寡氧单胞菌中CRISPR位点的分析

对寡氧单胞菌基因组中的CRISPR位点进行生物信息学分析。CRISPRdb数据库中公布的和NCBI上下载的共26株寡氧单胞菌的基因组序列,分析其CRISPR位点的分布情况、重复序列、间隔序列以及间隔序列和噬菌体序列数量之间的关系。共发现15个确定的CRISPR结构和132个可疑的CRISPR,不同菌株CRISPR结构中的重复序列具有较强的保守性。间隔序列的靶向基因主要来自细菌的基因组,说明寡氧单胞菌CRISPR的的进化与其他细菌基因有关。此外,间隔序列与前噬菌体数量之间的负相关关系,说明CRISPR能阻止噬菌体的入侵。寡氧单胞菌CRISPR位点的分析为进一步研究耐药性及基因组稳定性奠定了基础。     

CRISPR/Cas系统与志贺菌毒力和耐药的关系及插入序列IS600对cse2表达水平的影响北大核心CSCD

【目的】了解志贺菌中成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)的分布及其与毒力和耐药的关系,并分析志贺菌中插入序列IS600对CRISPR相关蛋白基因cse2 m RNA表达水平的影响。【方法】利用课题组前期设计的引物PCR扩增志贺菌的3个CRISPR位点、CRISPR相关蛋白基因cse2、耐药基因和毒力基因;改良Kirby-Bauer(K-B)纸片法进行药敏试验;台盼蓝计数试验检测细菌毒力;Real-time PCR检测志贺菌中cse2基因m RNA表达水平。分别分析志贺菌中CRISPR/Cas系统与耐药基因、耐药表型、毒力基因、毒力表型的关系;了解IS600对CRISPR相关蛋白基因cse2 m RNA表达水平的影响。【结果】志贺菌中CRISPR1位点阴性细菌的毒力强;插入序列IS600使cse2 m RNA表达水平降低。【结论】志贺菌中存在CRISPR1、2、3位点;CRISPR1位点与毒力有关;插入序列IS600对cse2 m RNA表达水平有影响。     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的纸基分析在快速检测食源性致病菌中的应用

由食源性致病菌引起的食品安全事件严重影响人类健康,开发针对食源性致病菌的快速检测技术十分必要。成簇间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR）及相关蛋白（CRISPR-associated protein,Cas）是原核生物的适应性免疫系统,具有特异性识别并切割核酸序列的功能。纸基分析方法作为一种简便性好、成本低廉的分析检测工具,在快速检测领域展现出良好的前景。因此,将CRISPR/Cas系统的高效识别能力和纸基分析方法的简便性相结合可实现对食源性致病菌的快速灵敏检测。本文简要介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统用于核酸检测的概况,对第二类单Cas效应蛋白系统的特点及原理进行概述,重点综述基于CRISPR/Cas系统的试纸分析、侧向流动分析和纸基微流控装置在检测食源性致病菌方面的应用,并讨论了CRISPR/Cas系统结合纸基分析建立检测方法的优势、当前的挑战及未来的发展前景。     

基于生物信息学的致病菌特有基因预测及分析

目的:利用生物信息学方法对致病菌特有基因进行大规模预测,同时探讨致病菌特有基因与致病菌毒力之间的关系。方法:构建致病性细菌蛋白质序列数据库和非致病性细菌蛋白质序列数据库,利用同源性比对的方法(BlastP工具)对致病菌特有基因进行预测;同时从文献中提取与致病菌毒力紧密相关的毒力因子,构建具有代表性的毒力因子分析库,对预测的致病菌特有基因进行比较分析。结果:在致病菌780310个基因中,预测了致病菌特有基因79166个,约占致病菌总基因的10.15%;预测的致病菌特有基因包含了构建的毒力因子分析库中的大部分毒力基因。结论:预测的致病菌特有基因与致病菌毒力紧密相关,大大减少了进一步在致病菌基因组中鉴定毒力基因时整个基因组的数据量。     

肠球菌CRISPR-Cas系统基因结构的分析及其与耐药基因的关系

CRISPR-Cas系统是一种细菌的适应性免疫系统,参与特异性防御不同类型的可移动遗传元件,如质粒、噬菌体、转座子等的入侵。旨在分析肠球菌（Enterococcus）基因组中该系统的基因结构,并探讨其与细菌耐药基因之间的关系。NCBI数据库中下载10种肠球菌的全基因组信息,利用软件对CRISPR-Cas系统的分布、cas1基因、重复序列、间隔序列等进行比对分析;查找耐药相关基因,分析其与CRISPR-Cas系统之间的关系。235株肠球菌中含完整CRISPR-cas系统的有35株（14.9%）,含确定CRISPR阵列196个和cas基因簇46个。肠球菌基因组中CRISPR系统主要为II-A型（80.4%）,其次是II-C型（15.2%）,cas1基因序列的系统发育分析结果与CRISPR-cas系统的分型基本一致。肠球菌CRISPR-Cas系统的分布在不同菌种之间差异较大;CRISPR-Cas系统可能阻碍肠球菌某些耐药基因的水平转移。     

葡萄球菌CRISPR/Cas系统

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein, CRISPR/Cas〕是原核生物在进化过程中形成的获得性免疫系统,能抵抗噬菌体、质粒及可移动遗传因子等外源性DNA或RNA的入侵。目前,在多种葡萄球菌基因组中均发现CRISPR序列存在,其间隔序列通常与葡萄球菌的噬菌体或接合性质粒具有同源性,可能对葡萄球菌的毒力、耐药性传递和生物膜形成等生理学特性有影响。本文在简单介绍细菌CRISPR/Cas系统的基础上,对葡萄球菌CRISPR/Cas系统的构成、防御机制等进行综述。     

CRISPR在细菌分型和进化中的研究进展

规律成簇的间隔的短回文重复序列（CRISPR）是近年发现的一类存在于古细菌和细菌基因组内的结构,该结构可以使细菌获得对外源DNA如质粒和噬菌体的免疫,同时由于其结构的多态性,也可作为细菌分型和进化研究的位点。简要综述了CRSIPR系统的基本结构,及其在分型和进化应用方面的研究进展。     

沙门氏菌CRISPR位点的结构特征比较

成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR),是存在于多数细菌和古菌中的遗传结构,能够有效防御外源DNA的入侵(质粒、噬菌体等),进而防御外源基因的水平转移。【目的】本研究以沙门氏菌属中常见的鸡伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella gallinarum)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、猪霍乱沙门氏菌(Salmonella choleraesuis)以及肠炎沙门氏菌(salmonella enteritidis)等30个菌株为研究对象。探索CRISPR位点在不同沙门氏菌种中的结构差异。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法比较间隔序列与插入序列的同源性以及CRISPR位点与质粒数量关系。【结果】30株沙门氏菌中均存在CRISPR结构,包括CRISPR位点61个以及可疑位点12个。重复序列和cas1基因均不能作为这4类细菌的分类依据。【结论】虽然我们发现CRISPR位点数量与间隔区数量和质粒数量之间均不存在统计学关系,但间隔序列整合子、耐药基因等移动遗传原件具有一定的同源性,说明沙门氏菌在进化过程中不断受外源基因的侵袭。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的研究进展及其应用

随着测序技术的不断进步,获得了越来越多物种的全基因组序列。面对这些海量的基因组数据,基因定点编辑技术是高效捕获目标基因、迅速获得基因功能和应用信息的重要研究手段。CRISPR/Cas9是目前最有效的一种基因定点编辑技术。CRISPR/Cas9系统(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated)是广泛存在于细菌及古生菌中的,由细菌体长期进化而形成,能够降解入侵病毒或噬菌体DNA的适应性免疫系统。因此,对CRISPR/Cas9系统的发展、应用,以其在相关研究中的应用前景进行阐述显得尤为必要。     

副溶血性弧菌群中规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列的比较分析

规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)是大多数细菌和古细菌在生存压力下进化出的一套抵抗噬菌体干扰的防御系统。本研究主要采用生物信息学的方法,对24株分离自人体且已完成全基因组测序的副溶血性弧菌内CRISPR结构进行了分析,结果发现:只有16株细菌包含1个及以上的CRISPR结构,共计29个CRISPR;仅11个具有真座位特征的CRISPR结构含有前导序列;CRISPR结构中的重复序列所形成的RNA二级结构具有一大一小共两环或一大二小共三环的特征;目前未找到与区间序列高度同源的外源遗传物质;仅含前导序列的CRISPR结构侧翼区才存在cas基因。副溶血性弧菌的CRISPR结构可能以水平基因转移的方式整合到细菌的染色体中,CRISPR结构不适合作为细菌分类的一项指标。     

CRISPR Interference Can Prevent Natural Transformation and Virulence Acquisition during In Vivo Bacterial Infection

Pathogenic bacterial strains emerge largely due to transfer of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes between bacteria, a process known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci of bacteria and archaea encode a sequence-specific defense mechanism against bacteriophages and constitute a programmable barrier to HGT. However, the impact of CRISPRs on the emergence of virulence is unknown. We programmed the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae with CRISPR sequences that target capsule genes, an essential pneumococcal virulence factor, and show that CRISPR interference can prevent transformation of nonencapsulated, avirulent pneumococci into capsulated, virulent strains during infection in mice. Further, at low frequencies bacteria can lose CRISPR function, acquire capsule genes, and mount?a successful infection. These results demonstrate that CRISPR interference can prevent the emergence of virulence in?vivo and that strong selective pressure for virulence or antibiotic resistance can lead to CRISPR loss in bacterial pathogens.     

海南海口温泉真菌、细菌多样性及其环境影响因素分析

【目的】海南海口含有丰富的温泉资源,对温泉微生物多样性进行研究,有助于进一步开发和利用海南温泉微生物资源。【方法】本文采用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序技术对海口3个温泉[海甸岛荣域温泉(S1)、火山口开心农场温泉(S2)和西海岸海长流温泉(S3)]水样中微生物ITS序列和16Sr RNA基因V3-V4区进行测序及生物信息学分析,探究海口市3个不同区域的温泉真菌多样性与细菌多样性。【结果】(1)α多样性分析表明,真菌群落中,S3(29)S1(29)S2,而在细菌群落中,S2(29)S1(29)S3。β多样性分析表明,3个温泉真菌群落和细菌群落组成差异皆显著。(2)分类分析表明,温泉真菌群落优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),细菌群落优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、Thermi、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。(3) CCA (Canonical correspondence analysis)分析表明,3个温泉的真菌群落主要影响因子是温度,细菌群落主要影响因子是总磷。【结论】海南省海口市温泉中含有丰富的微生物资源,其微生物群落组成受多种环境因子影响,且影响真菌和细菌的主要环境因子不同。     

Diversity, evolution, and functionality of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) regions in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas system confers acquired heritable immunity against mobile nucleic acid elements in prokaryotes, limiting phage infection and horizontal gene transfer of plasmids. In CRISPR arrays, characteristic repeats are interspersed with similarly sized nonrepetitive spacers derived from transmissible genetic elements and acquired when the cell is challenged with foreign DNA. New spacers are added sequentially and the number and type of CRISPR units can differ among strains, providing a record of phage/plasmid exposure within a species and giving a valuable typing tool. The aim of this work was to investigate CRISPR diversity in the highly homogeneous species Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. A total of 18 CRISPR genotypes were defined within a collection of 37 cosmopolitan strains. Strains from Spiraeoideae plants clustered in three major groups: groups II and III were composed exclusively of bacteria originating from the United States, whereas group I generally contained strains of more recent dissemination obtained in Europe, New Zealand, and the Middle East. Strains from Rosoideae and Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica) clustered separately and displayed a higher intrinsic diversity than that of isolates from Spiraeoideae plants. Reciprocal exclusion was generally observed between plasmid content and cognate spacer sequences, supporting the role of the CRISPR/Cas system in protecting against foreign DNA elements. However, in several group III strains, retention of plasmid pEU30 is inconsistent with a functional CRISPR/Cas system.     

A functional gene array for detection of bacterial virulence elements

Emerging known and unknown pathogens create profound threats to public health. Platforms for rapid detection and characterization of microbial agents are critically needed to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. Available detection technologies cannot provide broad functional information about known or novel organisms. As a step toward developing such a system, we have produced and tested a series of high-density functional gene arrays to detect elements of virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Our first generation array targets genes from Escherichia coli strains K12 and CFT073, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. We determined optimal probe design parameters for gene family detection and discrimination. When tested with organisms at varying phylogenetic distances from the four target strains, the array detected orthologs for the majority of targeted gene families present in bacteria belonging to the same taxonomic family. In combination with whole-genome amplification, the array detects femtogram concentrations of purified DNA, either spiked in to an aerosol sample background, or in combinations from one or more of the four target organisms. This is the first report of a high density NimbleGen microarray system targeting microbial antibiotic resistance and virulence mechanisms. By targeting virulence gene families as well as genes unique to specific biothreat agents, these arrays will provide important data about the pathogenic potential and drug resistance profiles of unknown organisms in environmental samples.     

Novel virulence gene and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) multilocus sequence typing scheme for subtyping of the major serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne disease in the United States. Molecular subtyping methods are powerful tools for tracking the farm-to-fork spread of food-borne pathogens during outbreaks. In order to develop a novel multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for subtyping the major serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica, the virulence genes sseL and fimH and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci were sequenced from 171 clinical isolates from nine Salmonella serovars, Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Newport, Heidelberg, Javiana, I 4,[5],12:i:-, Montevideo, Muenchen, and Saintpaul. The MLST scheme using only virulence genes was congruent with serotyping and identified epidemic clones but could not differentiate outbreaks. The addition of CRISPR sequences dramatically improved discriminatory power by differentiating individual outbreak strains/clones. Of particular note, the present MLST scheme provided better discrimination of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis strains than pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This method showed high epidemiologic concordance for all serovars screened except for Salmonella serovar Muenchen. In conclusion, the novel MLST scheme described in the present study accurately differentiated outbreak strains/clones of the major serovars of Salmonella, and therefore, it shows promise for subtyping this important food-borne pathogen during investigations of outbreaks.     

Application of DNA microarray technology for detection, identification, and characterization of food-borne pathogens

DNA microarrays represent the latest advance in molecular technology. In combination with bioinformatics, they provide unparalleled opportunities for simultaneous detection of thousands of genes or target DNA sequences and offer tremendous potential for studying food-borne microorganisms. This review provides an up-to-date look at the application of DNA microarray technology to detect food-borne pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In addition, it covers the advantages of using microarray technology to further characterize microorganisms by providing information for specific identification of isolates, to understand the pathogenesis based on the presence of virulence genes, and to indicate how new pathogenic strains evolved epidemiologically and phylogenetically.     

Comparative genomics of 28 Salmonella enterica isolates: evidence for CRISPR-mediated adaptive sublineage evolution

Despite extensive surveillance, food-borne Salmonella enterica infections continue to be a significant burden on public health systems worldwide. As the S. enterica species comprises sublineages that differ greatly in antigenic representation, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, a better understanding of the species' evolution is critical for the prediction and prevention of future outbreaks. The roles that virulence and resistance phenotype acquisition, exchange, and loss play in the evolution of S. enterica sublineages, which to a certain extent are represented by serotypes, remains mostly uncharacterized. Here, we compare 17 newly sequenced and phenotypically characterized nontyphoidal S. enterica strains to 11 previously sequenced S. enterica genomes to carry out the most comprehensive comparative analysis of this species so far. These phenotypic and genotypic data comparisons in the phylogenetic species context suggest that the evolution of known S. enterica sublineages is mediated mostly by two mechanisms, (i) the loss of coding sequences with known metabolic functions, which leads to functional reduction, and (ii) the acquisition of horizontally transferred phage and plasmid DNA, which provides virulence and resistance functions and leads to increasing specialization. Matches between S. enterica clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), part of a defense mechanism against invading plasmid and phage DNA, and plasmid and prophage regions suggest that CRISPR-mediated immunity could control short-term phenotype changes and mediate long-term sublineage evolution. CRISPR analysis could therefore be critical in assessing the evolutionary potential of S. enterica sublineages and aid in the prediction and prevention of future S. enterica outbreaks.