来自山羊草的杀配子染色体(Aegilops cylindryca 2C)对小黑麦减数分裂及花粉粒有丝分裂过程的影响

用来自柱穗山羊草的杀配子染色体2C,诱导六倍体、八倍体小黑麦染色体的断裂,观察杂种F1的减数分裂行为,在PMCI及PMCII后期观察到了大量的落后染色体、染色体断片、环状染色体及桥,在二分了解子及四分孢子中有为数甚多的、大小不一的微核,有的还形成多分孢子。在对F1花粉粒的有丝分裂观察中,未见分裂异常。由此推断杀配子染以体诱导染色体断裂可能不发生在配子形成的有丝分裂过程。这与巳有的报道不同。     

Morphological characteristics of leaf epidermis and size variation of leaf, flower and fruit in different ploidy levels in Buddleja macrostachya (Buddlejaceae)

Buddleja macrostachya (Buddlejaceae) is a widespread shrub native to the Sino-Himalayan mountains and beyond. It has been found to occur at two ploidy levels, hexaploid, 2n=6x=114 and dodecaploid, 2n=12x=228. To determine if morphological characters might be used as indicators of ploidy levels, we measured floral and fruit length, relative and absolute leaf size, trichome density on both leaf surfaces, and stomatal density and length in different populations of B. macrostachya. In general, flower and fruit length, absolute leaf size, and stomatal length increased with an increase at ploidy level (P<0.01), whereas adaxial cell and stomatal density decreased with an increase at ploidy level (P<0.01). We found no conspicuous differences in relative leaf size (P>0.05) in different populations. Other characters studied such as trichome type, cuticular membrane and ornamentation of stomata, cell and stomatal shape, and anticlinal wall pattern were quite constant in this species. Thus it appears that flower and fruit length, absolute leaf size, and stomatal frequency and length can be used to distinguish hexaploid from dodecaploid cytotypes either in the field or in herbarium specimens.     

玉米C4光合叶不同部位解剖结构和光抑制特性的比较

以玉米第54i全展叶（C4光合叶）为材料,分别测定基部、中部和顶部的光合速率后,将叶片置于强光（2000μmol·m^2·s^-1）下处理3h和暗中恢复3h,再测定这3个部位在处理期间的叶绿素荧光参数变化;然后分别从叶片的基部、中部和顶部取样观察显微结构和超微结构,测定叶绿素含量。结果表明,3个部位光合速率和叶绿素含量的大小依次为：中部〉顶部〉基部。基部的维管束鞘细胞叶绿体数量少,体积小,排列无规律,类囊体膜有部分垛叠;中部和顶部维管束鞘细胞叶绿体数量多,体积大,大部分围绕维管束呈离心排列,类囊体膜垛叠消失。在强光下,基部、中部和顶部均发生光抑制,但光抑制程度不同,根据严重度依次为：基部〉顶部〉中部,3个部位在暗中的光抑制恢复能力依次为：中部〉顶部〉基部。与叶基部相比,叶中部在强光下能维持较高的电子传递效率（φEo）和较低的热耗散比率（φDo）。这表明,C4光合循环是保持较高电子传递效率、减轻光抑制的重要因子。     

Morphological characteristics of leaf epidermis and size variation of leaf,flower and fruit in different ploidy levels in Buddleja macrostachya （Buddlejaceae）

Buddleja macrostachya （Buddlejaceae） is a widespread shrub native to the Sino-Himalayan mountains and beyond. It has been found to occur at two ploidy levels, hexaploid, 2n=6x=114 and dodecaploid, 2n= 12x=228. To determine if morphological characters might be used as indicators of ploidy levels, we measured floral and fruit length, relative and absolute leaf size, trichome density on both leaf surfaces, and stomatal density and length in different populations orB. macrostachya. In general, flower and fruit length, absolute leaf size, and stomatal length in,eased with an increase at ploidy level （P〈0.01）, whereas adaxial cell and stomatal density decreased with an increase at ploidy level （P〈0.01）. We found no conspicuous differences in relative leaf size （P〉0.05） in different populations. Other characters studied such as trichome type, cuticular membrane and ornamentation of stomata, cell and stomatal shape, and anticlinal wall pattern were quite constant in this species. Thus it appears that flower and fruit length, absolute leaf size, and stomatal frequency and length can be used to distinguish hexaptoid from dodecaploid cytotypes either in the field or in herbarium specimens.     

八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂种F_1细胞遗传学及性状的研究

本文用八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦进行正反交。用ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带技术对亲本及杂种Ｆ＿１的体细胞染色体进行了分析,并研究了它们的性状。结果表明体细胞染色体组成与植株性状有密切的关系;并发现八倍体小黑麦的染色体数目不稳定,有自然减小的趋势。同时,用ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带技术研究了八倍体小黑麦及Ｆ＿１杂种花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为。表明：减数分裂不规则是八倍体小黑麦结实率低、籽粒皱缩的重要原因之一;Ｆ＿１杂种后代的中期染色体基本构型为２１Ⅱ＋７Ⅰ,减数分裂更加的不规则,但通过分离和重组,可产生各种类型的配子,从后代中可选出稳定、高产的重组品系,对改进八倍体小黑麦的不良性状有重要的意义。     

Comparative ecophysiology of C3 and C4 plants

Abstract. In this review we relate the physiological significance of C₄ photosynthesis to plant performance in nature. We begin with an examination of the physiological consequences of the C₄ pathway on photosynthesis, then discuss the ecophysiological performance of C₄ plants in contrasting environments. We then compare the performance of C₃ and C₄ plants when they occur together in similar habitats, and finally discuss the distribution of C₄ photosynthesis with respect to the physical environment, phylogeny, and life form.     

Characterization of C₃--C₄ intermediate species in the genus Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae): anatomy, ultrastructure and enzyme activity

Photosynthetic pathway characteristics were studied in nine species of Heliotropium (sensu lato, including Euploca), using assessments of leaf anatomy and ultrastructure, activities of PEP carboxylase and C₄ acid decarboxylases, and immunolocalization of ribulose 1·5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the P‐subunit of glycine decarboxylase (GDC). Heliotropium europaeum, Heliotropium calcicola and Heliotropium tenellum are C₃ plants, while Heliotropium texanum and Heliotropium polyphyllum are C₄ species. Heliotropium procumbens and Heliotropium karwinskyi are functionally C₃, but exhibit ‘proto‐Kranz’ anatomy where bundle sheath (BS) cells are enlarged and mitochondria primarily occur along the centripetal (inner) wall of the BS cells; GDC is present throughout the leaf. Heliotropium convolvulaceum and Heliotropium greggii are C₃–C₄ intermediates, with Kranz‐like enlargement of the BS cells, localization of mitochondria along the inner BS wall and a loss of GDC in the mesophyll (M) tissue. These C₃–C₄ species of Heliotropium probably shuttle photorespiratory glycine from the M to the BS tissue for decarboxylation. Heliotropium represents an important new model for studying C₄ evolution. Where existing models such as Flaveria emphasize diversification of C₃–C₄ intermediates, Heliotropium has numerous C₃ species expressing proto‐Kranz traits that could represent a critical initial phase in the evolutionary origin of C₄ photosynthesis.     

Photosynthesis, immediate export and carbon partitioning in source leaves of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4Panicum and Flaveria species at ambient and elevated CO2 levels

Immediate export in leaves of C₃‐C₄ intermediates were compared with their C₃ and C₄ relatives within the Panicum and Flaveria genera. At 35 Pa CO₂, photosynthesis and export were highest in C₄ species in each genera. Within the Panicum, photosynthesis and export in ‘type I’ C₃‐C₄ intermediates were greater than those in C₃ species. However, ‘type I’ C₃‐C₄ intermediates exported a similar proportion of newly fixed ¹⁴C as did C₄ species. Within the Flaveria, ‘type II’ C₃‐C₄ intermediate species had the lowest export rather than the C₃ species. At ambient CO₂, immediate export was strongly correlated with photosynthesis. However, at 90 Pa CO₂, when photosynthesis and immediate export increased in all C₃ and C₃‐C₄ intermediate species, proportionally less C was exported in all photosynthetic types than that at ambient CO₂. All species accumulated starch and sugars at both CO₂ levels. There was no correlation between immediate export and the pattern of ¹⁴C‐labelling into sugars and starch among the photosynthetic types within each genus. However, during CO₂ enrichment, C₄Panicum species accumulated sugars above the level of sugars and starch normally made at ambient CO₂, whereas the C₄Flaveria species accumulated only additional starch.     

On the significance of C3—C4 intermediate photosynthesis to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis

Abstract Evidence is drawn from previous studies to argue that C₃—C₄ intermediate plants are evolutionary intermediates, evolving from fully-expressed C₃ plants towards fully-expressed C₄ plants. On the basis of this conclusion, C₃—C₄ intermediates are examined to elucidate possible patterns that have been followed during the evolution of C₄ photosynthesis. An hypothesis is proposed that the initial step in C₄-evolution was the development of bundle-sheath metabolism that reduced apparent photorespiration by an efficient recycling of CO₂ using RuBP carboxylase. The CO₂-recycling mechanism appears to involve the differential compartmentation of glycine decarboxylase between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells, such that most of the activity is in the bundlesheath cells. Subsequently, elevated phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activities are proposed to have evolved as a means of enhancing the recycling of photorespired CO₂. As the activity of PEP carboxylase increased to higher values, other enzymes in the C₄-pathway are proposed to have increased in activity to facilitate the processing of the products of C₄-assimilation and provide PEP substrate to PEP carboxylase with greater efficiency. Initially, such a ‘C₄-cycle’ would not have been differentially compartmentalized between mesophyll and bundlesheath cells as is typical of fully-expressed C₄ plants. Such metabolism would have limited benefit in terms of concentrating CO₂ at RuBP carboxylase and, therefore, also be of little benefit for improving water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies. However, the development of such a limited C₄-cycle would have represented a preadaptation capable of evolving into the leaf biochemistry typical of fully-expressed C₄ plants. Thus, during the initial stages of C₄-evolution it is proposed that improvements in photorespiratory CO₂-loss and their influence on increasing the rate of net CO₂ assimilation per unit leaf area represented the evolutionary ‘driving-force’. Improved resourceuse efficiency resulting from an efficient CO₂-concentrating mechanism is proposed as the driving force during the later stages.     

八倍体小滨麦与4D缺体杂交后代小染色体的传递与遗传效应

７２１８０ ４Ｄ缺体附加的１对小染色体（ｔｉ）为亚中部着丝点染色体,其大小为常染色体平均长度的１／３￣１／４。ＰＭＣ ＭＩ,染色体构型为１９．５９”（１８￣２０）＋０．４６’（０￣４）＋０．０９””（０￣１）＋０．９６ｔｉ”（０￣１）＋０．０８ｔｉ’（０￣２）,９６．１９％的细胞中,ｔｉ 色体联会成环状二价体,８２．３８％的ｔｉ”游离在赤道板两边,与常染色体不联会,且推后分离,与八倍体小滨麦杂交的