嗜麦芽假单胞菌酪氨酸酶基因在类产碱假单胞菌中的转移与表达

类产碱假单胞菌 (Pseudomonaspseudoalcaligenes)是从盐城市农村粪池中采集的自然病死蝇蛆体内分离的具有显著杀蛆作用的细菌 ,野外使用易受阳光中紫外线的影响而失活。黑色素具有很强的抗辐射作用。将构建的含有嗜麦芽假单胞菌酪氨酸酶基因的质粒pWSY导入类产碱假单胞菌体内 ,使后者获得了稳定产生黑色素的能力。Southern杂交实验证实酪氨酸酶基因来源于嗜麦芽假单胞菌。SDS PAGE电泳显示该重组子体内额外表达了一分子量约为 1 8kD的蛋白 ,该蛋白很可能就是重组子表达的酪氨酸酶。经测定 ,重组子抗辐射作用明显增强 ,有效杀蛆时间显著延长 ,对畜、禽安全     

荧光假单胞菌M18 rpoD克隆及其对抗生素合成的影响

荧光假单胞菌M18对多种植物病原真菌具有显著的抑制作用。荧光假单胞菌(Pseuclomones fluo-rescens)M18能同时合成吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素(P1t)两种抗生素。从M18的基因组中克隆了rpoD基因,其相应的氨基酸序列与荧光假单胞菌CHAO中RpoD蛋白的氨基酸序列完全相同。利用基因重组技术和大肠杆菌-荧光假单胞菌穿梭质粒,pME6032,将rpoD置于强启动子Ptac的控制下,导入M18菌株。发现经重组质粒转化的M18,与对照相比,培养基中PCA和Plt开始累积的时间分别提前4h和8h,积累量提高1倍和6倍.     

大肠杆菌Na+/H+反向运输体A基因的克隆及序列分析

为研究细菌的耐盐机理,根据细菌中存在的Na^ ／H^ 反向运输体(nhaA)的基因序列,采用PCR扩增的方法,从大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DHSα中克隆获得了1．1kb的DNA片段,经过核酸序列分析,发现基因片段包含了nhaA基因完整的读码框架。采用序列同源性分析方法,结果显示nhaA基因在多种细菌中均存在,表明nhaA基因是细菌中普遍存在的一种能够反向运输Na^ 的基因,与细菌的耐盐性有着密切的关系,在转基因提高生物耐盐性方面具有主要的应用价值。     

荧光假单胞菌M18rpoD克隆及其对抗生素合成的影响

荧光假单胞菌M18对多种植物病原真菌具有显著的抑制作用。荧光假单胞菌(Pseuclomones fluorescens)M18能同时合成吩嗪1羧酸（PCA）和藤黄绿菌素(Plt) 两种抗生素。从M18的基因组中克隆了rpoD基因,其相应的氨基酸序列与荧光假单胞菌CHAO中RpoD蛋白的氨基酸序列完全相同。利用基因重组技术和大肠杆菌荧光假单胞菌穿梭质粒pME6032,将rpoD置于强启动子Ptac的控制下,导入M18菌株。发现经重组质粒转化的M18,与对照相比,培养基中PCA和Plt开始累积的时间分别提前4h和8h,积累量提高1倍和6倍。     

嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因ompTS的高效表达及其免疫原性

根据嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因ompTS的核苷酸序列设计引物,运用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增出与预期大小相符的基因片段。将此基因片段克隆至质粒pRSET A的BamHI和EcoRI位点,构建重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导获得高效表达,SDS－PAGE蛋白电泳表明在39．9kD处出现超强特异带,占总蛋白的51％。以Ni-NTA-Conjugate抗体进行Western blot分析证明该39．9kD的蛋白为所表达的融合蛋白。纯化融合蛋白注射雄性新西兰大白兔可诱导产生特异抗体。ELISA和Western blot检测结果显示,该抗体与表达的融合蛋白和从嗜水气单胞菌中提取的36．9kD外膜蛋白均呈阳性反应,表明所表达的融合蛋白仍保持原有外膜蛋白的免疫原性,为此融合蛋白作为 疫苗的候选成份提供理论基础。     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌SMP蛋白的胞外可调控分泌及序列分析

为了观察和探讨嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌SMP蛋白胞外可调控分泌现象及其机制,将收集到的环境株菌D2株及9株临床株在含不同成分的培养基中培养,取培养液上清利用SDS-PAGE电泳观察SMP蛋白分泌情况;提取各菌株基因组DNA,PCR扩增其smp基因并进行克隆和序列测定;将获得的SMP氨基酸序列用Blastp、Megalign等进行分析,并构建系统发育树。结果显示,不同来源的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞SMP蛋白分泌均存在可调控现象,酵母提取物可抑制该蛋白的分泌,而适宜浓度的麦芽糖则具有促进作用。序列对比及系统发育树分析显示,SMP的氨基酸序列具有种属的特异性,且临床株和环境株中存在一定的差异,临床株中该蛋白的氨基酸序列高度保守,而环境株则序列差异相对明显的,但不同来源的菌株SMP均含有保守的信号肽;提示该蛋白可能与其致病性相关,其胞外分泌的可调控机制值得进一步深入探究。     

Pseudomonas putida S1海藻糖合成酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

利用PCR和TA克隆方法扩增和克隆得到了恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida S1的海藻糖合成酶基因treS.对其进行序列分析表明,其编码区含有2067bp,编码含688个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其核苷酸序列和蛋白质序列与来源于其它假单胞菌属细菌的海藻糖合成酶的序列表现出了较高同源性.将该基因序列与表达载体pQE30T连接,构建重组质粒pQE30T-TS,并将其转化至E.coli M15菌株中.重组菌株经诱导表达后SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示有明显的分子量约77.5kD的特异蛋白条带出现.经测定酶活力达19U/mL,约是原始菌株P.putida S1的50倍.     

Pseudomonas putida S1海藻糖合成酶表达质粒的构建及诱导条件优化

采用PCR方法从Pseudomonas putida S1中克隆出编码海藻糖合成酶的基因treS,并与质粒pQE30T相连,构建了表达质粒pQE—TS2。将此重组质粒转化宿主菌E．coliM15进行诱导表达。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶SDS—PAGE电泳结果表明,treS基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达。通过对诱导温度、诱导剂浓度、加诱导剂时间和诱导时间的优化研究,在菌液生长至OD600值为0．6时,加入诱导剂IPTG至终浓度0．01mmol／L,20℃诱导20h,蛋白的表达量达到每克干细胞89mg的蛋白,粗酶液酶活达到19U／mL。     

转化cry1C基因对苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫活性的影响

将含基因cry1C的质粒,通过电脉冲法转入含基因cry1C的质粒,通过电泳冲法转入含基因cry1Ab、cry1Ac和cry2的对小菜蛾具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌野生菌株YBT－803－1中,得到转化子MBMY－003。PCR和SDS－PAGE分析显示,cry1C可在其中正常复制、表达,但使受体菌部分内源质粒发生丢失。生物测定结果表明,转化子MBMY－003既对甜菜蛾有毒力,LC50值为1．178μL／mL,高于出发菌株YBT－803－1（LC501．879μL／mL）,也对小菜蛾有毒力,LC50值为1．968μL／mL,低于YBKT－803－1（LC501．143μL／mL）。表明cry1C转入后,提高了野生菌株YBT－803－1对甜菜夜蛾的毒力,却降低了对小菜蛾的毒力。     

亚硝酸钠体外随机突变枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因及其产物性质研究

通过对目的基因随机突变,希望获得纤溶酶活性提高的突变体。方法:采用一种简单方便的突变方法--亚硝酸钠直接突变含目的基因的质粒,然后转化受体菌获得突变体。在亚硝酸钠浓度为40mmol／L,温度为37℃,反应时间为1h条件下,突变带枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因的质粒pUBH,转化受体菌DB403,得到大量突变体。随机挑取约1600个转化子,用纤维平板法筛选。结果:获得酶活不同程度改变的突变体,其中有纤溶酶活性增加高达一倍的突变体;分离纯化了活性最高的突变酶,并证明其活性提高是与比活性提高相关的;序列分析该突变体发现碱基发生8处改变,而氨基酸只发生1处改变即V298A;和序列分析一致,SDS／PAGE和Westernblot检测结果显示其分子量和抗原性质没有改变。同时研究了诱变剂浓度、反应温度和作用时间对随机突变的影响。     

Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the nhaB gene, encoding a Na+/H+ antiporter in Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli, expulsion of sodium ions is driven by proton flux via at least two distinct Na+/H+ antiporters, NhaA and NhaB. When the nhaA gene is deleted from the chromosome, the cell becomes sensitive to high salinity and alkaline pH (Padan, E., Maisler, N., Taglicht, D., Karpel, R., and Schuldiner, S. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20297-20302). In the current work we cloned the nhaB gene by complementation of the delta nhaA strain. The gene codes for a membrane protein 504 amino acids long. Hydropathic analysis of the sequence indicates the presence of 12 putative transmembrane helices. NhaB has been specifically labeled with [35S]methionine; it is a membrane protein and displays an apparent M(r) of 47,000, slightly lower than that predicted from its amino acid sequence. Membranes from cells containing multiple dose of nhaB display enhanced Na+/H+ antiporter activity, as measured by the ability of Na+ to collapse a preformed pH gradient or by direct measurement of 22Na+ fluxes. In contrast to NhaA, whose activity increases with pH, NhaB is practically insensitive to pH. Limited homologies with Na+ transporters have been identified.     

Oligomerization of NhaA, the Na+/H+ antiporter of Escherichia coli in the membrane and its functional and structural consequences

Recently, a two-dimensional crystal structure of NhaA, the Na+/H+ antiporter of Escherichia coli has been obtained [Williams, K. A., Kaufer, U. G., Padan, E., Schuldiner, S. and Kühlbrandt, W. (1999) EMBO J., 18, 3558-3563]. In these crystals NhaA exists as a dimer. Using biochemical and genetic approaches here we show that NhaA exists in the native membrane as a homooligomer. Functional complementation between the polypeptides of NhaA was demonstrated by coexpression of pairs of conditional lethal (at high pH in the presence of Na+) mutant alleles of nhaA in EP432, a strain lacking antiporters. Physical interaction in the membrane was shown between the His-tagged NhaA polypeptide which is readily affinity purified from DM-solubilized membranes with a Ni2+-NTA column and another which is not; only when coexpressed did both copurify on the column. The organization of the oligomer in the membrane was studied in situ by site-directed cross-linking experiments. Cysteine residues were introduced--one per NhaA--into certain loops of Cys-less NhaA, so that only intermolecular cross-linking could take place. Different linker-size cross-linkers were applied to the membranes, and the amount of the cross-linked protein was analyzed by mobility shift on SDS-PAGE. The results are consistent with homooligomeric NhaA and the location of residue 254 in the interface between monomers. Intermolecular cross-linking of V254C caused an acidic shift in the pH profile of NhaA.     

Molecular cloning and sequencing of a gene from alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 that functionally complements an Escherichia coli strain carrying a deletion in the nhaA Na+/H+ antiporter gene.

A gene has been cloned from a DNA library from alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 that functionally complements a mutant strain of Escherichia coli, NM81, that carries a deletion for one of that strain's Na+/H+ antiporter genes (delta nhaA). The cloned alkaliphile gene restored to NM81 the ability to grow at pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.6 M NaCl and on 100 mM Li+ in the presence of melibiose, and concomitantly led to an increase in the membrane associated Na+/H+ antiport activity. The biologically active alkaliphile DNA was identified as an incomplete open reading frame, the sequence of which would encode a hydrophobic protein. The insert was used to isolate clones containing the complete open reading frame, which would be predicted to encode a protein with a molecular weight of 42,960 and multiple membrane spanning regions. When the open reading frame was expressed under the control of the T7 promoter, the gene product was localized in the membrane. Southern analysis indicated no homology between the alkaliphile gene, which we propose to call nhaC, and the nhaA gene of Escherichia coli, nor with other genes in digests of DNA from E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus alcalophilus. Although there was also no significant similarity between the deduced protein products of the alkaliphile gene and the nhaA gene of E. coli, there was a small region of significant similarity between the deduced alkaliphile gene product and the protein encoded by a human Na+/H+ antiporter gene (Sardet, C., Franchi, A., and Pouyssegur, J. (1989) Cell 56, 271-280).     

C-terminal propeptide of the Caldariomyces fumago chloroperoxidase: an intramolecular chaperone?

The Na(+)/H(+) antiport activity encoded by the seven-gene mrp operons of Bacillus subtilis and alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 were cloned into a low copy plasmid, were expressed in several Escherichia coli mutant strains and compared side-by-side with similarly cloned nhaA, a major secondary antiporter from E. coli. All three antiporter systems exhibited electron donor-dependent antiport in a fluorescence-based vesicle assay, with NhaA being the most active. In whole cells of the same antiporter-deficient strain from which the vesicles were made, E. coli KNabc, Mrp-mediated Na(+) exclusion was significantly more protonophore-resistant than that conferred by NhaA. The Mrp systems were also more efficacious than NhaA: in supporting anaerobic Na(+) resistance in wild type and a terminal oxidase mutant strain of E. coli (SBS2115); and in increasing non-fermentative growth of an NADH dehydrogenase-minus E. coli mutant (ANN0222). The results suggest the possibility that the Mrp systems may have both secondary and primary energization capacities.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene (citA) encoding a citrate carrier from Salmonella typhimurium.

A cryptic citrate transport gene (citA) from Salmonella typhimurium chromosome was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The cloned plasmid conferred citrate-utilizing ability on wild-type Escherichia coli, which cannot grow on citrate as the sole source of carbon. The resultant E. coli transformant was able to transport citrate. A 1,302-base-pair open reading frame with a preceding ribosomal binding site was found in the cloned DNA fragment. The 434-amino-acid protein that could be translated from this open reading frame is highly hydrophobic (69% nonpolar amino acid residues), consistent with the fact that the transport protein is an intrinsic membrane protein. The molecular weight of this protein was calculated to be 47,188. The gene sequence determined is highly homologous to those of Cit+ plasmid-mediated citrate transport gene, citA, from E. coli, the chromosomal citA gene from Citrobacter amalonaticus and the chromosomal cit+ gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae. The hydropathy profile of the deduced amino acid sequence suggests that this carrier has 12 hydrophobic segments, which may span the membrane lipid bilayer.     

Screening of Environmental DNA Libraries for the Presence of Genes Conferring Na+(Li+)/H+ Antiporter Activity on Escherichia coli: Characterization of the Recovered Genes and the Corresponding Gene Products

Environmental DNA libraries prepared from three different soils were screened for genes conferring Na(+)(Li(+))/H(+) antiporter activity on the antiporter-deficient Escherichia coli strain KNabc. The presence of those genes was verified on selective LK agar containing 7.5 mM LiCl. Two positive E. coli clones were obtained during the initial screening of 1,480,000 recombinant E. coli strains. Both clones harbored a plasmid (pAM1 and pAM3) that conferred a stable Li(+)-resistant phenotype. The insert of pAM2 (1,886 bp) derived from pAM1 contained a gene (1,185 bp) which encodes a novel Na(+)/H(+) antiporter belonging to the NhaA family. The insert of pAM3 harbored the DNA region of E. coli K-12 containing nhaA, nhaR, and gef. This region is flanked by highly conserved insertion elements. The sequence identity with E. coli decreased significantly outside of the insertion sequence elements, indicating that the unknown organism from which the insert of pAM3 was cloned is different from E. coli. The products of the antiporter genes located on pAM2 and pAM3 revealed functional homology to NhaA of E. coli and enabled the antiporter-deficient E. coli mutant to grow on solid media in the presence of up to 450 mM NaCl or 250 mM LiCl at pH 8.0. The Na(+)/H(+) antiporter activity in everted membrane vesicles that were derived from the E. coli strains KNabc/pAM2 and KNabc/pAM3 showed a substantial increase between pHs 7 and 8.5. The maximal activity was observed at pHs 8.3 and 8.6, respectively. The K(m) values of both antiporters for Na(+) were approximately 10-fold higher than the values for Li(+).     

新疆盐生植物车前PmNHX1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

盐分对植物的伤害主要是Na+引起的,而Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白催化Na+/H+逆向跨膜运输,从而使质膜上Na+运出细胞和液泡膜中的Na+区隔化。这是植物尤其是盐生植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式之一。根据不同植物编码液泡膜逆向运输蛋白基因的保守序列,设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,首次从新疆盐生植物车前（Plantago maritima）中克隆到Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白基因的cDNA全长2464 bp,命名为PmNHX1(GenBank登录号：EU233808),该基因编码区长为1 662bp,编码553个氨基酸,理论分子量为61.16kDa,等电点为7.22。数据分析结果显示,该蛋白质主要定位于液泡膜上,由12个序列保守的跨膜结构域组成,其中TM3跨膜结构域上存在“LFFIYLLPPI”-氨氯吡嗪咪结合域,并且该位点与Na+有竞争作用。PmNHX1逆向运输蛋白与其他植物逆向运输蛋白的氨基酸同源性为64％~80％。通过生物信息学方法对其理化性质和功能分析进行预测,这为进一步研究转耐盐基因PmNHX1及其功能鉴定奠定了基础。