双佐剂包被的破伤风类毒素马匹免疫试验

为提高破伤风免疫马匹的血浆抗体效价,应用不同佐剂配制TT抗原,进行马匹超免疫比较研究;采用FIA和植物油双佐剂包被与单佐剂包被的TT抗原,注射马匹进行超免疫,比较三组血浆的效价;结果显示,双佐剂抗原较单佐剂的免疫效果好,但可能对马匹刺激较强,有待调整注射剂量和免疫程序。     

Effect of specific antibodies on active immunity development in those inoculated with an antirabies vaccine

The study of the effect of gamma globulin introduced in different doses (0.5 and 0.25 ml/mg) in combination with Fermi rabies vaccine (observations on humans were made) and with cerebral rabies vaccine inactivated by UV irradiation (in animal experiments) demonstrated that the injection of the higher doses of gamma globulin resulted in lower geometrical mean of antibody titers. Therefore, in combined administration of rabies vaccine and gamma globulin for postexposure rabies prevention it is advisable to reduce the dose of gamma globulin by one-half.     

Down-regulation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid by covaccination with cellular Bordetella pertussis vaccine

Pertussis (P) toxin acts as adjuvant for IgE formation against simultaneously administered Ags in animal models. P vaccination may also have an adjuvant impact on IgE formation against coadministered diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) Ags in humans. Sera of 103 D-T-P-immunized and 319 D-T-immunized children aged 2 years were analyzed for IgE, IgG4, and IgG to D and T (radioallergosorbent test), total IgE and IgE against common inhalant allergens (CAP radioallergosorbent test fluoroenzyme immunoassay). Fewer D-T-P- than D-T-immunized children had sera positive for T-IgE (12.6 vs 53.6%, p < 0.001), T-IgG4 (71.6 vs 89.2%, p < 0.001), D-IgE (31.0 vs 70.5%, p < 0.001), and D-IgG4 (85.2 vs 93.4%, p = 0.039). Suppression of T-IgE was not dependent on the cutoff chosen for a positive test result, but was dependent on the proportion of D-T immunizations given with P. The risk for sensitization to common environmental allergens did not differ (odds ratio 0.953, 95% confidence interval 0.815-1.114). No significant differences between D-T- and D-T-P-immunized children were found with regard to T-IgG or D-IgG. In summary, IgE and IgG4 (but not IgG) serum levels to coadministered D- and T-Ags are suppressed among P-immunized children as compared with nonimmunized children. These results suggest that the presence of a microbial product during Ag exposure can down-regulate an IgE/IgG4 response in humans.     

Mucosal and systemic immune responses of mice to tetanus toxoid coadministered nasally with AFCo1

Mucosal immune responses are an early and important line of defense against pathogens. The current understanding of the mucosal immune system allows us to consider the use of nasal immunization for induction of antigen-specific immune responses at the mucosal surface and the systemic compartment. Mucosal adjuvants are key for developing novel mucosal vaccines and represent 1 approach to improving mucosal and systemic immunity. However, few mucosal vaccine adjuvants are currently approved for human use. Neisseria meningitidis B proteoliposome-derived cochleate (AFCo1 - Adjuvant Finlay Cochleate 1) has been demonstrated to be a potent mucosal adjuvant. The present work demonstrates that intranasal immunization of 3 doses of tetanus toxoid (TT) coadministered with AFCo1 in mice promotes high systemic and mucosal responses. The anti-TT IgG serum titers and the mucosal anti-TT IgA in saliva and vaginal wash were significantly higher than TT alone. The analysis of antibody subclasses showed that intranasal administration of AFCo1 + TT induced not only IgG1 but also IgG2a anti-TT antibodies at levels comparable to those obtained with TT vaccine (vax-TET). These data support the fact that AFCo1 is a potent mucosal adjuvant in nasal immunization to a coadministered protein antigen.     

Quantitative estimation of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. 3. Comparative assays in mice and in guinea-pigs of two tetanus toxoid preparations

Two freeze-dried international reference tetanus toxoids of different origin and purified by different methods were compared in various potency assay systems, in vitro as well as in vivo. When the antigenic contents in the two toxoids are used as the basis for expressing the relative potency, different tests in animals gave different potencies. It is concluded that, as a result of such differences, tetanus vaccines can hardly be quantitated unambiguously in potency assays in animals. Since, however, a biological immunogenicity control seems necessary, a more simple type of test is suggested, which will require much less resources in terms of animals and manpower.     

Comparative analysis of antigenic strength and in vivo serum antibodies concentration of tetanus toxoid vaccine adsorbed in Pakistan

Clostridium tetani produce tetanospasmin, a potent exotoxin; that causes tetanus or lockjaw disease. Scientists developed an anti-tetanus toxoid to protect the body from the spasm's neurotoxic effect. In Pakistan recently, 478 cases of neonatal tetanus were reported. The study was carried out at The National Control Laboratory for Biologicals Islamabad, aiming to decipher the effectiveness of the most frequently used tetanus toxoid vaccine adsorbed in Pakistan in comparison to standard reference vaccine having earlier known consistent values. The vaccines included domestic public sector, domestic private sector, imported private sector I, and imported private sector II. The triplicate experiments on purebred Swiss albino mice were performed by immunizing with Tetanus toxoid and then tested parallel with standard reference vaccine. Various analytical tests were performed on the test organism that included flocculation test/identity test, antibody quantification using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), potency test, abnormal toxicity test, osmolality, pH test, liquid sub-visible particle test, and sterility test. Results of all the vaccines were compared in comparison with the standard reference vaccine. Absorbances of test vaccines were recorded at the lowest dilution by ELISA. The domestic private sector, imported private sector I, imported private sector II and standard reference vaccine were flocculated at mean dilution (Mean: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.1903–0.2897), and the domestic public sector was flocculated at mean dilution (Mean: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.2052–0.2548). All the products were found within the normal ranges where it was concluded that the maximum average titer of 2.81 was observed at dilution 10^?1.6, indicating that these vaccines were adequate/suitable for the prevention of tetanus.     

宋内氏痢疾杆菌O-SP-TT结合疫苗的制备及其免疫学特性的研究

宋内氏痢疾杆菌（S.Sonnei)的一个重要保护性抗原是菌体抗原（O抗原）即细菌细胞壁中的脂多糖（LPS）成分,已证实血清中足够水平的抗LPS IgG抗体抗体即能对该菌提供免疫保护作用。本文选用Westphal热酚法提纯宋内氏痢疾菌LPS,经酸水解法进一步脱毒处理后得到无毒但却具弱免疫原性的O-特异性多糖（O－SP）,然后采用化学方法即通过连接剂己二酸二肼（ADH）将其共价结合到破伤风类毒素（TT）上,共制备得到了三批宋内氏痢疾杆菌O－SP－TT结合疫苗。经生化和免疫学方法检测证实我们提纯的LPOS,OSP及其合成的L－SP－AH衍生物,O－SP－TT结合物均具有宋内氏痢疾杆菌O抗原特异性,同时其核酸和杂蛋白质含量低（≤2%),表明纯度较高。同时经小鼠免疫原性试验证实三批结合物免疫小鼠后产生的抗LPS IgG抗体滴度均比单一O－SP免疫后产生的要高出10倍以上,且结合物再次注射后存在加强应答。补体介导的体外杀菌力试验表明结合物免疫小鼠后诱导产生的血清抗LPSIgG抗体对宋内氏痢疾杆菌具特异性杀菌活性。本文结果表明宋内氏痢疾杆菌O-SP-TT结合疫苗可望作为一种有效的侯选痢疾疫苗做进一步的大规模人体观察。