猴头杜鹃木纤维形态特征和化学成分研究

通过对猴头杜鹃木材纤维形态和化学成分的测定、分析、揭示了猴头杜鹃木纤维形态和化学成分的特征及纤维形态随轮龄的变化规律。     

高温胁迫对两种常绿杜鹃亚属植物幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为探明常绿杜鹃亚属植物高温致伤的生理机制,以猴头杜鹃（Rhododendron simiarum Hance）、井冈山杜鹃（R.jinggangshanicumTam）四年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候箱中的盆栽实验,研究了不同程度的高温胁迫对两种常绿亚属杜鹃幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响。结果表明：（1）两种杜鹃叶片的丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）及脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性蛋白质含量均随胁迫温度的升高而增大;猴头杜鹃的H2O2、可溶性蛋白含量及增幅均明显小于井冈山杜鹃,而MDA、Pro的增幅则因胁迫温度而异。（2）两种杜鹃叶片抗坏血酸（AsA）含量均随胁迫温度的升高而降低,但猴头杜鹃的降幅小于井冈山杜鹃。（3）高温胁迫下,猴头杜鹃除过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增幅略小外,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）增幅均大于井冈山杜鹃。可见,随着胁迫温度的升高两种杜鹃叶片膜脂过氧化作用加重,而猴头杜鹃较井冈山杜鹃具有更强的酶促和非酶促清除活性氧能力。     

浙江大盘山杜鹃花属植物资源及其保护与利用

在对浙江大盘山国家级自然保护区进行全面踏查的基础上,对区内杜鹃花属植物的进行了重点调查与鉴定。首先,摸清了保护区内有杜鹃花属的野生种8个,以及每个种的资源分布现状。其次,探讨了该属植物的观赏与药用价值,如华顶杜鹃、猴头杜鹃、云锦杜鹃、映山红等均具有较高的观赏价值;而猴头杜鹃、麂角杜鹃、羊踯躅、云锦杜鹃和马银花又具有较高的药用价值。最后,对杜鹃花属植物资源的保护与利用提出了建议。     

凤阳山白豆杉种群结构及群落特性的研究

对凤阳山自然保护区白豆杉（Pseudotaxus chienii）种群大小级结构、分布格局及群落特性进行了研究.结果表明,白豆杉种群在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林及猴头杜鹃矮林中生长最为良好,其重要值分别可达5%～10%.在猴头杜鹃矮林中,大小级为增长型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅰ型,种群将得到长期发展;在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林中,大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅲ型,但由于幼苗储备量较为丰富,在一定时期内还将保持稳定,在这两种群落类型中,种群呈现集群分布.在常绿阔叶林中,白豆杉的重要值只有0.9%,并且种群大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅱ型,分布格局为随机分布,说明常绿阔叶林不适合白豆杉种群的生长.通过对白豆杉和其他种群的相关分析表明,白豆杉种群与猴头杜鹃、福建柏等呈正相关,而与褐叶青冈、木荷等呈负相关.可以认为,如果凤阳山白豆杉种群的生境能够得到切实的保护,该种群就能长期存活和发展.     

中国的猴头杜鹃矮林

猴头杜鹃矮林大多分布于中国亚热带东部地区的平缓山脊和山顶。其面积虽小,但分布广泛,猴头杜鹃毛矮林是地形顶极和半地带性的植被类型,它反映着我国亚热带地区海拔１００－２０００ｍ地段的大气状况,但也反映山顶局部气候因素的影响。本文阐述了该林型的一般群落学特点及生态,经济效益。     

两种常绿杜鹃亚属幼苗耐热性的主成分及隶属函数分析

以常绿杜鹃亚属(Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes)的井冈山杜鹃(R.jinggangshanicum Tam)、猴头杜鹃(R.simiarum Hance)4年生实生苗为材料,在人工气候箱中模拟高温试验,测定不同温度下叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶...     

广东石门台保护区猴头杜鹃群落特征

应用植被样地调查法研究广东英德石门台保护区最高峰船底顶的山顶矮林猴头杜鹃群落的物种组成、科属的地理成分。结果表明,2500m2样方中有维管植物112种,隶属于47科78属。群落数量优势科为蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科、樟科、冬青科和山茶科等,优势种为猴头杜鹃、广东松、疏齿木荷、矮冬青、树参、小叶罗汉松、异株木犀榄、南方铁杉和五列木等。群落的物种多样性Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.941和4.977。植物科的地理成分以泛热带和北温带分布型等占优势,属的地理成分以泛热带分布型和热带亚洲分布型为主,体现了南亚热带向中亚热带过渡的特点。种群年龄结构表明,建群种猴头杜鹃属于增长阶段,而优势种广东松属于衰退种群,针叶植物白豆杉和小叶罗汉松更新幼苗较多,有进一步发展的趋势。     

庐山植物园9种杜鹃花属植物种子萌发特性观测

杜鹃花作为城市园林绿化中的重要观赏树种,了解其种子萌发的特性对杜鹃花的推广应用具有重要意义。以庐山植物园9种杜鹃属植物为实验材料,在25℃恒温条件下对其萌发情况进行观测,分析不同种杜鹃的千粒重和萌发特性差异,结果表明:杜鹃花植物种子较为细小,千粒重仅为0.134～0.268 g。室温贮存下不同杜鹃花属植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等指标的变化趋势相同,其中百合花杜鹃的四个萌发指标均处于9种杜鹃的首位。通过萌发特性分析比较,不同种杜鹃花萌发能力大小为百合花广福杜鹃猴头杜鹃云锦杜鹃短脉杜鹃腺绒杜鹃桃叶杜鹃红滩杜鹃井冈山杜鹃,为扩大杜鹃花的种子繁育及引种驯化提供了理论依据。     

香椿人工林和天然林木材纤维形态和化学成分比较研究

通过对香椿人工林和天然林木材纤维形态和化学成分的比较分析,揭示了香椿人工林木材纤维形态的特征及径向变化规律,以及人工林和天然林木材纤维形态和化学成分的差异。结果表明,香椿人工林的工艺成熟期为10年左右,其木材纤维长度和长宽比小于天然林,宽度大于天然林;纤维素、戊聚糖和木素含量均稍高于天然林;灰分和抽出物含量均低于天然林。香椿木材可作为林产工业纤维材料使用。     

九龙山濒危植物南方铁杉的生态位研究

采用生态位理论研究了南方铁杉在九龙山群落中的地位.结果表明:乔木层中,南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)、猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum)、木荷(Schima superba)生态位宽度较大,它们之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;灌木层中,南方铁杉、猴头杜鹃、朱砂根(Ardisia crenata)、木荷、三角枫(Acer buergerignum)的生态位宽度较大,南方铁杉与这几个树种之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;这些分析结果为珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量的扩增具有一定的理论价值.     

菌物膳食纤维研究

菌物已成为膳食纤维开发和利用的新的潜在资源。为了进一步开发和利用菌物中的膳食纤维资源,作者对目前的研究成果进行了综述,包括膳食纤维的概念、生理活性和分析方法、及菌物中膳食纤维的化学组成、开发利用等方面内容。     

蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解处理对剑麻纤维结构的影响

将蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解两种方法处理的剑麻纤维与对照进行了比较,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和热性能分析等仪器对纤维微观表面结构、基团及其热稳定性进行了分析,同时对化学组分、直径、回潮率、含水率、耐碱性和抗拉强度等也进行了研究.结果表明:蒸汽爆破对剑麻纤维中的半纤维素组分影响较大,但在红外光谱中并未形成新的基...     

麻竹材化学成分的变异

麻竹(ＤｅｎｄｒｏｃａｌａｍｕｓｌａｔｉｆｌｏｒｕｓＭｕｎｒｏ)是我国南方著名笋竹两用竹种,竹秆粗大通直,大量用于制浆造纸,是我国纸浆材培育的主要竹种之一。化学成分是研究竹材材性的基础和竹材利用的依据。有关麻竹材化学成分的研究未见报道。本文应用正交试验方?..     

The pattern of cell wall deterioration in lignocellulose fibers throughout enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

Cell wall deterioration throughout enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass is greatly affected by the chemical composition and the ultrastructure of the fiber cell wall. The resulting pattern of cell wall deterioration will reveal information on cellulose activity throughout enzymatic hydrolysis. This study investigates the progression and morphological changes in lignocellulose fibers throughout enzymatic hydrolysis, using (transmission electron microscopy) TEM and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). Softwood thermo‐mechanical pulp (STMP) and softwood bleached kraft pulp (SBKP), lignocellulose substrates containing almost all the original fiber composition, and with lignin and some hemicellulose removed, respectively, was compared for morphology changes throughout hydrolysis. The difference of conversion between STMP and SBKP after 48 h of enzymatic hydrolysis is 11 and 88%, respectively. TEM images revealed an even fiber cell wall cross section density, with uneven middle lamella coverage in STMP fibers. SKBP fibers exhibited some spaces between cell wall and lamella layers due to the removal of lignin and some hemicellulose. After 1 h hydrolysis in SBKP fibers, there were more changes in the fiber cross‐sectional area than after 10 h hydrolysis in STMP fibers. Cell wall degradation was uneven, and originated in accessible cellulose throughout the fiber cell wall. FE‐SEM images illustrated more morphology changes in SBKP fibers than STMP fibers. Enzymatic action of STMP fiber resulted in a smoother fiber surface, along with fiber peeling and the formation of ribbon‐disjunction layers. SBKP fibers exhibited structural changes such as fiber erosion, fiber cutting, and fiber splitting throughout enzymatic hydrolysis. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012     

Prior secondary cell wall formation is required for gelatinous layer deposition and posture control in gravi-stimulated aspen

Cell walls, especially secondary cell walls (SCWs), maintain cell shape and reinforce wood, but their structure and shape can be altered in response to gravity. In hardwood trees, tension wood is formed along the upper side of a bending stem and contains wood fiber cells that have a gelatinous layer (G-layer) inside the SCW. In a previous study, we generated nst/snd quadruple-knockout aspens (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides), in which SCW formation was impaired in 99% of the wood fiber cells. In the present study, we produced nst/snd triple-knockout aspens, in which a large number of wood fibers had thinner SCWs than the wild type (WT) and some had no SCW. Because SCW layers are always formed prior to G-layer deposition, the nst/snd mutants raise interesting questions of whether the mutants can form G-layers without SCW and whether they can control their postures in response to changes in gravitational direction. The nst/snd mutants and the WT plants showed growth eccentricity and vessel frequency reduction when grown on an incline, but the triple mutants recovered their upright growth only slightly, and the quadruple mutants were unable to maintain their postures. The mutants clearly showed that the G-layers were formed in SCW-containing wood fibers but not in those lacking the SCW. Our results indicate that SCWs are essential for G-layer formation and posture control. Furthermore, each wood fiber cell may be able to recognize its cell wall developmental stage to initiate the formation of the G-layer as a response to gravistimulation.     

Calcium nutrition has a significant influence on wood formation in poplar

To test the effects of calcium on wood formation, Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides clones were supplied with Hoagland solution modified in its calcium contents. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) revealed an increase in calcium in the phloem, the cambium and the xylem elongation zone with increasing Ca(2+) supply in the nutrient solution. Using light and electron microscopy, a strong impact was shown on the cambial and the elongation zones under calcium starvation. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on wood and bark cells formed under calcium starvation, we detected a reduction of some absorptions, such as carbonyl and methoxy groups from S-lignin. Also, a significant reduction in fiber length was detected with decreasing calcium supply in the nutrient solution. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed a large increase in sugar concentrations in the leaves, but reduced concentrations in the bark under Ca(2+) deficiency. In conclusion, our results show a significant influence of calcium on the structure, chemistry and physiology of wood formation. Thus, efficient Ca(2+) supply has to be considered a decisive factor in wood formation.     

葛藤纤维的形态和化学组成及其与产地和生长时间的相关性

对来源于浙江省不同产地及生长时间不同的葛[Pueraria lobata (Willd. ) Ohwi]藤纤维的形态指标和化学组成进行了测定,并对地理因素和生长时间与葛藤纤维的形态指标和化学组成的相关性进行了分析.测定结果显示,不同产地葛藤纤维的平均长度和平均宽度分别为3.25 mm和13.66 μm,平均长宽比为237.98,不同产地间葛藤纤维长度和长宽比差异不显著(P>0.05);不同产地葛藤纤维的水分、灰分、冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%氢氧化钠抽出物、有机溶剂抽出物、酸不溶木素、综纤维素及多戊糖含量分别为12.09%～13.53%、 4.72%～5.40%、 5.74%～6.13%、7.74%～10.74%、30.96%～33.26%、4.23%～4.56%、18.76%～21.40%、65.16%～69.20%和22.69%～24.01%,其中仅冷水抽出物含量在不同产地间差异不显著.随生长时间的延长,葛藤纤维的长度、宽度及长宽比逐渐增加,差异达显著水平(P<0.05);水分和灰分含量逐渐降低,各种抽出物和酸不溶木素及综纤维素含量随生长时间的延长逐渐提高,差异达显著水平(P<0.05).相关分析结果表明,葛藤纤维的形态指标与经度和纬度的相关性较小,但海拔与纤维长度和长宽比分别有极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)的正相关关系;除1%氢氧化钠抽出物与纬度存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05)外,葛藤纤维各化学组成与经度、纬度及海拔的相关性均不显著.葛藤纤维的长度、宽度和长宽比与葛藤的生长时间均呈极显著的正相关性(P<0.01);葛藤的生长时间与水分和灰分含量分别呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)的负相关性,与多戊糖含量呈不显著的负相关性(P>0.05);各种抽出物含量及酸不溶木素和综纤维素含量与葛藤的生长时间分别具有显著或极显著的相关性.研究结果表明,生长时间适宜的葛藤纤维可开发成为优质造纸原料.     

Seasonal variation on size and chemical constituents of Sargassum sinicola Setchell et Gardner from Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Investigation on seasonal variation in size and chemical constituents of Sargassum sinicola Setchell et Gardner from Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, was carried out from a control bed and compared with an experimental bed with artificial nutrients added. No significant differences were found between the control and experimental thalli for size or chemical composition, except for iodine and raw fiber. For control thalli the results were: size 7.5–56.0 cm, alginate yield 7.2–13.7%, viscosity 58.7–191.7 millipascal seconds (mPa s), mannitol 2.9–8.1%, raw fiber 5.5–7.5% and iodine 0.020–0.141%; while in the experimental thalli the size ranged from 7.5 to 80.3 cm and the alginate yield was 7.8–10.4%, viscosity 41.4–163.4 mPa s, mannitol 2.9–8.3%, raw fiber 5.9–10.7% and iodine 0.021–0.098%. These variations were related to its natural growth cycle, and showed reductions during the senescence period. Results suggest that S. sinicola is not affected by relatively low nutrient concentrations, and could be considered as raw material for alginate production.     

In vivo testing of a bioresorbable phosphate‐based optical fiber

Optical fibers have recently attracted a noticeable interest for biomedical applications because they provide a minimally invasive method for in vivo sensing, imaging techniques, deep‐tissue photodynamic therapy or optogenetics. The silica optical fibers are the most commonly used because they offer excellent optical properties, and they are readily available at a reasonable price. The fused silica is a biocompatible material, but it is not bioresorbable so it does not decompose in the body and the fibers must be ex‐planted after in vivo use and their fragments can present a considerable risk to the patient when the fiber breaks. In contrast, optical fibers made of phosphate glasses can bring many benefits because such glasses exhibit good transparency in ultraviolet‐visible and near‐infrared regions, and their solubility in water can be tailored by changing the chemical composition. The bioresorbability and toxicity of phosphate glass–based optical fibers were tested in vivo on male laboratory rats for the first time. The fiber was spliced together with a standard graded‐index multi‐mode fiber pigtail and an optical probe for in vitro pH measurement was prepared by the immobilization of a fluorescent dye on the fiber tip by a sol‐gel method to demonstrate applicability and compatibility of the fiber with common fiber optics.