Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of barley plants grown in the strongly acidic soddy podzolic soil

The study of various factors (soil acidity, the variety of barley plants, and their developmental phases) on the rhizosphere actinomycete complex showed that it is soil acidity that substantially influences the population of rhizosphere actinomycetes. The effect of soil acidity was most likely due to the different tolerance of rhizosphere actinomycetes to high concentrations of the aluminum and hydrogen ions. The developmental phases of barley plants correlated with the population indices of only one genus of actinomycetes, Micromonospora.     

Spatio-temporal variation of rhizosphere soil microbial abundance and enzyme activities under different vegetation types in the coastal zone,Shandong, China

In coastal sandy soils, the establishment of a plant cover is fundamental to avoid degradation and desertification processes. A better understanding of the ability of plants to promote soil microbial process in these conditions is necessary for successful soil reclamation. The current study was to investigate the ability of four different plant species to regenerate the microbiological processes in the rhizosphere soil and to discuss which species were the most effective for the reclamation of the coastal zone. The rhizosphere soils were studied by measuring microbial abundance (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and ammonifiers), enzyme activities (invertase, catalase, urease, and phosphatase) and their relationship. Microbial abundance greatly varied among rhizospheres of different plant species (p < 0.05). Phragmites australis supported the highest amount of bacterial, actinomycetes, and ammonifiers abundance, and Echinochloa crusgalli supported the highest fungi abundance. In addition, the significant differences in rhizosphere enzyme activities of different plant species were also observed. There was a significant linear correlation between rhizosphere soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities between bacteria and urease and between fungi and catalase, but no such significant relationship was found between all rhizosphere soil microbial abundance and phosphatases. It was concluded that different plant species in coastal areas have different rhizosphere soils due to the impact of the different root exudates and plant residues of the microbial properties. In addition, natural grasslands (P. australis and E. crusgalli) are the most effective for revegetating coastal sandy soils.     

Effects of organic amendments to soil on the rhizosphere microflora of antirrhinum infected withVerticillium dahliae Kleb.

Summary Organic (e.g. chitin, green manure, cellulose) amendments to soil induced quantitative and qualitative changes in the rhizosphere microflora of antirrhinum plants infected withVerticillium dahliae Kleb. Whereas reduction in disease severity occurred with chitin and green manure amendments, an increase in disease severity was observed with the application of cellulose. The reduction of the disease severity with chitin and green manure may be correlated with the increased population of actinomycetes in the antirrhinum rhizosphere.     

Influence of agricultural crops on the actinomycetes flora in soil

Summary The influence of various crops on the actinomycetes flora was studied in different soil types. The influence of soil types on the numbers and species appeared to be more important than that of the crop grown. However, the crop did influence the actinomycetes, especially in the newly reclaimed soil of Oostelijk Flevoland. There it was found that were sugar beets had been grown the number of actinomycetes decreased; this was especially the case with the frequency of Streptomyces scabies. The actinomycetes flora of the rhizoplane differs from that of rhizosphere.     

Studies on the microbial populations of the rhizosphere of big sagebrush (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia tridentata</Emphasis>)

Prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens, both in medicine and in agriculture. New threats such as biological warfare have increased the need for novel and efficacious antimicrobial agents. Natural habitats not previously examined as sources of novel antibiotic-producing microorganisms still exist. One such habitat is the rhizosphere of desert shrubs. Here, we show that one desert shrub habitat, the rhizosphere of desert big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is a source of actinomycetes capable of producing an extensive array of antifungal metabolites. Culturable microbial populations from both the sagebrush rhizosphere and nearby bulk soils from three different sites were enumerated and compared, using traditional plate-count techniques and antibiotic activity bioassays. There were no statistical differences between the relative numbers of culturable non-actinomycete eubacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizosphere versus bulk soils, but PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the total soil DNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the community structure was different between the rhizosphere and the bulk soils. A high percentage of actinomycetes produced antimicrobials; and the percentage of active producers was significantly higher among the rhizosphere isolates, as compared with the bulk soil isolates. Also, the rhizosphere strains were more active in the production of antifungal compounds than antibacterial compounds. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that sagebrush rhizospheres contained a variety of Streptomyces species possessing broad spectrum antifungal activity. Scanning electron microscopy studies of sagebrush root colonization by one of the novel sagebrush rhizosphere isolates, Streptomyces sp. strain RG, showed that it aggressively colonized young sagebrush roots, whereas another plant rhizosphere-colonizing strain, S. lydicus WYEC108, not originally isolated from sagebrush, was a poor colonizer of the roots of this plant, as were two other Streptomyces isolates from forest soil. These results support the hypothesis that the rhizosphere of desert big sagebrush is a promising source of habitat-adapted actinomycetes, producing antifungal antibiotics.     

小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及内生真菌多样性分析

为了解喀斯特典型物种-小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及不同部位内生真菌多样性,采用沿等高线等距离取样法采集小蓬竹根际土壤及健康植株,通过可培养对根际土微生物及内生菌进行分离,利用分子技术对其进行鉴定,根据鉴定结果构建系统发育树,并计算小蓬竹根际土壤微生物和根茎叶内生真菌多样性。结果如下：（1）共从根际土壤、根、茎、叶分离得到139个真菌菌株,隶属于27属,其中根际土壤分离得到34个真菌菌株隶属于12属,根部分离得到的63个内生真菌菌株隶属于17个属,茎部分离得到的14个内生真菌菌株隶属于8个属,叶部分离得到28个内生真菌菌株隶属于9个属;（2）根际土壤共分离得到41株细菌菌株,隶属于7个属26个种,20株放线菌菌株,隶属于1属15种;从Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson指数排序来看,真菌主要表现为根 > 根际土壤 > 茎 > 叶,细菌和放线菌多样性均较低。（3）按层次聚类分析可分别将真菌、细菌、放线菌聚为3支。小蓬竹根际土壤、根、茎和叶具有丰富的微生物多样性,不同部位菌群组成存在差异性（P<0.05）,且存在以假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等为优势属的抗盐耐旱菌群,这有助于揭示小蓬竹对喀斯特生境的适应性,以及为微生物-植物群落之间相互关系提供一定基础数据,为后期寻找小蓬竹相关耐性功能菌奠定基础。     

Variation in acquisition of soil phosphorus among wheat and barley genotypes

To assess the extent of variation in phosphorus acquisition efficiency of some winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes, depletion of inorganic phosphorus (P) extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO₃ (NaHCO₃-P_i) from the rhizosphere soil was studied. Nutrients supply, rhizosphere soil pH and soil water content was kept equal for all the genotypes with the aim to reduce the confounding variation due to these factors. The experimental set up implied that no difference in the relative growth rates, nitrogen, potassium and calcium content of shoot dry matter occurred among the genotypes.The winter wheat, winter barley and spring barley genotypes differed significantly (p>0.05) in their efficiency to acquire NaHCO₃-P_i from the rhizosphere soil. The efficiency of the winter wheat genotypes to acquire NaHCO₃-P_i from rhizosphere soil ranked Kraka > Gawain > Foreman > Sleipner = Obelisk > Kosack > Pepital > Arum. Winter wheat genotypes differed in extent of P depletion profiles in the rhizosphere, indicating variation in root hair length. The winter barley and spring barley genotypes also showed significant differences in their P depletion profiles near roots. The efficiency of the winter barley genotypes to acquire soil P in the rhizosphere ranked Hamu > Frost > Marinka > Astrid > Clarine = Angora. The efficiency of spring barley genotypes to acquire NaHCO₃-P_i in the rhizosphere ranked Canut > Etna Riga > Digger > Peel > Semal > Alexis. The rhizosphere pH remained unchanged, suggesting that additional mechanisms such as root hair formation and root exudates play a significant role in causing variation in P acquisition among the genotypes.     

西藏青稞根际细菌群落结构及多样性

【目的】分析西藏不同种植区青稞根际土壤细菌群落结构及其影响因素，揭示特定环境下根际细菌生物标志物，为发掘研究优异根际促生菌及其作用提供参考。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和数据统计分析，比较了西藏5个市青稞种植区根际土壤细菌群落组成和结构差异，分析了青稞根际细菌生物标志物及群落结构变化的驱动因素。【结果】通过测序45个根际土壤样品获得10 715个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units，OTUs），共43门、1 244属、2 783种，其中放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadota）、粘球菌门（Myxococcota）和髌骨细菌门（Patescibacteria）为优势菌门，相对丰度占比94.92%-96.56%。五个市的根际细菌群落结构存在明显的差异，组间差异大于组内差异（R=0.226 9，P=0.001），其中放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和髌骨细菌门丰度存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。五个市青稞根际土壤存在潜在生物标志物，拉萨和山南只有3个和6个特有细菌进化支，共现网络更为复杂、OTUs间联系更为紧密。变形菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门是青稞根际土壤中主要的关键细菌门，内生菌门、Methylomirabilota和蓝细菌分别是林芝市、日喀则市和山南市的特有关键类群。青稞根际细菌群落结构的变化主要与环境因子pH、全钾（total potassium，TK）、速效钾（available potassium，AK）、碳磷比（C：P）和海拔有关，其中TK是影响根际土壤细菌群落最重要的因子（r²=0.621 4，P=0.001）。【结论】西藏青稞根际细菌多样性丰富，5市间存在显著差异，且不同生长区青稞根际具有特有的生物标志物，为进一步研究特有根际细菌在青稞生长和环境适应中的作用，发掘优异根际促生菌提供参考。     

Production of B-group vitamins by mycorrhizal fungi and actinomycetes isolated from the root zone of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Summary Studies were carried out on synthesis of B-group vitamins by mycorrhizal fungi and actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.) derived from soil, rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of pine.None of the fungal isolates produced biotin. The vitamin produced in largest amounts by the mycorrhizal fungi was thiamin.In general more actinomycetes isolated from the rhizosphere than from the root free soil produced B-group vitamins. This was particularly true for thiamin.The amount of vitamins produced was higher in actinomycetes than the amounts produced by the mycorrhizal fungi.This research was carried out under problem MR.II. 16 coordinated by the Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences.     

Antagonistic activity of bacteria isolated from crops cultivated in a rotation system and a monoculture against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium debaryanum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis>

The effect of crop rotation and monocropping on the occurrence of bacteria with antagonistic activity toward Pythium debaryanum and Fusarium oxysporum was shown. Arthrobacter spp., fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and actinomycetes were isolated from winter rape, sugar beet and winter barley rhizosphere and bulk soil from the plots of a long-term crop rotation experiment (18 years). The occurrence of mycoantagonistic isolates and their antibiosis level exhibited specificity for the site, crop and crop rotation. Mycoantagonistic activity was common among actinomycetes and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and less frequent among Arthrobacter spp. Antibiosis of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Arthrobacter spp. was in general stronger against P. debaryanum than F. oxysporum. The highest percentage of antagonistic Pseudomonas spp. against P. debaryanum was in the plots of barley crop, while plots of winter rape showed higher frequency of antagonists against F. oxysporum. The highest antibiosis activity of Arthrobacter spp. against both pathogens occurred in isolates from barley and winter rape monoculture, and there were no F. oxysporum antagonists among these bacteria in sugar beet monoculture. Most of actinomycete isolates strongly inhibited growth of P. debaryanum and F. oxysporum. The percentage of mycoantagonistic actinomycetes and their antibiosis level were the highest in the 6-year crop rotation system.     

黄萎病不同发生程度棉田中土壤微生物多样性

作物根际土壤微生物群落对土壤生态及作物健康至关重要。以棉花黄萎病不同发生程度棉田的土壤为研究对象,采用理化分析、微生物纯培养及高通量测序技术对土壤理化性质及微生物数量、细菌丰度多样性进行综合分析。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,大丽轮枝菌无菌发酵滤液对细菌生长有明显的抑制作用;棉田接种大丽轮枝菌对土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量及细菌菌群丰度多样性未产生明显影响,不同采样时间的土壤中细菌菌群结构差异更大。土壤中大丽轮枝菌微菌核数量与棉花黄萎病的发生程度呈显著正相关。土壤肥力对土壤中微生物数量起主导作用,而水稻-棉花轮作能够使棉田有效降盐、减病、改善土壤肥力。通过生物防治、作物轮作、深翻等调控措施增加土壤中有益菌群数量、改善土壤生态、降低棉田土壤中大丽轮枝菌菌源数量是减轻棉花黄萎病危害的基础。     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

Micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated withAzotobacter chroococcum

Summary The hypothesis that inoculation withAzotobacter chroococcum affects the growth of plants indirectly through changing the rhizosphere microflora was investigated. Inoculated and uninoculated wheat and tomato plants were grown in the glasshouse in two different soils, and total bacteria, chitinolytic bacteria, actinomycetes, glucosefermenting bacteria, aerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria, and anaerobes were determined in intervals in the rhizosphere and in the soil. Root-surface fungi were studied using the Harley and Waid's root-washing technique¹⁰. Azotobacter became established in the rhizosphere of wheat and tomato plants and stimulated their growth. All the bacterial groups examined were more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the soil. Inoculation with Azotobacter delayed the colonization of roots by bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the rhizosphere, but had no effect on other organisms. Inoculation did not affect the dominant root-surface fungi, and minor changes were not consistent.Part of a thesis accepted by the University of London for the degree of Ph.D. in Microbiology.     

Rhizosphere microbial community and its response to plant species and soil history

The plant rhizosphere is a dynamic environment in which many parameters may influence the population structure, diversity and activity of the microbial community. Two important factors determining the structure of microbial community present in the vicinity of plant roots are plant species and soil type. In the present study we assessed the structure of microbial communities in response to four plant species (i.e. maize (Zea mays L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and commercial grass mix) planted in soil with different land use history (i.e. arable land under crop rotation, maize monoculture and permanent grassland). Both factors, plant species and land use history, showed clear effects on microbial community and diversity as determined by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting with universal and group-specific bacterial primers. Moreover, we explored the rhizosphere effect of these plant species on the abundance of bacterial antagonists of the potato pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG3. The data showed that the abundance and taxonomic composition of antagonists differed clearly between the different plants. The highest percentages of antagonists were found in maize and grass rhizosphere. When antagonistic Pseudomonas populations were compared, the highest, abundance and diversity of antagonists were detected in barley and oat rhizospheres, as compared to maize and grass rhizosphere. The results obtained in our study demonstrate clearly that plant species and soil type are two important factors affecting the structure of total bacterial, Pseudomonas and Bacillus community.     

General microflora,arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and occurrence of endophytes in the rhizosphere of two age groups of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis> L.of Indian Central Himalaya

The populations of the general microflora (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) in the rhizosphere and their corresponding non-rhizosphere soil samples of Ginkgo biloba L. of two age groups (Group A, <25 years-young trees; Group B, >60 years-old trees) growing under a temperate location of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) have been determined. Observations were also made for the diversity, distribution and colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and occurrence of endophytes in roots of G. biloba. The population of general microflora was found to be higher in the rhizosphere of Group B trees, more clearly reflected in terms of rhizosphere: soil (R:S) ratios. Contrary to this, per cent colonization and spore densities of AM fungi were higher in the rhizosphere of Group A trees as compared to the rhizosphere of Group B. AM fungal colonization was observed mostly in form of loose coils. All the spores detected, belonged to the genus Glomus with five different types. Presence of endophytes (both bacteria and fungi) was observed in the cortical cells of G. biloba roots, more profound in case of Group B trees. Data suggest that, while the species of Glomus dominated the rhizosphere of G. biloba, an inverse correlation exist between the colonization of general microflora and the colonization of AM fungi including endophytes.     

落叶松人工林土壤酸度与有机磷形态的相关性

通过东北东部山地落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤酸度变化规律以及与有机磷形态相关关系的研究发现,不同发育阶段落叶松根际土壤水解性总酸度都高于非根际土壤,而交换性酸与总酸度的比值则相反;落叶松由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的增大根际土壤活性酸(pH值)呈降低趋势,而非根际土壤活性酸(pH值)(除成熟林外)、根际与非根际土壤的交换性酸、土壤交换性铝、土壤水解性总酸度和交换性酸/总酸度的比值随林龄的增大呈显著增大趋势。但由于暗棕壤具有较强的缓冲性能,并且土壤活性酸(pH值)由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的变化范围为5.27±0.25~5.93±0.12,因此,在落叶松树种适生的范围之内,不需施用石灰调节土壤的酸度。各年龄阶段森林根际土壤酸度与根际土壤有机磷形态相关密切。随着土壤潜性酸度的增加,各年龄阶段森林土壤有机磷总量、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量降低。活性有机磷分别与活性酸、水解性总酸度呈显著正相关,其与水解性总酸度相关性随林龄的增大而降低。     

祁连山高山植物根际土放线菌生物多样性

从祁连山老虎沟不同海拔位点的15种植物根际土中培养得到78株特异表型放线菌,并结合菌体形态、生理代谢特征、抗菌活性及16S rDNA序列对其生理及系统发育多样性进行了研究。结果表明,分离菌株分属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces spp.)(73株)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia spp.)(4株),另有1株与GenBank中同源性最高的菌株Micromonospora saelicesensis相似性达92%,为1潜在新种。链霉菌属为主要类群,占分离菌株的93.6%,该属菌株在5个海拔位点的15种植物根际土中均有分布,但存在海拔位点、植物种类的差异性和特异性;诺卡氏菌属的菌株仅见于海拔2200 m的猪毛菜、海拔2800 m的钉柱萎陵菜和3800 m处的甘肃蚤缀根际土中;1潜在新种分离自海拔2200 m处的沙生针茅根际土。次级代谢物产生和拮抗性筛选研究结果表明:H2O2酶、脂酶2(Tween-40)、脲酶、蛋白酶、脂酶3(Tween-80)、淀粉酶、H2S、脂酶1(Tween-20)、可溶性色素及有机酸这10类次级代谢物产生菌分别占供试菌株的89.7%、82.1%、70.5%、62.8%、53.8%、52.6%、48.7%、44.9%、32.1%和17.9%,其中,淀粉酶、脂酶1、色素和有机酸仅由链霉菌产生;有29株放线菌对参试人类病原菌具有抑制作用,占供试菌株的37.2%,分布于5个海拔位点的12种植物根际土,其中,从药用植物甘肃黄芪和四裂红景天根际土中分离到的抗性菌株占拮抗性放线菌总数的60%。研究表明,高山地区植物根际土放线菌资源丰富,菌株生理功能多样,是新放线菌种和生物活性物质的重要资源库。     

蚯蚓吞食过程中土壤理化性质与放线菌多样性的变化特征

为探明土壤理化性质与放线菌多样性在蚯蚓吞食过程中的变化特征,将蚯蚓生活土壤、肠道内容物和蚓粪视作蚯蚓吞食前、中、后阶段的3种特殊生境土壤,采用纯培养法分离纯化3阶段中的放线菌;克隆文库法分析3阶段中的放线菌多样性;国标法测定吞食前、中、后土壤的基本理化性质;并利用主成分分析与相关性分析法分析土壤理化性质与放线菌多样性的相关性。结果显示:从生活土壤、肠道内容物和蚓粪中分别获得27株、15株和17株放线菌,形态、培养特征及16S rDNA序列鉴定生活土壤放线菌分为链霉菌属、拟诺卡氏菌属、束丝放线菌属,肠道内容物和蚓粪放线菌均属链霉菌属;放线菌多样性从生活土壤、蚓粪、肠道内容物依次递减。生活土壤文库含40个OTUs,分为11科,未知菌占24%,类诺卡氏菌科是优势菌群;肠道内容物文库含20个OTUs,分为6科,未知菌占3.3%,微杆菌科是优势菌群;蚓粪文库含30个OTUs,分为6科,未知菌占11.7%,链霉菌科是优势菌群。3种土壤全磷含量无显著差异,生活土壤其余理化含量均最低,肠道内容物速效氮含量最高,蚓粪的有机质、全氮、钾及有效磷、钾含量最高。主成分分析和相关性分析显示:蚯蚓吞食过程中,土壤有效磷、全氮、全钾、速效钾和有机质含量对放线菌多样性影响较大,其中全氮、有效磷与放线菌多样性显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.998、-1,从而为明确蚯蚓、土壤与放线菌的相互关系提供了理论依据。     

青稞根腐病对根际土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

选取甘肃省卓尼县青稞种植区为研究地点,调查青稞根腐病的发病情况,并分别采集其健康植株和发病株根际的土壤,对比分析其土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、微生物数量(细菌、真菌、放线菌)以及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶5种酶活性。结果发现,研究区10个采样点均有青稞根腐病的发生,发病率在5%—20%之间,不同地点发病率不同。根腐病的发生,会显著影响青稞根际微生物生物量,导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量发生变化,其中微生物生物量氮和磷含量整体降低,且不同采样点微生物量不同。土壤微生物数量总体呈现细菌放线菌真菌的趋势,但不同微生物对根腐病发病的响应不同,细菌和放线菌数量因根腐病的发生而减少,真菌的数量则增多;不同采样点土壤微生物数量不相同,细菌和真菌呈现区域性特征,放线菌的数量不呈现地域性。根腐病的发生还造成土壤酶活性的改变,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的含量因根腐病的发生而降低,而纤维素酶则升高,过氧化氢酶的变化没有规律。总而言之,根腐病的发生会使青稞根际土壤微生物组成发生改变,碳、氮、磷等物质代谢受到抑制,而能量代谢发生紊乱。因此,研究和防治青稞根腐病就必须重视土壤微生物及土壤酶的作用。     

不同耐盐植物根际土壤盐分的动态变化

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为研究背景,用盆栽根袋法对4种耐盐植物根际和非根际土壤pH和盐分离子的动态变化进行了分析比较。结果表明:4种待测植物随着培养时间的延长土壤pH和EC值呈降低趋势。新疆大叶(Medicago Sativa L.cv.Xinjiangdaye)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)生长90 d后根际土壤pH明显低于非根际,而裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare)根际较非根际pH差异不大。霸王和新疆大叶根际土壤EC值较非根际高,而裸麦和向日葵的根际与非根际差异不大。4种供试植物根际K⁺均出现亏缺,Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄和Cl^-在新疆大叶、霸王和向日葵3种植物根际均出现富集,对于裸麦:Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO^2-₄ 3种离子在植物根际富集,而Cl^-和Na⁺在根际亏缺。随着待测植物培养时间的增加Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和Na⁺/Mg²⁺ 这3个比值呈降低趋势,说明Na⁺相对于K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的含量降低,生物措施对Na⁺的移除效果较显著。