多层螺旋CT测定肺容积指标对慢性阻塞性肺疾病的诊断价值探讨

目的：分析多层螺旋CT检测慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺容积指数的准确性,探讨多层螺旋CT的诊断价值,为慢性阻塞性肺病的临床诊断提供可借鉴的方法。方法：选取2010年10月-2012年8月我院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者98例为观察组,另选取同期接受体检的健康志愿者70例为对照组。采用多层螺旋CT测定两组不同肺区的肺容积指标并与临床PFT指标进行相关性分析。结果：对照组与观察组的肺功能指标存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;观察组患者在不同肺区测定的Vin及上肺区Vin-Vex值无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;最大呼气末容积（Vex）、容积比（Vex/Vin）和肺容积变化比率[（Vin-Vex）/Vin]均呈显著差异,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肺容积差（Vin-Vex）与各项PFT指标无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：64层螺旋CT肺容积成像对诊断COPD有预测意义,值得临床上进一步研究和推广。     

多层螺旋CT 测定肺容积指标对慢性阻塞性肺疾病的诊断价值探讨

目的：分析多层螺旋CT检测慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺容积指数的准确性,探讨多层螺旋CT 的诊断价值,为慢性阻塞性肺 病的临床诊断提供可借鉴的方法。方法：选取2010 年10 月-2012 年8月我院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者98例为观察组,另选 取同期接受体检的健康志愿者70 例为对照组。采用多层螺旋CT 测定两组不同肺区的肺容积指标并与临床PFT 指标进行相关 性分析。结果：对照组与观察组的肺功能指标存在显著差异(P<0.05);观察组患者在不同肺区测定的Vin 及上肺区Vin-Vex 值无 统计学意义(P>0.05);最大呼气末容积(Vex)、容积比(Vex/Vin)和肺容积变化比率[(Vin-Vex)/Vin]均呈显著差异,具有统计学意义 (P<0.05);肺容积差(Vin-Vex)与各项PFT 指标无相关性(P>0.05)。结论：64层螺旋CT 肺容积成像对诊断COPD有预测意义,值得 临床上进一步研究和推广。     

Diesel Exhaust Particle Exposure In Vitro Alters Monocyte Differentiation and Function

Air pollution by diesel exhaust particles is associated with elevated mortality and increased hospital admissions in individuals with respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During active inflammation monocytes are recruited to the airways and can replace resident alveolar macrophages. We therefore investigated whether chronic fourteen day exposure to low concentrations of diesel exhaust particles can alter the phenotype and function of monocytes from healthy individuals and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Monocytes were purified from the blood of healthy individuals and people with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Monocyte-derived macrophages were generated in the presence or absence of diesel exhaust particles and their phenotypes studied through investigation of their lifespan, cytokine generation in response to Toll like receptor agonists and heat killed bacteria, and expression of surface markers. Chronic fourteen day exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages to concentrations of diesel exhaust particles >10 µg/ml caused mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, and a gradual loss of cells over time both in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease individuals. Chronic exposure to lower concentrations of diesel exhaust particles impaired CXCL8 cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide and heat killed E. coli, and this phenotype was associated with a reduction in CD14 and CD11b expression. Chronic diesel exhaust particle exposure may therefore alter both numbers and function of lung macrophages differentiating from locally recruited monocytes in the lungs of healthy people and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 modulates cystic fibrosis lung disease

The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was found to be increased in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), two disease conditions featuring neutrophilic infiltrates. Based on these studies and a previous report indicating that neutrophils secrete YKL-40, we hypothesized that YKL-40 plays a key role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, a prototypic neutrophilic disease. The aim of this study was (i) to analyze YKL-40 levels in human and murine CF lung disease and (ii) to investigate whether YKL-40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modulate CF lung disease severity. YKL-40 protein levels were quantified in serum and sputum supernatants from CF patients and control individuals. Levels of the murine homologue BRP-39 were analyzed in airway fluids from CF-like βENaC-Tg mice. YKL-40SNPs were analyzed in CF patients. YKL-40 levels were increased in sputum supernatants and in serum from CF patients compared to healthy control individuals. Within CF patients, YKL-40 levels were higher in sputum than in serum. BRP-39 levels were increased in airways fluids from βENaC-Tg mice compared to wild-type littermates. In both CF patients and βENaC-Tg mice, YKL-40/BRP-39 airway levels correlated with the severity of pulmonary obstruction. Two YKL-40 SNPs (rs871799 and rs880633) were found to modulate age-adjusted lung function in CF patients. YKL-40/BRP-39 levelsare increased in human and murine CF airway fluids, correlate with pulmonary function and modulate CF lung disease severity genetically. These findings suggest YKL-40 as a potential biomarker in CF lung disease.     

Correlation between Acoustic Characteristics of Forced Expiratory Tracheal Noises and Lung Function Parameters in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Obstructive Lung Diseases

The correlations between acoustic characteristics and lung function parameters measured by body plethysmography were revealed when analyzing the sample of 230 subjects consisting of subgroups of healthy subjects, subjects with risk factors, and patients with obstructive lung diseases. Multidirectional character of the correlations between acoustic characteristics of forced expiratory tracheal sounds and parameters measured by body plethysmography/spirometry was established in subgroups of healthy subjects, asthma patients with spirometrically confirmed and unconfirmed obstructive changes, and patients with chronic pulmonary disease.     

肺癌患者血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE的检测及临床意义

目的探讨外周血癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的检测对肺癌的诊断、病理分型和疗效判断的临床用价值。方法采用化学发光法检测了62例肺癌患者、54例良性肺部疾病患者、36例健康人、40例肺癌患者手术前后血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE的水平。结果肺癌患者手术前血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE的含量明显高于良性肺部疾病组及正常对照组(P0.01)。鳞癌组、腺癌组和小细胞癌组之间肿瘤标志物CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平差异有统计学意义。CEA阳性率以腺癌组最高(84%),CYFRA21-1阳性率以鳞癌组最高(85.2%),NSE阳性率以小细胞癌组最高(80.0%)。手术治疗后未复发转移组CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平低于术前,而复发转移组与术前比变化不显著(P0.05)。结论血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE的检测对不同病理类型肺癌患者的诊断、病情检测及疗效判断有较好的临床参考价值。     

Conservation of tissue and function in pulmonary resection the technique of the anatomical separation of segments

Total ablation of an entire limb to remove a small benign granuloma or tumor is unthinkable. Yet when an entire pulmonary lobe is removed for a similar lesion the sacrifice of normal tissue and function is taken for granted. Operations upon the lung commenced with pneumonectomy, were made more selective by lobectomy, and now can be confined to resection of single pulmonary segments when the diseased area is no more extensive, or to single segments in several lobes if necessary. Technically the pulmonary segment is the unit of pulmonary resection. The separation of one from another, or even a half of one from the other half, can be accomplished with anatomical accuracy. More widespread use of this operation will provide surgical aid to many bronchiectatic patients who otherwise are afflicted with disease too widespread for cure. It will conserve healthy lung tissue in benign conditions where removal of the diseased area is necessary. The technical steps of pulmonary segmental resection are outlined and illustrated.     

Regional neurovasomotor reactions of pulmonary circulation

In experiments on anaesthetized cats with intact chest regional blood volume and flow in the lungs at horizontal and vertical body positions and under vagus and sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied using regional lung electroplethysmography. The regions of the lungs bearing more significant hydrostatic and hemodynamic load turn more labile to neurogen stimuli. The parasympathetic vasomotor reaction of the basal lung regions increases while the apical region reaction decreases at a vertical body position. The results obtained suggest the occurrence of regionally differentiated mechanisms of vasomotor control in the pulmonary circulation, directed to compensation of postural changes in pulmonary hemodynamics.     

TEP/TDM au FDG et toxicité pulmonaire à la bléomycine : à propos d’un cas clinique

Patients treated with bleomycin should be frequently monitored during and after treatment. Actually this treatment can cause pulmonary toxicity and may progress to pulmonary fibrosis. Extreme care is required in patients with a severe deterioration of renal function or impaired lung function. PET/CT can be a useful tool for the early diagnosis of this complication. We report a case of bleomycin-induced pneumonitis and discovered during a PET/CT performed for evaluation of Hodgkin's disease.     

探讨CT技术在肺结节疾病诊断中的应用

目的：探讨CT技术在肺结节疾病诊断中的应用。利用CT技术提供的影像学特征,及时准确的诊断肺结节疾病,从而更具体更全面的提高对该疾病的认识,减少误诊的发生。方法：回顾性分析我院2010年-2012年确诊的符合相应临床诊治标准的肺结节患者48例的临床资料,通过CT扫描分析其具体的特征表现。结果：在所选的48例中,纵隔淋巴结增大45例,双侧肺门淋巴结增大44例,胸部淋巴结增大患者48例。肺部病变者33例,其中单发结节患者2例,多发结节患者25例,支气管血管束增粗者14例,磨玻璃样影案例者9例,实变案例5例。胸膜病发患者13例。结论：我们通过分析发现,胸部有典型影像学表现形式的肺结节病例诊断较容易,无典型影像学表现的患者诊断较为困难。因此我们认为利用CT技术诊断肺结节疾病具有特异性意义,值得临床医生重视。     

“Sentinel” Circulating Tumor Cells Allow Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for lung cancer. Migration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into the blood stream is an early event that occurs during carcinogenesis. We aimed to examine the presence of CTCs in complement to CT-scan in COPD patients without clinically detectable lung cancer as a first step to identify a new marker for early lung cancer diagnosis. The presence of CTCs was examined by an ISET filtration-enrichment technique, for 245 subjects without cancer, including 168 (68.6%) COPD patients, and 77 subjects without COPD (31.4%), including 42 control smokers and 35 non-smoking healthy individuals. CTCs were identified by cytomorphological analysis and characterized by studying their expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. COPD patients were monitored annually by low-dose spiral CT. CTCs were detected in 3% of COPD patients (5 out of 168 patients). The annual surveillance of the CTC-positive COPD patients by CT-scan screening detected lung nodules 1 to 4 years after CTC detection, leading to prompt surgical resection and histopathological diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer. Follow-up of the 5 patients by CT-scan and ISET 12 month after surgery showed no tumor recurrence. CTCs detected in COPD patients had a heterogeneous expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, which was similar to the corresponding lung tumor phenotype. No CTCs were detected in control smoking and non-smoking healthy individuals. CTCs can be detected in patients with COPD without clinically detectable lung cancer. Monitoring “sentinel” CTC-positive COPD patients may allow early diagnosis of lung cancer.     

Sub-clinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in early stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Sub-clinical cardiac dysfunction may be significantly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with a different degree of severity. In a cross-sectional design we aimed to evaluate the frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVdd) and its correlation with lung function, pulmonary arterial pressure and systemic inflammation in a selected population of COPD at an early stage of their disease. Fifty-five COPD patients with no clinical signs of cardiovascular dysfunction were recruited and compared to 40 matched healthy controls. All the subjects underwent pulmonary function testing, doppler echocardiography, and interleukin-6 blood sampling. Presence of LVdd was defined according to the significant change in both the ratio between early and late diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E/A ratio), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and deceleration time (DT). The frequency of LVdd was higher in the COPD group (70.9 percent) compared to controls (27.5 percent). In these patients decreased E/A ratio, and prolonged IVRT and DT clearly pointed to left ventricular filling impairment, a condition we found to be especially severe in those patients suffering from lung static hyperinflation as expressed by inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio (IC/TLC) <0.25. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 were also higher among COPD patients compared to controls. The results of the present study suggest that subclinical left ventricular filling impairment is frequently found in COPD patients at the earlier stage of the disease even in the absence of any other cardiovascular dysfunction. Doppler echocardiography may help the early identification of LVdd in COPD patients.     

Familial Fibrocystic Pulmonary Dysplasia: A Detailed Family Study

Six cases of familial fibrocystic pulmonary dysplasia are described involving five siblings and their father. The clinical findings and radiological features were similar in all six patients although there was some variation in the period of survival following the onset of the disease. In three the diagnosis was confirmed pathologically; the two brothers, who did not have lung biopsies, had disturbances in respiratory function which are considered typical of the impaired diffusion produced by interstitial fibrosis. One hundred and five members of the family were surveyed for evidence of this disease, but no further cases were discovered. Four of the patients had some elevation of their gamma globulin. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis, which was performed on three of the patients, the two healthy siblings, and 16 of their offspring, showed elevated immunoglobulin patterns. This evidence suggests the possibility of an inherited aberration in the immune response in this family.     

川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺动脉高压的作用及其机制

目的：观察川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺动脉高压的临床作用并探讨其可能机制。方法：将采集的确诊为COPD的22例患者随机分为2组（n=11）： 常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组,并随机抽取门诊体检正常者11例作为正常对照组。常规治疗组予以卧床休息、低流量吸氧、支气管舒张剂、糖皮质激素及抗生素等治疗,川芎嗪治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用川芎嗪注射液（60 mg/d静脉点滴）,正常对照组不予任何治疗措施,治疗2周后检测3组的肺功能、动脉血气分析及肺动脉压,用敏感硫电极法检测血浆硫化氢（H₂S）的浓度。结果：①经过2周治疗后,常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组肺功能、动脉血气分析、肺动脉压等各项指标均比治疗前有明显改善,但川芎嗪治疗组优于常规治疗组（P<0.05）;②川芎嗪组综合治疗后血浆H₂S浓度明显高于治疗前和常规治疗组 （P<0.01）。结论：川芎嗪注射液可能通过升高体内H₂S浓度,有效地改善COPD患者肺功能状态。     

肿瘤自身抗体检测对早期肺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨肺癌自身抗体P53、PGP9.5、SOX2、GAGE7、GBU4-5、MAGEA1和CAGE对早期肺癌的诊断价值。方法采用ELISA法检测肺癌组(46例首次确诊的肺癌患者)和对照组(包含22名肺部良性疾病患者及23例健康体检者)血清中肺癌自身抗体P53、PGP9.5、SOX2、GAGE7、GBU4-5、MAGEA1和CAGE表达水平,分析评价7种肺癌自身抗体单独检测和联合检测对肺癌的临床诊断价值。结果肺癌组患者血清中7种自身抗体的水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。肺癌组患者7种抗体联合检测的阳性率明显高于对照组(65.22%vs 15.56%,χ²=23.252,P<0.001)。单一肺癌自身抗体检测的敏感性为4.35%~36.96%,特异性为93.30%~100.00%,AUC为0.695~0.832。7种肺癌抗体联合检测的敏感性为65.22%,特异性为84.44%,AUC为0.897。结论早期肺癌患者血清中7种肺癌自身抗体水平均较高。单一肺癌自身抗体检测的特异性较高,但敏感性较低。7种肺癌自身抗体联合检测具有较高的敏感性,可成为临床早期肺癌新的辅助诊断指标。     

Apelin: a new plasma marker of cardiopulmonary disease

OBJECTIVES: Dyspnea is a major symptom of both parenchymal lung disease and chronic heart failure. Underlying cardiac dysfunction can be assessed by measurement of cardiac-derived B-type natriuretic peptide or its precursor in plasma. However, no specific endocrine marker of the lung parenchyma has so far been identified. We therefore examined whether plasma concentrations of apelin, a novel inotropic hormone, is affected in patients with chronic parenchymal lung disease without cardiac dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with severe chronic parenchymal lung disease and normal cardiac function (n=53), idiopathic pulmonary hypertension with increased right ventricular pressure (n=10), and patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (n=22) were enrolled. Plasma apelin-36 and proBNP concentrations were measured with radioimmunoassays. While proBNP plasma concentrations were unaffected in chronic parenchymal lung disease patients compared to normal subjects, the apelin-36 concentration was reduced 3.3-fold (median 35 pmol/l (0-162 pmol/l) vs. 117 pmol/l (55-232 pmol/l), P<0.001). Moreover, the apelin-36 concentration was decreased in chronic heart failure patients (2.1-fold, P<0.01) and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (4.0-fold, P<0.001). In contrast, the proBNP concentration was highly increased in both chronic heart failure and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension patients. CONCLUSION: Plasma concentrations of apelin-36, a novel inotropic peptide, are decreased in patients with chronic parenchymal lung disease and preserved cardiac function. Combined measurement of apelin-36 and proBNP may be a new diagnostic approach in distinguishing pulmonary from cardiovascular causes of dyspnea.     

Signaling pathways in the epithelial origins of pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis complicates a number of disease processes and leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is perhaps the most pernicious and enigmatic form of the greater problem of lung fibrogenesis with a median survival of three years from diagnosis in affected patients. In this review, we will focus on the pathology of IPF as a model of pulmonary fibrotic processes, review possible cellular mechanisms, review current treatment approaches and review two transgenic mouse models of lung fibrosis to provide insight into processes that cause lung fibrosis. We will also summarize the potential utility of signaling pathway inhibitors as a future treatment in pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we will present data demonstrating a minimal contribution of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the development of fibrotic lesions in the transforming growth factor-alpha transgenic model of lung fibrosis.     

The Lung Microbiome in Moderate and Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by incompletely reversible airflow obstruction. Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract contributes to approximately 50% of COPD exacerbations. Even during periods of stable lung function, the lung harbors a community of bacteria, termed the microbiome. The role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of COPD remains unknown. The COPD lung microbiome, like the healthy lung microbiome, appears to reflect microaspiration of oral microflora. Here we describe the COPD lung microbiome of 22 patients with Moderate or Severe COPD compared to 10 healthy control patients. The composition of the lung microbiomes was determined using 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Sequences were analyzed using mothur, Ribosomal Database Project, Fast UniFrac, and Metastats. Our results showed a significant increase in microbial diversity with the development of COPD. The main phyla in all samples were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Principal coordinate analyses demonstrated separation of control and COPD samples, but samples did not cluster based on disease severity. However, samples did cluster based on the use of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled bronchodilators. Metastats analyses demonstrated an increased abundance of several oral bacteria in COPD samples.     

肺炎型肺癌的影像学特点及误诊分析

目的:探讨肺炎型肺癌影像学特点,深入肺炎型肺癌认识,提高诊断水平,降低临床误诊率。方法:随机选取2013年1月份至2014年2月份我院胸外科住院治疗的36例肺炎型肺癌患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析全部患者的影像学资料及病理检查结果。结果:患者病变部位在各肺段均有分布,局限性及弥漫性分布均可见,其中局灶性分布较大,未出现跨越肺段侵袭肺叶的病例。影像表现主要为边缘不清云絮状肿块影、云絮状影伴结节、肺段实变影、肺实变伴空泡及蜂窝状影、肺炎纤维样化及混合阴影。其中,单纯性磨玻璃影10例;磨玻璃结节肿块10例;肺段分布实变影7例;肺叶及肺段实变伴空泡或蜂窝状影6例;肺炎样纤维化及肿块10例;混合阴影(4种或4种以上阴影并存)3例。结论:肺炎型肺癌患者影像学检查结果多具有肺炎样改变,极易误诊肺炎性疾病,临床诊断中结合活检检查技术,有利于改善临床诊断正确率。