盐和重金属复合胁迫对翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响及调控措施

为探究Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)萌发生长的影响机理及其调控措施,以翅碱蓬为研究对象,采用水培试验方法,测定Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子发芽率、萌发速率和幼苗渗透调节物质含量等指标,分析1.5 mg/L吲哚乙酸(IAA)、100 mg/L赤霉素(GA)和0.3%硝酸钾(KNO₃)处理对Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响。结果表明：(1) Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的发芽率,中高浓度的Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的萌发速率,Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬种子的萌发生长影响表现为低促高抑效应,影响因子间存在明显的协同效应;(2)Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下,随着盐浓度的升高,翅碱蓬幼苗体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)3种抗氧化酶活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,Zn、Cu和高盐复合胁迫使翅碱蓬幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量增加近2.5倍;(3)1.5 mg/L IAA溶液浸种12 h可显著提高Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子的发芽率和萌发速...     

锌、镉及其复合胁迫下白花泡桐幼苗的生理及富集特征

采用水培培养的试验方法,研究白花泡桐幼苗在锌 (Zn)、镉 (Cd) 单一及复合胁迫下的生理生化响应及对重金属的富集、转移特征变化。结果表明,单一及复合重金属胁迫下,白花泡桐的生物量、株高及过氧化物酶 (Peroxidase,POD) 活性均随处理浓度的增加而降低。在复合污染下,Zn、Cd在植株的株高及生物量上表现出拮抗作用。与对照比,单一胁迫下,随着Zn浓度的增加,白花泡桐叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (Catalase,CAT) 活性先增加后减小,超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase,SOD) 活性升高,地上部丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde,MDA) 含量先减小后增加;随着Cd浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性升高,超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性及地上部丙二醛 (MDA) 含量先增加后减小,复合胁迫下,则表现出更加复杂的生理响应。白花泡桐幼苗对Cd的富集部位集中在根部;对Zn的富集部位集中在地上部,且转移系数大于1.00;Zn的加入会促进重金属向地上部分的转移;白花泡桐具有对复合重金属污染地进行有效的生态恢复的潜力。     

菰和菖蒲对重金属的胁迫反应及其富集能力

通过盆栽实验研究了Cu—Zn—Ph-Cd复合污染条件下,菰和菖蒲的生长状况、生理特性及吸收和富集重金属的能力。结果表明,高浓度污染下菰和菖蒲不能存活;低、中浓度中菖蒲的生长受到抑制,菰各生长指标与对照相比差异不显著,表明菰对低、中浓度重金属的耐性强于菖蒲。随着污染浓度的增加,菰和菖蒲叶片叶绿索含量显著降低;菰叶绿素a／b值略有降低,菖蒲叶绿素a／b值显著降低;菰和菖蒲叶片脯氨酸含量、相对电导率显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性在低浓度时升高,中浓度时降低。菰体内重金属含量为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cd,菖蒲体内的含量为Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd,且二者体内的重金属含量都随着污染浓度的增加而升高。菰和菖蒲对Cd的富集系数较大,地上部分（茎与叶）和地下部分（根与根状茎）均大于1;对Pb的富集系数较小,地上部分和地下部分均小于1。菰和菖蒲地下部分重金属含量均高于地上部分含量,二者根系对4种重金属都有较强的滞留效应,平均滞留率均大于50％。各处理中菰对重金属的吸收量均高于菖蒲。综合分析菰和菖蒲的生长、生理及富集重金属的能力,菰比菖蒲更适用于低、中浓度重金属污染水体的生态修复。     

真盐生植物盐地碱蓬根系边缘细胞在耐盐中的作用初探

以黄河三角洲潮间带盐地碱蓬种子生成的幼苗为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对盐地碱蓬生长与根系边缘细胞的影响。盐地碱蓬的第一个边缘细胞几乎与根尖同步产生,当根长达到13mm时,边缘细胞数目达到最大值。NaCl胁迫抑制边缘细胞的活性,但低浓度的NaCl处理增加边缘细胞的数目。低浓度NaCl处理时果胶甲基酯酶（PME）的活性比对照有明显增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,低浓度NaCl可以增加盐地碱蓬根内过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,NaCl处理时间和处理浓度都对过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响不明显。这些结果表明,盐地碱蓬至少部分通过增加调控活性氧（ROS）水平增加PME活性及根系边缘细胞数目来抵抗NaCl胁迫。     

柠檬香蜂草对铜的耐性及其积累特征研究

以柠檬香蜂草(Melissa officinalis)幼苗为材料,设置不同浓度Cu~(2+)胁迫(CK、200、400、800和1 000mg·kg~(-1))盆栽实验,测定胁迫0、7、14、21、28d后植物生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及植物体内Cu含量等指标,探讨柠檬香蜂草对Cu~(2+)的耐受性及其积累特征。结果表明:(1)相同处理时间下,柠檬香蜂草除MDA含量外其他所有指标均随着Cu~(2+)胁迫处理浓度的增加呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的变化趋势,且高浓度组(800和1 000mg·kg~(-1))与低浓度组(200和400mg·kg~(-1))之间差异显著(P0.05);MDA含量在1 000mg·kg~(-1)浓度下持续增长至第14天后开始下降。(2)柠檬香蜂草体内Cu的积累量随Cu胁迫浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在浓度为400mg·kg~(-1)时达到最高值(0.71mg/盆)。(3)在整个胁迫过程中,柠檬香蜂草植株的铜富集系数及其耐性系数均随Cu浓度的增加而减小,各处理浓度对Cu的耐性系数均大于0.5,富集系数均大于1。研究发现,柠檬香蜂草对Cu胁迫具有一定耐受性和富集能力,具有成为铜污染土壤修复植物的潜力。     

铜铅胁迫下水分、温度和施肥对黑麦草富集能力的影响

黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）,是我国南方主要种植牧草之一,对土壤重金属（As、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd等）具有一定富集效果。通过室内盆栽、正交试验的方法,研究不同水分、温度和施肥条件及其互作对黑麦草在Cu、Pb单一及复合胁迫下耐受性及富集能力的影响。结果表明：（1）在Cu、Pb胁迫下,黑麦草在90% WHC、保证N肥施用时取得最大生物量,其茎叶及根分别在30及25℃时生长积累最大;Cu-Pb复合胁迫使黑麦草地上部分的生长受到抑制。（2）综合分析金属含量及富集系数,90% WHC有利于黑麦草对Cu、Pb的富集,而温度、肥料随黑麦草富集部位及单一、复合金属污染的不同具有最适差异性。（3）黑麦草仅在90% WHC水分、30℃及施NPK肥时,对重金属Pb具有大于1的转运系数,其余各环境因子组合只能在不同程度上小幅改变植物转运系数,即黑麦草对Cu、Pb重金属的转运能力较差。（4）方差分析结果显示,水分和温度可作为对黑麦草Cu、Pb富集能力具有显著影响的单因子,在Cu、Pb单一污染胁迫下,还受到其二因素交互的显著影响;在单一及复合污染中,富集能力均受到与肥料间三因素交互作用的显著影响。综上,运用黑麦草作为修复植物改善土壤Cu、Pb污染状况时,可主要调节水分至90% WHC,并辅以改善温度和施肥条件来优化富集效果。     

铜、锌、银对结球生菜抗氧化活性的影响

本实验研究了结球生菜(Lactuca sativa var.capitata L.)在重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)及银(Ag)胁迫条件下的抗氧化活性,研究结果能够为结球生菜的合理栽培和食用提供理论依据。将在含有不同浓度的Cu、Zn、Ag离子培养基上培养的结球生菜整株预冷研磨,在4℃条件下离心制备粗酶液,用紫外分光度计法测得不同培养时间和不同重金属胁迫下的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量并进行分析。结果表明:Cu、Zn、Ag对结球生菜的POD活性,先促进后抑制,Cu和Ag达到最高的时间都是6 d,而Zn则到8 d。Cu对CAT活性的影响是先促进,第6天达到最高值后再下降,而Zn和Ag的影响不明显。高浓度Cu离子的存在使得结球生菜体内的MDA含量增加达到最高后下降;Zn作用6 d以后MDA含量才开始升高,到第8天达到最高值后下降;Ag作用10 d后体内MDA含量会高于对照组。实验说明不同重金属对植物的抗氧化作用的影响不同,植物具有自我保护作用,低浓度重金属胁迫能激活植物体内的抗氧化活性,植物进行自我修复,减少由于重金属胁迫所带来的氧化损伤,在一定程度上还能促进植物的生长;当重金属的浓度达到较高水平或作用时间较长时,植物体依然会受到毒害作用,出现发黄、发软甚至是枯萎的现象。     

重金属胁迫对毛竹种子萌发及其富集效应的影响

以毛竹种子为供试材料,研究4种重金属(Pb2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Cd2+)胁迫对毛竹种子萌发的影响,并考察重金属在毛竹幼苗各组织部分的富集情况。结果表明:(1)Pb2+和Cd2+对毛竹种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数有抑制作用,低浓度下Cu2+和Zn2+对毛竹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等指标有促进作用,高浓度则显著抑制;当浓度达到1600μmol/L时Cd2+对种子萌发的抑制效果明显强于其他3种元素;(2)选取根尖数、根表面积、根体积、根系总长4个根系形态指标发现,低浓度处理下Pb2+、Zn2+对根系生长有促进作用,而Cu2+和Cd2+起到明显的抑制作用;(3)处理10d后,种子萌发幼苗地上部对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的含量最高可达6810.51、1387.77、951.77、429.33 mg/kg,转移系数Zn2+Cd2+Pb2+Cu2+。综上,系统揭示了毛竹种子在重金属胁迫下的萌发和富集情况,为今后的土培、大田试验提供了有益的参考,也为将毛竹作为植物修复材料加以研究开启了新的研究视角,具有重要的研究价值。     

钒、汞胁迫对菜心幼苗生理生化特性的影响

通过水培实验研究了钒(V)、汞(Hg)单一和复合胁迫对四九黄菜心幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫强度的增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性明显上升,与对照相比,MDA含量和细胞膜透性分别增加了8.4%～271.5%和22.4%～145.6%;叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势;重金属浓度较低时,3种保护酶均有较好的协同效应,表现出较强的自我调节能力;重金属浓度较高时,叶绿素含量和3种酶的活性呈下降趋势,表明在逆境环境因子下,植物的生理特征发生变化,酶活性受到抑制;V、Hg复合胁迫对蔬菜幼苗的毒害作用大于同水平单一胁迫效应。     

NaCl胁迫对2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发的渗透效应和离子效应研究

采用高低2个浓度的NaCl、LiCl及等渗甘露醇溶液处理紫红色表型(紫色型)和绿色表型(绿色型)盐地碱蓬种子,通过测定它们的种子萌发率、吸胀速率和胚内离子含量,研究NaCl胁迫对2种表型种子萌发的离子效应和渗透效应.结果表明:(1)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在高浓度(300 mmol/L)和低浓度(100 mmol/L)NaCl处理下均显著降低,紫色型种子萌发率在低浓度下显著低于绿色型,而在高浓度下却显著高于绿色型;绿色型种子萌发率在高浓度(30 mmol/L)和低浓度(10 mmol/L)LiCl处理下均未受到显著影响,但紫色型种子萌发率却均极显著降低;2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在低浓度等渗甘露醇处理下均极显著低于低浓度NaCl处理,而高浓度等渗甘露醇处理却均与高浓度NaCl处理无显著差异.(2)2表型种盐地碱蓬种子的吸胀速率在低浓度NaCl处理下没有受到显著影响,但高浓度NaCl处理及与之等渗的高浓度甘露醇处理下都显著降低,而且紫色型种子的吸胀速率在等渗甘露醇处理时显著高于绿色型.(3)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子胚中的Na 含量和Na /K 在对照和低浓度NaCl处理下无显著差异,但紫色型种子胚中的Na 、K 含量在高浓度NaCl处理时都显著高于对照,且K 含量增加的幅度远大于Na 含量,导致紫色型种子胚中的Na /K 显著低于绿色型.研究发现,盐地碱蓬种子萌发在低浓度NaCl胁迫下主要受离子效应抑制,而高浓度NaCl胁迫下则主要受渗透效应抑制,紫色型种子萌发率在高浓度NaCl胁迫下高于绿色型的原因之一是前者能维持更低的Na /K 比.     

Effect of heavy metals on root growth and peroxidase activity in barley root tip

In the present work, we investigated the alteration of oxidative and peroxidative activities of peroxidases (PODs) along the longitudinal root axis of barley seedlings during heavy metal (HM; e.g., Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb) treatment. Analysis of the individual root segments revealed that all of the analyzed HMs caused an increase of guaiacol-POD activity, however to a different extent and spatial distribution. Cd-induced ferulic acid POD activity was observed along the whole root tip (RT), while Cu and Hg caused its increase in the meristematic zone and Ni mainly at the end of the differentiation zone of RT. The activation of coniferyl alcohol POD by HMs was detected along the whole RT. HM-induced hydrogen peroxide-generating POD activity was localized mainly to the elongation zone of RT. Elevated chlorogenic acid POD activity was observed in the meristematic zone and at the end of the differentiation zone of RTs. The activation of several PODs is probably associated with enhanced H₂O₂ production and lignification as a defense response of roots to several HM, to prevent their uncontrolled flux. On the other hand, this defense response is accompanied by root growth inhibition, due to the enhanced rigidification of cell wall and accelerated differentiation of RTs.     

Alleviation of heavy metals toxicity by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and effects on wheat grown in saline sodic field

The aim of the study was to determine tolerance of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in different concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Mn, and Pb and to evaluate the PGPR-modulated bioavailability of different heavy metals in the rhizosphere soil and wheat tissues, grown in saline sodic soil. Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas moraviensis were isolated from Cenchrus ciliaris L. growing in the Khewra salt range. Seven-day-old cultures of PGPR were applied on wheat as single inoculum, co-inoculation and carrier-based biofertilizer (using maize straw and sugarcane husk as carrier). At 100 ppm of Cr and Cu, the survival rates of rhizobacteria were decreased by 40%. Single inoculation of PGPR decreased 50% of Co, Ni, Cr and Mn concentrations in the rhizosphere soil. Co-inoculation of PGPR and biofertilizer treatment further augmented the decreases by 15% in Co, Ni, Cr and Mn over single inoculation except Pb and Co where decreases were 40% and 77%, respectively. The maximum decrease in biological concentration factor (BCF) was observed for Cd, Co, Cr, and Mn. P. moraviensis inoculation decreases the biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) as well as translocation factor (TF) for Cd, Cr, Cu Mn, and Ni. The PGPR inoculation minimized the deleterious effects of heavy metals, and the addition of carriers further assisted the PGPR.     

Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Hg~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对碱蓬幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

以水培法及分光光度法培养、测定碱蓬幼苗在重金属胁迫下的株高、鲜重及根数,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量等各项生长指标以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性变化.结果表明:Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+和Cu2+使碱蓬植株生长出现明显抑制效果的临界浓度分别为:45 mg/kg、15 mg/kg、10 mg/kg和5 mg/kg。此浓度胁迫下,碱蓬植株鲜重降低25%~30%、根数减少12%~34%。重金属处理后,碱蓬的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量下降、丙二醛含量上升,且处理与对照间差异显著。Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+、Cu2+处理的叶绿素总量分别是对照的61%、59%、55%和67%,可溶性蛋白含量分别是对照的66.7%、58.3%、41.7%和75%,而丙二醛含量分别是对照的167%、147%、114%和131%。4种重金属胁迫下的碱蓬植株体内过氧化物酶活性均高于对照,而过氧化氢酶活性低于对照。     

Application of Bacillus megaterium MCR-8 improved phytoextraction and stress alleviation of nickel in Vinca rosea

The current research was performed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus megaterium MCR-8 on mitigation of nickel (Ni) stress in Vinca rosea grown on Ni-contaminated soil (50, 100, and 200 mg Ni kg^?1 soil). The treated plants exhibited reduced growth, biomass, gas exchange capacity, and chlorophyll (Chl) content under Ni stress. The inoculated plants growing in Ni-contaminated media exhibited relatively higher growth, total soluble protein, and proline contents. Similarly, bacterial inoculation improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) under Ni stress. The Ni stress alleviation in inoculated plants was attributed to the reduced level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), enhanced synthesis of protein, proline, phenols, and flavonides in conjunction with improved activity of antioxidant enzymes. The growth-promoting characteristics of microbe such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and phosphate solubilization activity, siderophore, and auxin production capability also improved the growth and stress mitigation in inoculated plants. Furthermore, the inoculated plants exhibited higher value for bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and resulted in higher loss of Ni content from soil. The current results exhibited the beneficial role of B. megaterium MCR-8 regarding stress alleviation and Ni phytoextraction by V. rosea.     

Pb、Ni胁迫对大羽藓抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了Pb、Ni单一及复合胁迫下大羽藓细胞活性氧自由基的累积与清除、光合系统和膜系统的受损情况及其抗氧化酶系统的变化.结果表明：在较低胁迫浓度(Pb<0.1 mmol·L^-1,Ni<0.01 mmol·L^-1)下,大羽藓叶绿素含量具有应激效应,在较高胁迫浓度(Pb>0.1 mmol·L^-1,Ni>0.01 mmol·L^-1)下则具有抑制效应;随Pb-Ni复合胁迫浓度的增加,苔藓活性氧自由基和丙二醛的累积量逐渐增大;大羽藓超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,过氧化物酶活性增加,过氧化物酶在清除Pb、Ni胁迫产生的活性氧自由基的过程中起着重要作用.大羽藓丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性对Pb、Ni胁迫具有浓度依赖性,可以将其作为监测该类重金属污染的生物标志物.     

Bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of Pistia stratiotes L. for mitigating water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands

The bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of P. stratiotes for heavy metals were investigated to mitigate water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands. Plant and water samples were collected monthly through nine quadrats equally distributed along three sites at Al-Sero drain in Giza Province. The annual mean of the shoot biomass was 10 times that of the root. The concentrations of shoot heavy metals fell in the order: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Ni < Co < Cd, while that of the roots were: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Zn < Ni < Co < Cu < Cd. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of most investigated heavy metals, except Cr and Pb, was greater than 1000, while the translocation factor (TF) of most investigated metals, except Pb and Cu, did not exceed one. The rhizofiltration potential (RP) of heavy metals was higher than 1000 for Fe, and 100 for Cr, Pb and Cu. Significant positive correlations between Fe and Cu in water with those in plant roots and leaves, respectively were recorded, which, in addition to the high BCF and RP, indicate the potential use of P. stratiotes in mitigating these toxic metals.     

翅碱蓬对镉的耐性及吸收特性的研究

重金属Cd具有高毒性,对生物体危害较大.盘锦红海滩优势物种翅碱蓬能够吸收一定量的重金属,因此可用于湿地滩涂污染的原位修复.通过水培的方法,以翅碱蓬为研究对象,测定不同浓度Cd胁迫下翅碱蓬的根长、苗高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、及根、茎、叶内Cd的含量,探讨Cd对于翅碱蓬生长发育的影响以及对Cd的吸收规律.结果表明:低浓度Cd对...     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of nine heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes in Nile Delta,Egypt: perspectives for phytoremediation

Abstract

The current research was carried out to estimate the potential of water hyacinth (WH) for removal of nine heavy metals (HMs) from three irrigation canals in Nile Delta. Sampling was achieved in monospecific and homogeneous WH stands at three irrigation canals in the study area, and WH biomass was sampled at monthly intervals from April 2014 to November 2014 using five randomly distributed quadrats (each 0.5?×?0.5?m) at each canal. All HM concentrations were significantly higher in the roots compared with the other WH organs. The WH was recognized by a bioaccumulation factor >1.0 for all HMs. The WH was recognized by translocation factor <1.0 for all HMs (except Pb). In many cases, the concentrations of the HMs in the different organs of WH were correlated with the same HMs in the water. Such correlations indicate that WH reflects the cumulative influences of environmental pollution from the water, and thereby suggesting its potential use in the bio-monitoring of most examined HMs. In conclusion, WH is a promising macrophyte for remediation of irrigation canals polluted with Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn.     

Effect of EDTA and Tannic Acid on the Removal of Cd,Ni, Pb and Cu from Artificially Contaminated Soil by Althaea rosea Cavan

In this study an ornamental plant of Althaea rosea Cavan was investigated for its potential use in the removal of Cd, Ni, Pb and Cu from an artificially contaminated soil. Effect of two different chelating agents on the removal has also been studied by using EDTA (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid) and TA (tannic acid). Both EDTA and TA have led to higher heavy metal concentration in shoots and leaves compared to control plants. However EDTA is generally known as an effective agent in metal solubilisation of soil, in this study, TA was found more effective to induce metal accumulation in Althaea rosea Cavan under the studied conditions. In addition to this, EDTA is toxic to some species and restraining the growth of the plants. The higher BCF (Bio Concentration Factor) and TF (Translocation Factor) values obtained from stems and leaves by the effects of the chemical enhancers (EDTA and TA) show that Althaea rosea Cavan is a hyper accumulator for the studied metals and may be cultivated to clean the contaminated soils.