蛋白质丰度调控及整体分布的规律性认识

蛋白质是生命的重要物质基础之一,也是生命活动的主要承担者.蛋白质丰度与其执行的生物学功能息息相关,受基因表达各个过程严格精密的调控.蛋白质丰度的直接影响因素包括相应mRNA初始量、蛋白质合成速率和降解速率.细胞对此3因素的调控将决定蛋白质最终的丰度.得益于定量蛋白质组学的飞速发展,规模化蛋白质丰度数据的产出,使得研究者可致力于发掘蛋白质丰度与其内在性质(如进化特征、结构特征、功能类型等)间规律性的相关性,这对于深入认识生命系统组成的基本原则具有重要意义.本文总结了蛋白质丰度调控及蛋白质丰度与其内在性质相关性的最新研究进展,及对这些规律性现象反映的生物学意义的解读.     

mRNA展示技术

mRNA展示技术是一种新兴的体外筛选多肽和蛋白质的有力工具.在筛选过程中,mRNA与其编码的多肽或蛋白质共价结合,形成mRNA-蛋白质融合体,能在大容量的多肽文库(1013～1015)中筛选具有特定生物学功能的多肽和蛋白质.目前,mRNA展示技术主要应用于各种靶分子的多肽和蛋白质适体的发现以及蛋白质相互作用机制的阐明和分析.由于其自身的巨大发展潜力,mRNA展示技术具有更为广阔的应用前景.     

MicroRNA靶基因的寻找及鉴定方法研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）的生物学功能是人们非常关注的问题.而miRNA靶基因的确定是研究miRNA生物学功能的关键.目前有关miRNA靶基因的确定主要靠计算机生物信息学软件预测和生物学实验方法.其中生物信息学方法主要根据已证实的miRNA及其靶基因序列之间相互作用的规律性,遵循几个常用原则设计的软件完成,如miRanda,TargetScan和TargetScanS,RNAhybrid,DIANA-microT,PicTar,RNA22及FindTar等.生物学实验方法主要是利用免疫共沉淀寻找与AGO蛋白相互作用的mRNA,或研究受miRNA调控的mRNA水平和蛋白质水平变化来寻找miRNA靶基因.计算机预测方法和生物学实验方法相互补充和完善,使人们能够更加方便地确定miRNA的靶基因,从而进一步研究其生物学功能.本文主要介绍了miRNA靶基因的寻找及鉴定方法的研究进展.     

ZBTB40基因在人类细胞系和肝癌组织及小鼠各组织中的表达研究

ZBTB40(zinc finger and BTB domain containing 40)是ZBTB转录因子家族中的成员,其在高等动物中的组织表达情况和分子功能尚不清楚.为初步探讨ZBTB40基因的表达和生理功能,本研究系统检测了其在8种人类细胞系和9种小鼠组织中的mRNA及蛋白质相对丰度.结果显示,ZBTB40...     

RNA的多维调控和应用

<正>RNA是生命起源的最初分子形式.原始的RNA分子既可自我复制又可催化化学反应.随着漫长的进化过程, RNA的催化功能逐步转移到蛋白质,而作为遗传信息承载者的功能则转移到DNA,并逐步形成了现代生物学的中心法则,即遗传信息先由DNA转录成RNA,再由RNA翻译成蛋白质.细胞中除了编码蛋白质的信使RNA(mRNA)外,还存在着大量种类不一、功能各异且不翻译成蛋白质的非编码RNA.     

真核细胞mRNA3′端poly(A)序列长度测定

在生物体中,信使核糖核酸(mRNA)的生物学功能是从DNA接受遗传信息,再以密码形式翻译出特异性蛋白质。mRNA对于基因表达和遗传信息传递起着重要作用。真核细胞mRNA分子的结构较为复杂,其特征之一是它的3′端几乎都有多聚腺嘌呤核苷酸序列     

MicroRNAs研究进展

MicroRNAs是一组21-25 nt长的非编码蛋白质的短序列RNA,能通过碱基配对与mRNA分子的3′非翻译区相结合来降解mRNA或抑制靶基因的翻译。MicroRNAs的主要功能是调控基因的表达,在生物体的生长、发育及疾病发生中扮演着重要的角色。最初绝大多数microRNA都是通过大量的克隆和测序发现的,信息学只用来验证克隆的序列是否具有发夹结构,然而这些方法无法检测低丰度或组织特异性的microRNAs。目前依赖计算机的精密的microRNAs预测技术和有效的生物学鉴定技术在mi- croRNAs的识别及其功能的阐明方面起着极其重要的作用。本文主要对microRNAs的生物信息学预测及鉴定技术进行综述。     

两种实验技术在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用检测中的应用

蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者.蛋白质种类繁多,结构多样,具有十分广泛的生物学功能,可作为载体蛋白、酶蛋白和信号肽等参与调控细胞内的各种代谢活动.生物体内蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用,尤其是蛋白质-蛋白质之间的相互作用,是蛋白质行使这些重要生物学功能的基础.通过研究可以相互作用的蛋白质形成的各种复合体,对揭示蛋白质的功能,...     

翻译延伸的顺式调控机理与生物学效应

翻译延伸是核糖体将信使RNA (mRNA)蕴含的遗传信息解码为蛋白质的有序过程,是细胞维持基本代谢活动的核心步骤。多种人类疾病(如神经退行性疾病、癌症等)都与翻译延伸的异常有关。翻译延伸作为中心法则的关键步骤曾是现代分子生物学研究的重点内容,然而方法学上的限制却阻碍了对其动态过程以及调控规律的进一步研究。近年来,对翻译延伸调控相关方法的突破让与其相关的生命科学研究获得了长足的发展,尤其是近10年来的研究揭示了翻译延伸的复杂调控机理和多种生物学效应,为理解蛋白表达调控和疾病发生的关联提供了新的理论视角。本文在总结翻译延伸研究方法的基础上,重点探讨了顺式调控元件(mRNA与新生肽链序列)对局部翻译延伸速率的调控作用,同时列举了翻译延伸调控对模板mRNA和蛋白质产物功能的影响,包括mRNA稳定性、蛋白质的合成与降解、蛋白质亚细胞定位以及蛋白质共翻译折叠等,以期吸引生命科学各领域的学者共同参与翻译延伸领域的研究。     

miR15a靶蛋白依赖性的功能研究进展

miRNAs是一类内源性的、非编码蛋白的、长度约为21²3碱基的单链RNA.它们是生物体中一类重要的调控因子,广泛参与多种生物学活动,包括细胞增殖分化和凋亡、个体发育和肿瘤发生等.miR15a通过与其靶基因mRNA的3′UTR互补结合而调控靶蛋白的表达.通过对人源性miR15a靶蛋白依赖性的功能研究进展予以综述,以期对miR15a功能和相对应的生物学机制的进一步研究提供基础.     

Ectopic Expression of Erigeron breviscapus JAZ1 Affects JA-Induced Development Processes in Transgenic Arabidopsis

The jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins are repressors that function in the regulation of plant growth, development, and response to stimulation of different signals in the JA signaling pathway. Erigeron breviscapus is characteristic of sporophyte self-incompatibility (SSI). However, whether JA signaling is involved in regulation of development processes in E. breviscapus is unclear. In this study, the JAZ homolog EbJAZ1 was isolated and characterized from E. breviscapus. EbJAZ1 was localized to the nucleus, and expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Ectopic expression of EbJAZ1 in Arabidopsis resulted in shorter filament and silique length, and lower seed fertility. In addition, MeJA-induced root growth inhibition was compromised in transgenic plants. Further qRT-PCR analysis indicated that expression patterns of marker genes for VSP1, VSP2, JAZ1, JAZ5, JAZ8, JAZ10, MYC2, and bHLH17 were downregulated in transgenic plants compared to wild-type, suggesting that EbJAZ regulates the development of flower organs, seed fertility, and primary root growth through the JA signaling pathway. Thus, our results indicate that EbJAZ1 is one of the important regulators possibly involved in SSI and other developmental processes in Erigeron breviscapus.

     

Removal of organic pollutants and analysis of MLSS–COD removal relationship at different HRTs in a submerged membrane bioreactor

In order to investigate the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on organic pollutant removal in a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), a laboratory-scale experiment was conducted using domestic sewage as influent. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was controlled at 2.0– during the experimental period. The experiments demonstrated that when HRT was 3, 2 and 1 h, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 89.3–97.2, 88.5–97.3 and 80–91.1%, and the effluent COD was 38.9–11.2, 41.6–10.8 and 63.4–, respectively. It is suggested that an HRT of 1 h could meet the normal standard of discharged domestic sewage, and an HRT of 2 h could meet that of water reclamation. In addition, we use mathematical software MATLAB to analyse the relation of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and COD removal. The results showed that the optimum MLSS concentration should be maintained at around in the SMBR. The results also showed that the COD removal was related to HRT (τ), influent concentration (S₀) and sludge loading rate for COD removal (N_S). Moreover, the high COD removal could be achieved through adjusting τ, S₀ and N_S.     

甜荞FeFUL2基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探索甜荞FUL同源基因参与花与籽粒发育调控的分子机制,该文采用同源克隆的方法从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)长花柱和长雄蕊突变体(lpls)中克隆到1个长837 bp的FeFUL2基因(GenBank登录号为MG779493.1),其包含长690 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码1个由229个氨基酸残基组成的MADS-box转录因子。通过对FeFUL2进行分子系统发生、同源蛋白比对与转录因子结构分析,结果显示FeFUL2与核心真双子叶植物AP1/FUL亚家族转录因子中的euFUL进化系聚于1个进化分支,属甜荞euFUL型MADS-box转录因子,且包含1个57个氨基酸残基长的高度保守的MADS结构域、1个69个氨基酸残基长的次级保守的K结构域,其C末端转录激活区在序列长度和氨基酸残基组成上与其他euFUL型转录因子差异较大,但仍含有2个euFUL型转录因子特有的保守基元:FUL motif和paleo AP1 motif。用qPCR检测基因表达的组织特异性显示:FeFUL2基因在甜荞lpls突变体的根、茎、叶、花被片、雄蕊、雌蕊和发育4 d的幼果中均有表达,但其在花被片中表达量极显著高于该基因在其他器官中的表达量(LSD,P0.01)。综合转录因子的结构与基因的表达模式推测,FeFUL2基因与其他euFUL型基因的功能可能存在一定差异,其在花发育过程中可能主要参与甜荞花被片的发育调控。     

Structural and transcriptional analysis of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> S</Emphasis>-locus F-box genes in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Antirrhinum</Emphasis>

A class of ribonucleases termed S-RNases, which control the pistil expression of self-incompatibility, represents the only known functional products encoded by the S locus in species from the Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae. Previously, we identified a pollen-specific F-box gene, AhSLF (S locus F-box)-S₂, very similar to S₂-RNase in Antirrhinum, a member of the Scrophulariaceae. In addition, AhSLF-S₂ also detected the presence of its homologous DNA fragments. To identify these fragments, we constructed two genomic DNA libraries from Antirrhinum self-incompatible lines carrying alleles S₁S₅ and S₂S₄, respectively, using a transformation-competent artificial chromosome (TAC) vector. With AhSLF-S₂-specific primers, TAC clones containing both AhSLF-S₂ and its homologs were subsequently identified (S₂TAC, S₅TACa, S₄TAC, and S₁TACa). DNA blot hybridization, sequencing and segregation analyses revealed that they are organized as single allelic copies (AhSLF-S₂, -S₁, -S₄ and -S₅) tightly linked to the S-RNases. Furthermore, clusters of F-box genes similar to AhSLF-S₂ were identified. In total, three F-box genes (AhSLF-S₂, -S₂A and -S₂C) in S₂TAC (51 kb), three (AhSLF-S₄, -S₄A and -S₄D) in S₄TAC (75 kb), two (AhSLF-S₅ and -S₅A) in S₅TACa (55 kb), and two (AhSLF-S₁ and -S₁E) in S₁TACa (71 kb), respectively, were identified. Paralogous copies of these genes show 38–54% identity, with allelic copies sharing 90% amino acid identity. Among these genes, three (AhSLF-S₂C, -S₄D and -S₁E) were specifically expressed in pollen, similar to AhSLF-S₂, implying that they likely play important roles in pollen, whereas three AhSLF-SA alleles showed no detectable expression. In addition, several types of retroelements and transposons were identified in the sequenced regions, revealing some detailed information on the structural diversity of the S locus region. Taken together, these results indicate that both single allelic and tandemly duplicated genes are associated with the S locus in Antirrhinum. The implications of these findings in evolution and possible roles of allelic AhSLF-S genes in the self-incompatible reaction are discussed in species like Antirrhinum.Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AJ300474, AJ515534, AJ515536 and AJ515535     

基于LC-MS代谢组学技术的丽豆-大豆差异代谢物比较研究

丽豆(Calophaca sinica)是我国华北地区特有的一种珍稀野生植物。为探明丽豆的营养价值，该文以大豆(Glycine max)为参照组，利用液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术对其种子进行了比较代谢组学研究。结果表明：(1)丽豆和大豆中共检测到1 857种代谢产物，二者成分相同且含量相似的代谢物有1 698种(>90%),差异代谢物有159种(<10%)。(2)在差异代谢物中，成分差异的有9种，其中有5种为丽豆特有，剩余150种均为含量差异，其中48种(约30%)在丽豆中的含量高于大豆。(3) KEGG注释到8条差异代谢物显著富集(P<0.1)的通路，主要包括初生代谢物的各类氨基酸生物合成途径和次生代谢物的罗汉松脂素、花生四烯酸以及二萜类等生物合成途径。(4)丽豆比大豆含量低的化学组分主要是初生代谢产物，比大豆含量高的化学组分主要是次生代谢物，而这些次生代谢物在调节血糖、骨坏损修复、增强免疫以及消炎抗癌等生理过程中有着积极的作用。综上所述，该研究认为丽豆与大豆具有相近的营养价值，并且对改善人类亚健康状况有积极的影响；此外，该文使我们对丽豆的营养价值和代谢组成...