生物基化学品生产展望

生物基化学品未来市场可观 工业生物技术正在渗透到化学品和燃料市场,这缘于生产过程的改进、较廉价的经济性和客户的驱动。然而,从实验室和中试规模到商业化生产这个过程极为不易,并且需要较大的投入。     

利用合成气生产生物基醇类化学品的研究进展

以合成气为底物生产乙醇、丁醇、己醇等生物基醇类化学品可以降低原料成本,减轻对化石燃料的依赖,推动碳中和目标的实现。概述了产乙酸菌中能够利用合成气的Wood-Ljungdahl途径及该过程中产乙酸菌的能量节约机制,综述了产乙酸菌遗传操作工具的发展及代谢工程改造进展。大量研究揭示了发酵条件（如温度、pH、金属离子、有机氮源、硝酸盐等）对产乙酸菌生长及醇类产物合成具有复杂的影响。气体成分及气液传质效率也是影响合成气利用的重要因素。另外,指出了利用合成气生产生物基醇类化学品现存的瓶颈问题,并展望了未来的研究方向,包括开发产乙酸中的高效基因编辑方法,在模式菌株中构建合成气利用途径、优化温度、pH、反应器设计及利用廉价培养基进行发酵。     

轮廓形态测量法在生物分类应用中的研究进展

本文阐述了形态测量学中一类重要的研究方法——轮廓形态测量法的基本概念和发展,总结了轮廓形态测量法在生物分类学研究中的应用,将轮廓形态测量法与另一类重要的形态测量学方法——标点法进行了比较,分析了这两类方法各自的优势和局限性,展望了轮廓形态测量法在昆虫分类学研究中的应用前景。     

几何形态测量法在生物形态学研究中的应用

形态分析是生物系统学及其多样性研究中很重要的一部分。随着统计学的发展,我们可以对非常复杂的数据进行分析,这在客观上导致了多变量形态测量的出现。在20世纪80年代,在数据收集和分析上产生了重要突破——标点和标点相对位置的几何信息的匹配,从而可以将多变量分析的标点集叠加到生物原始图上,它不仅仅是生成散点图,而是试图客观反映生物的形态性状。这项研究被称为几何形态测量法(geometricmorphometrics),Rohlf和Marcus(1993)称其为形态测量方法上的一次革命。文章简要介绍了该方法。     

基因编码型生物传感器在微生物细胞工厂中的应用进展

合成生物学的迅猛发展推动了微生物细胞工厂中多种复杂化学品的生物合成,但仍存在产量低、生产效率不高等诸多问题。基因编码型生物传感器可以感知细胞内外代谢物浓度及外界环境的波动,产生可测量的信号输出或调控通路中的基因表达水平,具有成本低、操作简单、可再生等优点。目前,基因编码型生物传感器已经成为合成生物学和代谢工程的重要组成部分,是微生物细胞工厂中代谢动态调控及理想表型进化/筛选的强大工具。概述了基因编码型生物传感器的组成及工作原理,重点介绍了基因编码型生物传感器在微生物代谢动态调控及高通量筛选中的最新研究进展,就基因编码型生物传感器设计与构建过程中面临的挑战进行探讨,并展望了其今后的发展方向。     

生物基化学品生产合成橡胶技术正在脱颖而出

虽然生物基化学品仍然处于发展阶段,但是生物质原料转化成能源已经是一个成熟的技术,生物基化学品（尤其是生物基异丁烯、生物基丁二烯、生物基异戊二烯和生物基乙烯）生产合成橡胶技术正在脱颍而出。     

2013生物基化学品 (Biobased Chemicals) 专刊序言

生物基化学品是生物经济和生物制造的核心内容之一。本专刊综述了国内外生物基化学品的重要研究进展,包括：丁二酸、己二酸、乳酸、3-羟基丙酸、葡萄糖二酸、甘油、木糖醇、高级醇、乙烯等生物基化学品的代谢工程和发酵调控,直接利用木质纤维素生产生物基化学品的菌株构建,生物基乳酸的衍生和生物转化技术,生物基化学品的盐析萃取分离纯化技术等。同时,本专刊也包括了国内学者在丁二酸、D-甘露醇、苹果酸、5-氨基乙酰丙酸、1,3-丙二醇和丁醇方面的研究论文。     

超声波在生物发酵工程中的应用

一定强度的超声波作用于发酵过程中缩短发酵时间,改善生物反应条件,提高生物产品的质量和产量,微弱超声可用于在线检测某些发酵过程参数,本简要介绍了超声波作用于生物发酵过程的基本原理,并详细讨论了超声波在遗传育种 ,改善发酵工艺有发酵产物的提取与分离,发酵产物浓度的在线检测等方面的主要应用。     

细胞薄层培养在植物激素调节形态发生研究中的应用

从外源激素对形态发生的调节、植物激素的作用机制、形态发生的内源激素动态等方面概述了细胞薄层培养在植物激素诱导与调节形态发生研究中的应用进展,并对其在植物信号转导、玻璃化现象的发生机制、离体再生障碍的克服等研究领域的发展前景和尚存在的问题作了讨论。     

生物过程工程进展

中国是工业生物技术大国,发酵装置体积1000万立方米．居世界第一。在工业生物技术上游领域（细胞工程、基因工程等）和世界先进水平差距较小,但在工业生物技术的过程科学基础研究方面与国外有较大差距．尤其是过程放大原理和方法方面。在“973”计划的支持下,我国工业生物技术在过程科学领域取得了下述重要进展。     

微生物木糖代谢途径改造制备生物基化学品

当前,全球经济的高速发展与日益减少的石油资源储备进一步加剧了能源供需矛盾。人类对开发利用可再生的纤维素生物质资源寄予厚望。木糖是木质纤维素水解产物中含量仅次于葡萄糖的一种单糖,因此对木糖高效率生物转化的研究成为影响其工业化前景的关键因素之一。针对近几年的研究,文中综述了生物转化木糖方面的进展,包括木糖代谢途径的鉴定和设计、木糖运输途径的改造、生物基化学品制备。为了解决当前全球面临的能源危机与环境问题,运用合成生物学技术发展新一代生物燃料技术,特别是开发能够代谢木糖高产乙醇的微生物工程菌株是实现可持续发展的重要方式。     

Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways for the production of fine chemicals

The technology of large-scale plant cell culture is feasible for the industrial production of plant-derived fine chemicals. Due to low or no productivity of the desired compounds the economy is only in a few cases favorable. Various approaches are studied to increase yields, these encompass screening and selection of high producing cell lines, media optimization, elicitation, culturing of differentiated cells (organ cultures), immobilization. In recent years metabolic engineering has opened a new promising perspectives for improved production in a plant or plant cell culture.     

Morphology engineering of Aspergillus oryzae for l-malate production

Aspergillus oryzae is a competitive natural producer for organic acids, but its production capacity is closely correlated with a specific morphological type. Here, morphology engineering was used for tailoring A. oryzae morphology to enhance l -malate production. Specifically, correlation between A. oryzae morphology and l -malate fermentation was first conducted, and the optimal range of the total volume of pellets in a unit volume of fermentation broth (V value) for l -malate production was 120–130 mm³/ml. To achieve this range, A. oryzae morphology was improved by controlling the variation of operational parameters, such as agitation speed and aeration rate, and engineered by optimizing the expression of cell division cycle proteins such as tyrosine-protein phosphatase (CDC14), anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome activator protein (CDC20), and cell division control protein 45 (CDC45). By controlling the strength of CDC14 at a medium level, V value fell into the optimal range of V value and the final engineered strain A. oryzae CDC14(3) produced up to 142.5 g/L l -malate in a 30-L fermenter. This strategy described here lays a good foundation for industrial production of l -malate in the future, and opens a window to develop filamentous fungi as cell factories for production of other chemicals.     

Metabolic engineering based on systems biology for chemicals production

Microorganisms have been the main sources for the production of chemicals. Production of chemicals requires the development of low-cost and higher-yield processes. Towards this goal, microbial strains with higher levels of production should be first considered. Metabolic engineering has been used extensively over the past two to three decades to increase production of these chemicals. Advances in omics technology and computational simulation are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the systems level. By combining the results of omics analyses and computational simulation, systems biology allows us to understand cellular physiology and characteristics, which can subsequently be used for designing strategies. Here, we review the current status of metabolic engineering based on systems biology for chemical production and discuss future prospects.     

Metabolic engineering based on systems biology for chemicals production

Microorganisms have been the main sources for the production of chemicals. Production of chemicals requires the development of low-cost and higher-yield processes. Towards this goal, microbial strains with higher levels of production should be first considered. Metabolic engineering has been used extensively over the past two to three decades to increase production of these chemicals. Advances in omics technology and computational simulation are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the systems level. By combining the results of omics analyses and computational simulation, systems biology allows us to understand cellular physiology and characteristics, which can subsequently be used for designing strategies. Here, we review the current status of metabolic engineering based on systems biology for chemical production and discuss future prospects.     

芳香族化合物微生物代谢工程研究进展

代谢工程从20世纪90年代初期发展至今已有近30年历史,对微生物菌种改良和选育工作起到了极大的推动作用.芳香族化合物是一类可以通过微生物发酵生产的化学品,广泛应用于医药、食品、饲料和材料等领域.利用代谢工程手段对莽草酸和芳香族氨基酸合成途径进行理性改造,微生物细胞可以定向地大量积累人们需要的各种芳香族化合物.笔者对近3...     

Top value platform chemicals: bio-based production of organic acids

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Inducible cell lysis systems in microbial production of bio-based chemicals

The release of products from microbial cells is an essential process for industrial scale production of bio-based chemicals. However, traditional methods of cell lysis, e.g., mechanical disruption, chemical solvent extraction, and immobilized enzyme degradation, account for a large share of the total production cost. Thus, an efficient cell lysis system is required to lower the cost. This review has focused on our current knowledge of two cell lysis systems, bacteriophage holin–endolysin system, and lipid enzyme hydrolysis system. These systems are controlled by conditionally inducible regulatory apparatus and applied in microbial production of fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Moreover, toxin–antitoxin system is also suggested as alternative for its potential applications in cell lysis. Compared with traditional methods of cell disruption, the inducible cell lysis systems are more economically feasible and easier to control and show a promising perspective in industrial production of bio-based chemicals.     

Improved enzyme production by bio-pellets of Aspergillus niger: targeted morphology engineering using titanate microparticles

The present study describes the design of bio-pellet morphologies of the industrial working horse Aspergillus niger strains in submerged culture. The novel approach recruits the intended addition of titanate microparticles (TiSiO(4), 8 μm) to the growth medium. As tested for two recombinant strains producing fructofuranosidase and glucoamylase, the enzyme titer by the titanate-enhanced cultures in shake flasks was increased 3.7-fold to 150 U/mL (for fructofuranosidase) and 9.5-fold to 190 U/mL (for glucoamylase) as compared to the control. This could be successfully utilized for improved enzyme production in stirred tank reactors. Stimulated by the particles, the achieved final glucoamylase activity of 1,080 U/mL (fed-batch) and 320 U/mL (batch) was sevenfold higher as compared to the conventional processes. The major reason for the enhanced production was the close association between the titanate particles and the fungal cells. Already below 2.5 g/L the micromaterial was found inside the pellets, including single particles embedded as 50-150 μm particle aggregates in the center resulting in core shell pellets. With increasing titanate levels the pellet size decreased from 1,700 μm (control) to 300 μm. Fluorescence based resolution of GFP expression revealed that the large pellets of the control were only active in a 200 μm surface layer. This matches with the critical penetration depth for nutrients and oxygen typically observed for fungal pellets. The biomass within the titanate derived fungal pellets, however, was completely active. This was due a reduced thickness of the biomass layer via smaller pellets as well as the core shell structure. Moreover, also the created loose inner pellet structure enabled a higher mass transfer and penetration depths for up to 500 μm. The creation of core-shell pellets has not been achieved previously by the addition of microparticles, for example, made of talc or alumina. Due to this, the present work opens further possibilities to use microparticles for tailor-made morphology design of filamentous fungi, especially for pellet based processes which have a long and strong industrial relevance for industrial production.