitrogen in all, phosphate in half of the samples, K, Mg, Mn, Ca in the Alps only). The majority of data are from herbaceous perennials, but shrubs and trees were studied as well. N-partitioning was studied in 45 herbaceous species from contrasting altitudes in the Alps. The survey falls into three categories: (1) comparisons of whole communities of species from contrasting altitudes, (2) analysis of altitudinal gradients, and (3) additional collections from high altitude sites alone. Unlike the other mineral nutrients, nitrogen content follows consistent altitudinal and latitudinal trends. The higher altitude sample always had higher N content per unit leaf area, irrespective of life form, wherever comparable plants (the same or related species) were investigated at contrasting altitudes. N content per unit dry weight (%) increased with altitude in herbaceous plants (in some species >4%), but was remarkably stable in evergreen woody plants (around 1%). The mean fraction of total plant N allocated to leaves of herbaceous plants in the Alps was the same at low and high altitude (1/3 of total). Leaf N (%) from the regional upper limits of higher plant life reveals a latitudinal decrease from subarctic to equatorial mountains, which may be related to the duration of annual leaf activity. Since mean N content per leaf area hardly differs between the uppermost sites, life span expectation (sink-duration) seems to control carbon investments rather than N input per leaf area. The growth of leaves at high altitude seems to be controlled in a way that leads to comparatively high nutrient contents, which in turn support high metabolic activity. Inherent developmental growth constraints inhibit nutrient dilution in the plant body and thus defy the application of classical concepts of plant-nutrient versus soil-nutrient relations developed for lowlands and in particular for cultivated plants. The results re-emphasize the global significance of links between nitrogen content, leaf sclerophylly, leaf longevity and photosynthetic capacity.Dedicated to Prof. Walter Larcher on the occasion of his 60th birthday, with thanks for leading me to comparative plant ecology     

大青沟自然保护区主要森林群落优势种的叶性状

植物功能性状是近年来生态学研究的热点。其中叶功能性状与植株生物量和植物对资源的获得、利用及利用效率的关系最为密切。大青沟森林植物群落分布于科尔沁沙地,生境条件非常特殊,在沙沟里存在着一片茂密的森林,与周围浩瀚无垠的沙坨景观形成极为鲜明的对照。从沟底到沟顶,虽然海拔高度仅相差六、七十米,但由于距离沟底水源不同,土壤条件差异大,形成了不同的森林植物群落类型。大果榆群落、蒙古栎群落和水曲柳群落分别分布在大青沟自然保护区的沟顶、沟中和沟底。为了对大青沟自然保护区,不同环境梯度下的森林植物群落叶片功能性状进行研究,以大青沟自然保护区大果榆、蒙古栎、水曲柳3种主要森林群落为研究对象,分别测定不同群落优势种的叶厚度、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶大小和叶干重等5项叶功能性状,研究叶功能性状之间的关系,并对不同生长型、不同群落叶功能性状进行比较。相关分析结果表明,叶厚度与比叶面积呈极显著负相关,与叶大小和叶干重呈极显著正相关;比叶面积与叶干物质含量、叶干重呈极显著负相关,与叶大小呈显著正相关;叶干物质含量与叶大小呈极显著负相关,与叶干重呈极显著正相关;叶大小与叶干重呈极显著正相关。不同生长型植物叶片性状的分析表明,草本植物的叶干物质含量比乔木和灌木低,而其比叶面积高于乔木和灌木;对不同群落叶功能性状进行比较发现,大果榆群落和蒙古栎群落乔木、灌木叶厚度与干物质含量显著高于水曲柳群落的叶厚度与干物质含量,二者比叶面积显著低于水曲柳群落。大果榆群落和蒙古栎群落从叶功能性状的角度,它们具有较高的叶干物质含量和较低的比叶面积,体现出适应干旱生境叶片的特征。水曲柳群落呈现出低叶干物质含量、高比叶面积的特征,体现出适应湿润、土壤水分较好生境的特征。不同群落通过调节自身的物种组成,形成不同的功能性状组合来适应环境。