兰科菌根的生态学研究进展

兰科植物(Orchidaceae)是典型的菌根植物,自然条件下其种子的成功萌发和生长的早期阶段对菌根真菌有绝对的依赖性,在有些成年兰科植物中菌根真菌仍起着重要的作用。目前大部分兰科植物已为濒危物种,鉴于兰科植物天然的菌根共生关系,开展兰科植物和菌根真菌互作的生态学研究不仅具有极高的科研价值,更有助于兰科植物的物种保护和野生种群的生态恢复。近年研究表明,兰科植物对真菌的选择和二者共生关系的建立与菌根真菌的空间分布和丰度密切相关,然而当前对自然环境中兰科菌根真菌的实际分布还了解甚少,因此文章从生态学角度系统分析兰科植物与菌根真菌的关系,探讨该领域的研究热点,旨在为兰科菌根的生态学研究提供参考。     

菌根真菌与兰科植物生境选择的相关性研究进展

随着基因测序技术的发展,研究者获取了大量有关兰科菌根真菌群落组成的信息。这些信息为探究菌根真菌与兰科植物的生境选择之间的相关性提供了有力证据。综合过去近10年的研究结果,根据兰科植物广域分布、异质性生境、小生境共存以及生态位分化等分布特征,对不同分布特征的兰科菌根真菌群落组成差异进行了梳理归纳,发现：广域分布的兰科植物通常具有泛化的菌根特征,或其特定的真菌伙伴亦具有广域分布特征;异质性生境会导致兰科菌根真菌群落组成差异,暗示菌根真菌在兰科植物适应不同异质性生境过程中具有特殊的生态功能;在同一区域中共存的兰科植物,其菌根真菌群落组成具有显著差异,有效避免了不同种兰科植物对同种养分的竞争;不同生态位分化的兰科植物,其菌根真菌群落组成具有显著差异,表明菌根真菌在宿主植物的生态位分化过程中亦起到重要作用。未来还应在大尺度空间兰科植物的菌根真菌类群变化、促进种子萌发特异性真菌类群以及菌根真菌的生态功能等方面加强研究。期望能为从事相关研究的业界同仁提供参考,并为兰科植物多样性保护及生态恢复提供理论参考。     

辽宁省9种兰科植物根内与根际土壤中真菌群落结构的差异

兰科植物的生存及生长高度依赖其根中的共生真菌, 其中的菌根真菌更是对兰科植物的种子萌发与后续生长有着非常重要的作用, 研究兰科植物根中的真菌, 尤其是菌根真菌, 对兰科植物的保护有重要作用。该研究利用第二代测序技术, 对中国辽宁省境内的9种属于极小种群的兰科植物的根、根际土和根围土中的真菌群落和菌根真菌组成进行了研究。结果显示, 兰科植物根中的真菌群落和根际土、根围土中的真菌群落具有显著差异。兰科植物根中的总操作分类单元(OTU)数目远小于根际土和根围土中的总OTU数目。同时, 兰科植物根中菌根真菌的种类和丰度与根际土、根围土中菌根真菌的种类与丰度没有明显联系。FunGuild分析结果显示, 丛枝菌根真菌在根际土与根围土中的丰度非常高, 但在兰科植物的根中却数量极少。这些结果表明, 兰科植物根中的真菌群落与土壤中的真菌群落在一定程度上是相互独立的。     

辽宁省9种兰科植物根内与根际土壤中真菌群落结构的差异

兰科植物的生存及生长高度依赖其根中的共生真菌,其中的菌根真菌更是对兰科植物的种子萌发与后续生长有着非常重要的作用,研究兰科植物根中的真菌,尤其是菌根真菌,对兰科植物的保护有重要作用。该研究利用第二代测序技术,对中国辽宁省境内的9种属于极小种群的兰科植物的根、根际土和根围土中的真菌群落和菌根真菌组成进行了研究。结果显示,兰科植物根中的真菌群落和根际土、根围土中的真菌群落具有显著差异。兰科植物根中的总操作分类单元(OTU)数目远小于根际土和根围土中的总OTU数目。同时,兰科植物根中菌根真菌的种类和丰度与根际土、根围土中菌根真菌的种类与丰度没有明显联系。FunGuild分析结果显示,丛枝菌根真菌在根际土与根围土中的丰度非常高,但在兰科植物的根中却数量极少。这些结果表明,兰科植物根中的真菌群落与土壤中的真菌群落在一定程度上是相互独立的。     

兰科植物与菌根真菌的营养关系

兰科植物与真菌具有天然的菌根共生关系。兰科植物种子细小,无胚乳,自然条件下只有与适宜的真菌共生才能萌发;兰科植物作为有花植物中最大的科之一,有光合自养、混合营养及完全真菌异养等营养类型。近年研究表明,不同营养类型的兰科植物其菌根真菌常具有一定的差异性,表现出不同的营养作用关系。本文对不同营养类型兰科植物与菌根真菌的营养作用关系的研究进展进行综述,并对兰科植物菌根营养机理、营养关系的变化等进行讨论,以期为兰科菌根营养学研究及菌根技术应用于兰科植物快繁和保育工作等提供参考。     

菌根真菌与兰科植物互作的组学研究进展

兰科植物因其具有丰富的物种多样性和重要的社会经济价值,多年来一直是植物学及生态学界的重点研究对象.菌根真菌对兰科植物的种子萌发、营养吸收和种群动态等多个方面都具有十分重要的作用,因而近年来受到越来越多的关注.探究菌根真菌与兰科植物互作的内在机制是目前兰科菌根研究的一大热点领域,同时也为兰科植物野生资源保护和种群恢复提供...     

辽宁省八种兰科植物根内生真菌多样性

兰科植物的生存强烈依赖菌根真菌,研究兰科菌根真菌对兰科植物的保护有重要作用。本研究以辽宁省的无柱兰(Amitostigma gracile)、二叶舌唇兰(Platanthera chlorantha)、小斑叶兰(Goodyera repens)、蜻蜓兰(Tulotis fuscescens)、山兰(Oreorchis patens)、羊耳蒜(Liparis japonica)、长苞头蕊兰(Cephalanthera longibracteata)和绶草(Spiranthes sinensis) 8种属于极小种群的野生兰科植物为例,利用第二代测序技术对其根内生真菌多样性进行了研究。结果表明:无柱兰、二叶舌唇兰、小斑叶兰和山兰都偏好与角担菌科(Ceratobasidiaceae)真菌共生,羊耳蒜偏好与胶膜菌科(Tulasnellaceae)真菌共生;长苞头蕊兰主要与革菌科(Thelephoraceae)和蜡壳耳科(Sebacinaceae)真菌共生;绶草不仅能与丝核菌属(Rhizoctonia)真菌共生,还能与蜡壳耳科真菌共生;同种兰科植物的不同植株在同一生境下所选择的菌根真菌有差异,而同一地点的不同兰科植物的菌根真菌群落各不相同。由此可见,兰科植物根中菌根真菌的组成并非完全受植物自身控制,但主要菌根真菌仍取决于兰科植物的选择;这8种兰科植物根中的真菌绝大多数为非菌根真菌,而菌根真菌的丰度通常很低,这可能是辽宁地区兰科植物稀少的原因之一。     

兰科菌根研究综述

兰科菌根是一种内生菌根,主要寄生于兰科（Orchidaceae）植物的种子及根系上。对兰科菌根真菌的分类及真菌资源多样性、兰科菌根的形态和菌根对兰科植物的效应等最新研究进展进行了综述。目前研究已知,感染兰科植物根部并能与之共生的真菌绝大多数属于担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和半知菌门（Deuteromycotha）,也有部分属于子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;兰科菌根的形成可分为两种情况：一是对兰科植物种子的侵染;二是对成长新根的侵染。菌根真菌对兰科植物的种子萌发及植株生长发育均有一定影响。     

兰科菌根真菌研究方法的概述

兰科植物资源在全球分布广泛,其中有许多是重要的药用植物和名贵的珍稀花卉,由于具有较高的商业价值,受到各界人士的广泛关注。兰科植物生长习性的特殊性导致其在自然状态下繁殖率极低,因此难以满足市场的广泛需求。近年研究表明,几乎所有兰科植物都能与相应的菌根真菌建立共生关系,并且必须依赖于这些内生真菌才能完成其整个生活史。因而对菌根真菌在提高兰科植物生长速度和繁殖能力过程中机制的研究以及将研究成果运用于工业化育苗中将是缓解兰科植物市场供求紧张问题的关键。通过对近几年有关天麻和铁皮石斛等兰科植物的问题研究中所采用的研究方法加以阐述,以期对今后兰科菌根真菌的研究提供一定的参考。     

春兰和蕙兰菌根真菌rDNA ITS序列及共生专一性分析

春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)和蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi)是我国较为广泛分布的地生类型兰属植物,具有悠久的栽培历史和很高的经济价值.菌根真菌与兰科植物专一性关系一直是兰科茵根研究中的热点.该文对35株分离自浙江天目山野生春兰和蕙兰的菌根真菌进行了rDNA ITS序列分析,并在此基础上初步探讨了菌根真菌与春兰、蕙兰之间的专一性关系.结果表明,分离获得的菌根真菌与其共生兰属植物在种的层面具显著专一性,即物种是影响或决定浙江天目山地区春兰、蕙兰与共生菌根真菌专一性的重要因素;研究同时发现,自蕙兰同一条根分离获得的菌根真菌菌株间亦表现丰富的多样性差异.     

Comprehensive separation and identification of chemical constituents from Apocynum venetum leaves by high-performance counter-current chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

High-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was efficiently utilized for the separation and identification of the chemical components with a wide range of polarity from the mixed extract of Chinese medicinal herb Apocynum venetum. For HPCCC separation, four sets of solvent systems, n-hexane-ethyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (1.5:3.5:2:4.5, v:v:v:v), ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:2:5, v:v:v) and n-butanol-methanol-water (5:1:5, v:v:v) were used for the one-step separation by four stages. The HPCCC separation was initiated by filling the column with the lower phase of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (1.5:3.5:2:5, v:v:v:v) as a stationary phase followed by elution with the upper phase of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (1.5:3.5:2:5, v:v:v:v) to separate the hydrophobic compounds (tail to head). Then the mobile phase was switched to the upper phase of ethyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (5:3:7, v:v:v) to eluted the moderate hydrophobic compounds, then the mobile phase was switched to the upper phase of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:2:5, v:v:v) to eluted the moderate hydrophilic compounds, and finally the hydrophilic compounds still retained in the column was eluted by the upper phase of n-butanol-methanol-water (5:1:5, v:v:v). A total of 16 named compounds including adhyperforin, hyperforin, amentoflavone, biapigenin, quercetin, avicularin, acetylated isoquercetin, acetylated hyperoside, astragalin, trifolin, isoquercetin, hyperoside, querciturone, rutin, chlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside were successfully separated via the four sets of solvent systems in one step operation for 130 min. The compounds separated by HPCCC were identified by comparing with mixed standards data of HPLC-MS as well as NMR data.     

Sheep gene mapping: additional DNA markers included (CASB, CASK, LALBA, IGF-1 and AMH).

DNA extracted from 25 hamster-sheep hybrid cell lines was subjected, after Southern blotting, to hybridization with CASB, CASK, LALBA, IGF-1 and AMH cDNA probes. CASB and CASK segregated together and IGF-1 and LALBA were found syntenic with the LDHB-PEPB-TPI-GAPD-SHMT-KRTB group. No other synteny was observed with any of the previously described groups using the same hybrid cell panel. Gene nomenclature: ACO 1: aconitase 1 (soluble); ADA: adenosine deaminase; AMH: antiMüllerian hormone; ARA 1: murine sarcoma 3611 viral (v-raf) oncogene homologue 1; CASB: beta-casein; CASK: kappa-casein; ENO 1: enolase 1 (alpha); G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GALA (or GLA): glactosidase (alpha); GAPD: glyceraldehyde -3- phosphate dehydrogenase; GPI: glucose phosphate isomerase; GSR: glutathione reductase; HBG: haemoglobin gamma; HPRT: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; IDH 1: isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (soluble); IGF-1: insulin growth factor 1; ITPA: inosine triphosphatase; KRTA: keratin (acid); KRTB: keratin (basic); LALBA: alpha-lactalbumin; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; LDHB: lactate dehydrogenase B; MDH 2: malate dehydrogenase NAD (soluble); ME 1: malic enzyme (soluble); MPI: mannose phosphate isomerase; NP: nucleoside phosphorylase; OLA: ovine leucocyte antigen; OTC: ornitine carbamoyltransferase; PAIS: phosphoribosyl amino imidazole synthetase; PEPA, PEPB, PEPC: peptidase A, B, C; PGD: phospho gluconate dehydrogenase; PGK: phosphoglycerate kinase; PGM 3: phospho glucomutase 3; PKM 2: pyruvate kinase (muscle); PLP: proteolipid protein; PRGS: phosphoribosyl glycinamide synthetase; RCP: red cone pigment; SHMT: serine hydroxymethyl transferase; SOD 1: superoxide dismutase 1 (soluble); SYN 1: synapsin 1; TPI l: triose phosphate isomerase 1.     

Double bond localization in minor homoallylic fatty acid methyl esters using acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Double bond position in natural fatty acids is critical to biochemical properties, however, common instrument-based methods cannot locate double bonds in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), the predominant analysis form of fatty acids. A recently described mass spectrometry (MS) method for locating double bonds in FAME is reported here for the analysis of minor (<1%) components of real FAME mixtures derived from three natural sources; golden algae (Schizochytrium sp.), primate brain white matter, and transgenic mouse liver. Acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem MS was used to determine double bond positions in 39 FAME, most at concentrations well below 1% of all fatty acid methyl esters. FAME identified in golden algae are 14:1n-6, 14:3n-3, 16:1n-7, 16:2n-6, 16:3n-6, 16:3n-3, 16:4n-3, 18:2n-7, 18:3n-7, 18:3n-8, 18:4n-3, 18:4n-5, 20:3n-7, 20:4n-3, 20:4n-5, 20:4n-7, 20:5n-3, and 22:4n-9. Additional FAME identified in primate brain white matter are 20:1n-7, 20:1n-9, 20:2n-7, 20:2n-9, 22:1n-7, 22:1n-9, 22:1n-13, 22:2n-6, 22:2n-7, 22:2n-9, 22:3n-6, 22:3n-7, 22:3n-9, 22:4n-6, 24:1n-7, 24:1n-9, and 24:4n-6. Additional FAME identified in mouse liver are 26:5n-6, 26:6n-3, 28:5n-6, and 28:6n-3. The primate brain 22:3n-7 and algae 18:4n-5 are novel fatty acids. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the technique for analysis of real samples. Tables are presented to aid in interpretation of acetonitrile CIMS/MS spectra.     

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RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Garzon Heydt , J. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Karlsson , B., Persson , B., Södergren , A. & Ulfstrand , S. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Kumari , E. (ed.) 1974. Estonian wetlands and their life. Estonian Contrib. to IBP, No. 7. Acad. Sci. Estonian S.S.R. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Jõgi , A. Present status of the Mute Swan in Estonia. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Paakspuu , V. The Greylag Goose in Estonia. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Mank , A. & Kallas , J. Nesting bird fauna in Käina Bay. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Kallas , J. Nesting ecology of the Avocet in Käina Bay. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Renno , O. Bird fauna of the West-Estonian fens and its variation during reclamation of fens. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Irdt , A. & Vilbaste , H. Bird fauna of the Nigula peat-bog. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Kumari , E. Past and present of the Peregrine Falcon in Estonia. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Lloyd , C. S., Bibby , C. J. & Everett , M. J. T.R.B. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Malayan Nature Society . 1974. A blueprint for conservation in Peninsular Malaysia. Malay. Nat. J. 27 RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Masatomi , H. & Kitagawa , T. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Meyburg , B.-U. & Garzon Heydt , J. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Ogi , H. & Tsujita , T. 1973. Preliminary examination of stomach contents of murres (Uria spp.) from the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay, June-August, 1970 and 1971. Jap. J. Ecol. 23: 201–209. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION: Owen , M. & Campbell , C. R. G. 1974. Recent studies on Barnacle Geese at Caerlaverock. Scott. Birds 8: 181–193. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Baldwin , M. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Bürkli , W., Juon , M. & Ruge , K. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Collin , J. R. O. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Craig , A. J. F. K. Dowsett , R. J. 1975. How does the Skimmer wet its eggs? Bull. E. Africa nat. Hist. Soc. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Furness , R. W. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Furrer , R. K. George , N. J. 1973. Baya (Ploceus philippinus) feeding on frogs. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70: 381–382. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Ghorpade , K. D RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Hamilton , R. B. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Helle , E. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Hölzinger , J. 1975. (Behaviour and food basis of Little Ringed Plover in breeding grounds with and without water.) Orn. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Kunkel , P. 1974. Mating systems of tropical birds: The effects of weakness or absence of external reproduction-timing factors with special reference to prolonged pair bonds. Z. Tierpsychol. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Jensen , H. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Johnson , D. N. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Maclean , G. L. 1974. Egg-covering in the Charadrii. Ostrich 45: 167–174. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Meyer -Holzapfel , M. & Räber , H. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Milstein , P. Le S. & Hunter , H. C RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Mueller , H. C RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Pecotich , L. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Preiss , H.-J. & Franck , D. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Reynolds , J. F. Roth , P. & Nievergelt , B. 1975. Die Standorte der Balzplätze beim Auerhuhn Tetrao urogallus. Orn. Beob. 72: 101–112. (English summary.) RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Sherrod , L. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Stamm , R. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Weeks , S. E. 1973. The behaviour of the Red-winged Tinamou, Rhynchotus rufescens. Zoologica, N.Y. 58: 13–40. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: BEHAVIOUR Weir , D. & Picozzi , N. 1975. Aspects of social behaviour in the Buzzard. Br. Birds 68: 125–141. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: VOCALIZATIONSA: nzenberger , G. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: VOCALIZATIONSA: Baptista , L. F. 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Dansk orn Foren. Tidsskr. 67: 85–94. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Rabøl , J. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Rinne , J. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Schüz , E. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Tyrväinen , H. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Weitnauer , E. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Wells , D. R. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MIGRATION AND HOMINGB: Wood , B. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS: Bährmann , U. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS: Bulatova , N. S. & Radjabli , S. I. 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RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Dean , F. C. & Chesemore , D. L. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Delacour , J. & Ripley , S. D. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Desfayes , M. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Eck , S. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Erard , C. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Frost , P. G. H. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Gaffiero , J. V. & Borg , S. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Hubbard , J. P. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Hutson , A. M. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Irwin , M. P. S. & Clancey , P. A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Isleib , M. E. P. & Kessel , B. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC Jackson , H. D. 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RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MISCELLANEOUS Pettet , A. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MISCELLANEOUS Radke , W. J. & Frydendall , M. J. RECENT ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICAL LITERATURE: MISCELLANEOUS Reid , W. S., Buckley , D. J., Hunt , J. R. & Price , K.     

The influence of N-glycosylation and C-terminal sequence on secretion of HBV large surface antigen from S. cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we synthesized and secreted L-HBVsAg (named as pre-S(Met1 to Asn174)::S(Met175 to Ile400)) and three mutants, i.e., pre-S degree degree::S (Asn15Gln and Asn123Gln), pre-S degree degree::S degree (Asn15Gln, Asn123Gln, and Asn320Gln), and pre-S degree degree::S degree degree (Asn15Gln, Asn123Gln, Asn233Gln, and Asn320Gln). All of the secreted pre-S::S was N-glycosylated, i.e., hyper-mannosylated. In the secretion of pre-S degree degree::S and pre-S degree degree::S degree, besides the hyper-mannosylated form, another immunoreactive protein with much lower molecular mass was observed, which seems to be unglycosylated form of pre-S degree degree::S and pre-S degree degree::S degree. Only a part of the secreted pre-S degree degree::S or pre-S degree degree::S degree molecules was N-glycosylated, and the site for the partial N-glycosylation seems to be Asn233 in S-antigen region. Compared to the N-glycosylated pre-S degree degree::S and pre-S degree degree::S degree, pre-S degree degree::S degree degree (non-N-glycosylated mutant) was secreted with lower secretion efficiency but showed apparent immunoreactivity to anti-S antigen monoclonal Ab. Interestingly, unlike pre-S degree degree::S degree degree with authentic C-terminus, the recombinant pre-S degree degree::S degree degree with C-terminal myc or poly-histidine tag (pre-S degree degree::S degree degree::tag) was almost all aggregated into insoluble proteins in the intracellular region. Conclusively, the C-terminal sequence and glycosylation in S-antigen region seem to be of crucial importance in determining the secretion efficiency of L-HBVsAg in S. cerevisiae.     

Sand dwelling Turbellaria from the Netherlands Delta area

Sand dwelling Turbellaria from the Delta of the Rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt have been investigated. Thirty-eight samples taken from littoral and sublittoral stations in the Grevelingen, Eastern and Western Scheldt have been analysed.Thirty-three species were recorded (Acoela were not considered); twenty-four of them are new for the area and seven new species are described.Density and diversity of Turbellaria were higher in the Eastern Scheldt than in the Western Scheldt or in the Lake Grevelingen. A maximum density of 82 ind./100 cm³ was noted. A tentative calculation on relative abundance of the representatives of the different Turbellaria orders is established. Proseriata seem to be dominant in the localities studied.Abbreviations acg : accessory glands - aco : accessory organ - ad : atrial diverticle - b : bursa - br : brain - cil : cilia - cm : circular muscle - cn : cnidosac - co : copulatory organ - cs : cuticular spines - css : cuticular stylet sheat - de : ejaculatory duct - di : ductus intervesicularis - ds : seminal duct - dsp : spermatic duct - en : enteron - fd : female duct - fp : femal pore - ga : genital atrium - gf : glands in female duct - gg : glands - gp : genital pore - hp : adhesive papillae - ivs : intra capsular seminal vesicle - lm : longitudinal muscle - m : mouth - mp : male pore - ov : ovary - p : proboscis - pg : proboscisglands - ph : pharynx - phg : pharyngial glands - r : retractor muscle - rh : rhabdites - rhg : rhabdite glands - rs : seminal receptacle - s : stylet - sta : statocyst - ut : uterus - t : testis - v : vagina - vg : prostate vesicle - vi : vitellary - vs : seminal vesicle     

一种简便的肌醇磷脂微量分析方法

分析磷脂酰肌醇循环(PI cycle)的磷脂组分常采用双向薄层层析法．建立了一个简单快速的单向薄层层析分离肌醇磷脂方法．首先采用不同的有机溶剂体系分别提取非多磷酸肌醇磷脂和多磷酸肌醇磷脂,然后用不同的层析展开体系,对两部分磷脂进行单向薄层层析分离．采用无载体 ³²P标记实验对该方法分离效果进行了观察．此法适用于同位素标记和非标记样品中肌醇磷脂组分的比较分析及多磷酸肌醇磷脂的提取、纯化和定量．     

Bioactive compounds in plant materials for the prevention of diabetesand obesity

Plant materials have been widely studied for their preventive and therapeutic effects for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. The effect of a plant material arises from its constituents, and the study of these bioactive compounds is important to achieve a deeper understanding of its effect at the molecular level. In particular, the study of the effects of such bioactive compounds on various biological processes, from digestion to cellular responses, is required to fully understand the overall effects of plant materials in these health contexts. In this review, I summarize the bioactive compounds we have recently studied in our research group that target digestive enzymes, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, myocyte glucose uptake, and lipid accumulation in adipocytes.

Abbreviations: AC: adenylyl cyclase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; βAR: β-adrenergic receptor; CA: catecholamine; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GC: guanylyl cyclase; GH: growth hormone; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLUT: glucose transporter; HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; IR: insulin receptor; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK: MAPK/ERK kinase; MG: maltase-glucoamylase; NP: natriuretic peptide; NPR: natriuretic peptide receptor; mTORC2: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-2; PC: proanthocyanidin; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase; PKB (AKT): protein kinase B; PKG: cGMP-dependent protein kinase; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; SGLT1: sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1; SI: sucrase-isomaltase; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-α.     

Viral strategies for triggering and manipulating mitophagy

Viral infection causes many physiological alterations in the host cell, and many of these alterations can affect the host mitochondrial network, including mitophagy induction. A substantial amount of literature has been generated that advances our understanding of the relationship between mitophagy and several viruses. Some viruses trigger mitophagy directly, and indirectly and control the mitophagic process via different strategies. This enables viruses to promote persistent infection and attenuate the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the events of virus-regulated mitophagy and the functional relevance of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of viral infection and disease.

Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CL: cardiolipin; CSFV: classical swine fever virus; CVB: coxsackievirus B; DENV: dengue virus; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus 3; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus type 1; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IKBKE/IKKε: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon; LUBAC: linear ubiquitin assembly complex; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MeV: measles virus; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MFF: mitochondria fission factor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; NR4A1: nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPA1: OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PRRs: pattern-recognition receptors; RLRs: RIG-I-like receptors; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RIPK2: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2; SESN2: sestrin 2; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; STX17: syntaxin 17; TGEV: transmissible gastroenteritis virus; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial; TRAF2: TNF receptor associated factor 2; TRIM6: tripartite motif containing 6; Ub: ubiquitin; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VZV: varicella-zoster virus     

三种控释肥在赤红壤中的氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱收集和对比法,研究了无作物种植条件下包膜与否对高氮、均衡及高钾3种氮磷钾配比复合肥在华南赤红壤发育的菜园土中氧化亚氮(N2O)排放情况.结果表明:肥料氮磷钾配比不同,N2O排放量差异显著,3种类型复合肥N2O累积排放量表现为均衡型≥高氮型＞高钾型;同一类型复合肥,包膜控释能显著降低N2O排放量,包膜控释高氮、均衡及高钾型复合肥N2O排放总量分别为不包膜复合肥N2O排放量的34.4％、30.5％和89.3％;与不包膜相比,复合肥包膜能降低肥料在土壤中的N2O日排放通量,滞后和削减N2O排放高峰,减少土壤氮素损失以及由N2O排放造成的全球增温潜势.