酿酒酵母原生质体融合及其融合子的鉴定

应用原生质体融合技术,得到乙醇产量较高的两株多倍体酵母菌融合子F_(28)和F_(38),融合频率为2×10~(-5)。测定融合子F_(28)、F_(38)每个细胞内DNA含量分别为2.14×10~(-8)、2.34×10~(-8)μg,而亲株DNA含量分别为0.78×10~(-8)和1.24×10~(-8)μg。并进行了融合子细胞增殖率、乙醇发酵能力及同功酶分析等试验。用固定化细胞发酵乙醇试验结果表明,在pH4.0,17％糖蜜为基质情况下,发酵3小时,融合子F_(28)、F_(38)的乙醇产量分别为77.21和77.09mg/ml;亲株乙醇产量仅为65.00mg/ml和68.40mg/ml。为固定化细胞发酵乙醇提供优良菌株。     

酿酒酵母原生质体融合的研究

本实验通过酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)营养缺陷型菌株H802-9A(a ade~-his~7 cys~2 tyr~1)和H802-3 A(a ade~- cra~1)进行原生质体融合,获得营养互补的重组融合子,选择两亲株的对数生长早期细胞(2-4×10~7个/m1),在0.1％β-琉基乙醇及1-2％蜗牛酶的作用下,原生质体形成率达99-100％,在35％聚乙二醇(MW6000)-10mMCaC1溶液的作用下,可获得融合率为2.6×10~(-6)-2.1×10~(-7)的杂合子,自发回复突变率1.5-7×10~(-9)。     

拉曼被孢霉F5发酵生产γ-亚麻酸的研究

对拉曼被孢霉突变株F5发酵生产γ-亚麻酸的最适碳源、氮源、发酵时间及温度、无机盐离子添加、最适碳源浓度及补加碳源时间等发酵条件进行了研究探讨.最适发酵培养基组成为(g/L):葡萄糖100,酵母浸出粉4,蛋白胨1,K2HPO4 1,CaCl2 1×10-2,MgSO45×10-2,FeSO4 1×10-2,ZnSO4 7.5×10-3,CuSO4 0.5 × 10-5,MnSO4 2×10-3,pH 6.0.培养温度为25℃,140r/min振荡培养10天,培养8天后(即收获前2天)补加5%葡萄糖.发酵结果为:DC24.59g/L,TL 10.84g/L,TL/DC44.09%,GLA/TL10.67%,GLA产量为1156.63 mg/L. GLA产量较初始结果提高156.15%.该菌株已达到工业化生产菌株要求.     

鲤鱼,鲫鱼和鲤鲫移核鱼DNA的复性动力学研究与比较

才文报道鲤鱼、鲫鱼DNA复性动力学研究结果。它们均由快、中、慢速复性3个组份构成。鲤鱼DNA中Cot<1×10(-1)的复性组份占7.5％,1×10(-1)1×10~2的复性组份占75％;鲫鱼DNA中Cot<5×10~(-1)的复性组份占22％;5×10~(-1)1×10~2的复性组份占70％。它们都没有明显百分数的迥折序列组份;快速复性组份的拷贝数低于10~6,相当于中度重复序列1;中、慢速复性组份则分别为中度重复序列Ⅱ和原拷贝序列。在快速复性部份,鲤鱼与鲫鱼之间表现出较大差异。此外,本文还就鲤鱼和鲫鱼的DNA复性动力学与鲤鲫移核鱼(cyc(?))F_3进行了比较。鲤鲫移核鱼DNA的复性动力学特征与其细胞核供体鱼(即鲤鱼)是相似的。这说明异源细胞核与胞质的结合没有导致核内DNA基因组结构出现明显变化。     

多粘芽孢杆菌质粒的研究——Ⅱ.多粘芽孢杆菌原生质体形成、再生与转化

多粘芽孢杆菌P250-2完整菌体不能作为质粒DNA的转化受体,但其质粒消除菌株P_0250-5制成的原生质体,可接受多粘芽孢杆菌的pBD2502及枯草杆菌的pUB110质粒DNA转化。在高渗蔗糖再生培养基上,原生质体再生率为20％左右,形成率在95％以上。在含新霉素(10μg/ml)、青霉素(25μg/ml)、四环素(12.5μg/ml)的高渗蔗糖再生培养基上分别获得了转化子。多粘芽孢杆菌的转化频率为3.29×10~(-3),枯草杆菌为4.4×10~(-4)。转化子的形态表现、生化特性和抗菌谱与给体菌株一致,表明多粘芽孢杆菌株间及多粘芽孢杆菌和枯草杆菌种间的质粒可以进行转化。     

体外组织培养增殖的油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒毒力的生物测定

活体增殖和体外组织培养增殖的BsNPV悬液稀释成不同浓度,分别喷于人工饲料上,使其自然渗入饲料内,接3龄幼虫取食感染,感染剂量与幼虫死亡率的回归直线方程分别为;y=3.1815+0.679x和y=3.2000+0.665x,由回归直线方程推算的LD_(50)值及95％置信界限为4.0753×10~2[9.6075×10~2][1.7301×10~2]PIB/克饲料及5.0898×10~2[1.2411×10~3][2.0874×10~2]PIB/克饲料。感染剂量为4×10~5PIB/克饲料的LT_(50)值分别为4.7168天和4.8083天。比较两种来源的BsNPV,其多角体的感染力无明显差异。     

水稻原生质体产生细胞团的冰冻保存和冻后再生植株形成

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)原生质体产生的细胞团加上10-20％的二甲亚枫(DMSO)和10-20％的蔗糖,置于液氮中保存。冻后细胞生存率达到对照的40-50％。存活的细胞在附加2×10~(-5)mol/l 2,4-D 的Linsmier-Skoog(Ls)固体培养基上再生长,然后将形成的愈伤组织块转到附加10~(-6)mol/l NAA,4×10~(-6)mol/l 激动素和10~(-6)mol/l 2 IP 及8％的蔗糖的 LS培养基上分化出芽并形成植株。     

人体细胞漫谈

人体细胞的数目人和所有行有性生殖的生物一样,都是由一个细胞——受精卵发育而来的.据推算,刚出生的婴儿全身约有二十万亿(2×10~(18))个细胞.经过二十多年的分裂生长,成人体内细胞约为三百万亿(3×10~(14))个. 据估算,人体神经系统内含有10~(11)个神经细胞(又叫神经元),仅大脑皮层就约含140亿个神经细胞.如果以成人体内血量平均为4.5升计算,成年男性体内红细胞约为2.25×10~(10)个(500万个/mm~3×4.5×10~3);女性体内红细胞约1.89×10~(10)个(420万个/mm~3×4.5×10~3;白细胞2.25×10~7～4.5×10~7个;血小板约为4.5×10~8～1.35×10~9个.     

酵母菌杂交育种IV．高产酒精酵母杂交育种

用显微操作技术进行 Saccharamyces cerevisisae 系 2.576 (mel-)与 S. carlsbergensis 2．500 (MEL+)以及 S．Cerevisisae Stole 系(mel-)与S. microelltpsoides 2.699—2—3(MEL+)种间杂交。获得的杂种能全发酵棉子糖,而亲株只系与Stolc系仅能发酵此糖1／3。两个不同杂交系的杂种H808与H824-14用孢子×孢子交配法进行杂交,所有的杂种酵母H868、H869,H875和H876发酵糖蜜醪比生产菌株日系及Stole系快。H875菌株生成酒精量比其亲株高3一10％。将H875菌株与生产菌株S. cerevisiae DT菌系杂交,获得H946和H948两株杂种,其中H948酒精发酵力比DT系高3％,比H875高2％,是一株酒精生产优良新品系。     

酵母乙醇脱氢酶电极的研究

从面包酵母中筛选到一株乙醇脱氢酶活力高、杂酶干扰小的菌株。对该菌株进行扩增培养,在72h收获,用此酵母制成测定乙醇浓度的生物电极,该电极测量的线性范围为3．4×10^－5～2．04×10^－3mol/L,r=0．9996,响应时间小于2min,甲醇、叔丁醇、异成醇的干扰分别为1．2％、2.0％、34％,醋酸和葡萄糖不干扰。测定乙醇标准样品的相对标准偏差为1．6％（n=6）,测定白酒发酵样的相对标准偏差为3．1％（n＝6）。     

The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis

The simple-septate basidiomycetes comprise more than 8,000 species that show a high morphological and ecological heterogeneity. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships within this group, we compared several ultrastructural features such as septal pore apparatus, form, and behavior of the spindle pole bodies, types of host–parasite interaction, presence or absence of colacosomes, symplechosomes, atractosomes, and cystosomes as well as nuclear rDNA sequences coding for small- and large-subunit rRNA. Based on our integrated analysis, we propose a new classification system for the simple-septate basidiomycetes with the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and the classes Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes. We also propose the pucciniomycotinous taxa Cystobasidiales, Erythrobasidiales, Helicobasidiales, Mixiales, Naohideales, Pachnocybales, Spiculogloeales, and Kondoaceae and the new subphyla Agaricomycotina (equivalent to the current Hymenomycetes) and Ustilaginomycotina (equivalent to the current Ustilaginomycetes).     

Unusual metals as carcinogens

A review of the literature on unusual metals as carcinogens was carried out. The metals covered are some of the rare earths, copper, silver, gold, mercury, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, platinum, palladium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, manganese, scandium, yttrium, indium, rhodium, and gallium.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

Nicotinic Agonists, Antagonists, and Modulators From Natural Sources

1. Acetylcholine receptors were initially defined as nicotinic or muscarinic, based on selective activation by two natural products, nicotine and muscarine. Several further nicotinic agonists have been discovered from natural sources, including cytisine, anatoxin, ferruginine, anabaseine, epibatidine, and epiquinamide. These have provided lead structures for the design of a wide range of synthetic agents.2. Natural sources have also provided competitive nicotinic antagonists, such as the Erythrina alkaloids, the tubocurarines, and methyllycaconitine. Noncompetitive antagonists, such as the histrionicotoxins, various izidines, decahydroquinolines, spiropyrrolizidine oximes, pseudophrynamines, ibogaine, strychnine, cocaine, and sparteine have come from natural sources. Finally, galanthamine, codeine, and ivermectin represent positive modulators of nicotinic function, derived from natural sources.3. Clearly, research on acetylcholine receptors and functions has been dependent on key natural products and the synthetic agents that they inspired.     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Foliar nutrient levels of broad-leaved tropical trees: A tabular review

Foliar nutrient levels (N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B), of about 40 tropical and subtropical broad-leaved trees, are listed and classified as deficient, low, intermediate, high, and toxic in each case according to the interpretation and evaluation of the reviewed author(s).     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.