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1.
Eduardo Rodríguez-Bustamante Gabriela Maldonado-Robledo Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa Guillermo Mendoza-Hernández Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja Sergio Sánchez 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,84(3):499-510
Tobacco aroma compounds were generated via lutein cleavage by the combined action of a yeast and a bacterium identified as
Trichosporon asahii and Paenibacillus amylolyticus, respectively. In this study, an inverse relationship between glucose concentration and the generation of three compounds,
present in the tobacco aroma profile, was observed in mixed cultures. In order to identify the organism sensitive to the sugar
effect, both were grown separately. The presence of glucose suppressed β-ionone production by T. asahii grown with lutein. However, the biotransformation of the ionone into its reduced derivatives (7,8-dihydro-β-ionone and 7,8-dihydro-β-ionol)
by P. amylolyticus was not affected by the sugar . This pointed to the cleavage of lutein, a step within the process necessary for the synthesis
of β-ionone, as the target of the glucose effect. In vitro studies with crude extracts and concentrated cell-free medium derived
from T. asahii cultures showed that the carotenoid breakdown activity was located extracellularly and only detected in supernatants from
yeast cells grown in the absence of the sugar. Rather than an inhibition or a mechanism affecting the enzyme secretion, the
glucose effect on lutein degradation comprised another regulatory level. Further experiments showed that the enzyme responsible
for lutein breakdown and susceptible to the sugar effect exhibited a high degree of identity to fungal peroxidases, studied
as well, for their involvement in carotenoid cleavage. 相似文献
2.
Production of tobacco aroma from lutein. Specific role of the microorganisms involved in the process
Maldonado-Robledo G Rodriguez-Bustamante E Sanchez-Contreras A Rodriguez-Sanoja R Sanchez S 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2003,62(5-6):484-488
A mixed culture formed by Bacillus sp. and Geotrichum sp. produced tobacco aroma compounds from the carotenoid lutein through the formation of the intermediate -ionone. Both microorganisms can grow independently in a medium supplemented with lutein, but only Geotrichum produces -ionone. This intermediate was incorporated by the bacilli, converted to aroma and this product excreted to the culture medium. Bacillus sp. did not utilize -ionone for growth but modified it. We conclude that, in the bioconversion of lutein to products with tobacco aroma, Geotrichum sp. is involved in carotenoid oxidation to produce -ionone and Bacillus sp. is responsible for the norisoprenoid reduction to produce 7,8-dihydro--ionone and 7,8-dihydro--ionol. 相似文献
3.
Novel method for aroma recovery from the bioconversion of lutein to β-ionone by Trichosporon asahii using a mesoporous silicate material 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rodríguez-Bustamante E Maldonado-Robledo G Sánchez-Contreras A Klimova T Arreguín-Espinosa R Sánchez S 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2006,71(4):568-573
In this work, we report on the synthesis and ability of the mesoporous material MCM-41 to adsorb the norisoprenoid β-ionone. This compound, with a violet aroma note, can be produced from lutein by the yeast Trichosporon asahii through a bioconversion process. We found that β-ionone inhibited the yeast growth and constrained aroma formation. Growth inhibition was overcome using silicate MCM-41 as sorbent device in a fermentation system that allowed product removal from the culture medium by headspace manipulation. Compared to a commercial silica gel, the mesoporous material exhibited a 4.5-fold higher β-ionone adsorption. Contrasting to cultures without the sorbent device, the presence of MCM-41 allowed a marked increase (14-fold) in β-ionone production. Our results suggested that confinement of the norisoprenoid into the sorbent material bypassed its toxicity which allowed a better β-ionone production. This study represents the first report on the use of MCM-41 to recover an aroma produced by fermentation and therefore, a novel application for a mesoporous material. 相似文献
4.
Rodríguez-Bustamante E Maldonado-Robledo G Ortiz MA Díaz-Avalos C Sanchez S 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2005,68(2):174-182
The generation of aroma compounds by carotenoid cleavage in the 9–10 position was studied, due to the importance of these compounds in the flavor and fragrance industry. The bioconversion of the carotenoid lutein to C13 norisoprenoids utilizing a microbial mixture composed of Trichosporon asahii and Paenibacillus amylolyticus was carried out by a fermentation process. Applying an experimental design methodology, the effects of nutritional factors on the production of aroma compounds present in the tobacco profile were studied. After an assessment of the significance of each nutritional factor, the levels of the variables yielding the maximum response were calculated. Glucose, tryptone, and yeast extract exerted a strong negative effect over the objective function, with glucose being the strongest. Lutein possessed a positive effect over the tobacco aroma production, while sodium chloride and trace elements showed no influence over the process. The yield attained after culture medium manipulation was almost ten-fold higher, compared with the base medium; and the aroma mixture was characterized as: 7,8-dihydro--ionol (95.2%), 7,8-dihydro--ionone (3.7%), and -ionone (1.1%). 相似文献
5.
D G Yim H H Sato Y H Park Y K Park 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1997,18(6):402-405
During screening for cyclodextrin-forming microorganisms, an alkalophilic Bacillus sp, which produced high activity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, was isolated and identified as Bacillus firmus. The crude enzyme transformed starch to mainly β-and γ-cyclodextrin. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH of 7.5–8.5 and
its optimum temperature was 65°C, which is the highest optimum temperature as compared to other cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases
except that produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
Received 06 January 1997/ Accepted in revised form 20 March 1997 相似文献
6.
Del Toro-Sánchez L Sánchez S Ortiz MA Villanueva S Lugo-Cervantes E 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2006,72(1):155-162
Ditaxis heterantha, a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, is growing wild in the semiarid regions of Mexico. The seed endosperm contains yellow pigments (carotenoids). By high-pressure liquid chromatography the total pigment (TP) was separated into seven fractions: two of them, heterathin (F4) and ditaxin (F5), characterized as apocarotenoids, represent 80% of TP. Both molecules have double bonds, which seem to be the target for degradation and aroma formation. In this work, TP, F4, and F5 were supplied to nine cultures able to degrade lutein. From these strains, only one (identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was able to produce aromas from either TP or F4. Using TP as substrate, the produced aromas were 4-oxo-isophorone (1), isophorone (2), cinnamic aldehyde (6), 3-hydroxy-β-cyclocitral (7), safranal (8), geranyl (9), 3-oxo-α-ionone (10), 3-oxo-α-ionol (11), 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone (12), and eugenol (13). Of these aromas, only seven were produced from F4: (1), (2), (7), (8), (10), (11), and (12). In both cases, safranal was the main degradation product (30%). The enzymatic activity responsible for this effect was found in the cytosolic fraction and detected only when S. cerevisiae was grown in the presence of TP or F4. 相似文献
7.
Microbial and cytoplasmic membrane-based potentiometric biosensors for direct determination of organophosphorus insecticides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Potentiometric biosensors for the determination of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were developed by applying either immobilized
whole cells or cytoplasmic membrane fractions of wild-type Flavobacterium sp. on the surface of a glass pH electrode. The ability of Flavobacterium sp. to degrade OP compounds as sole carbon source was demonstrated for parathion with a degradation rate of almost 100% after
30 min and for chlorpyrifos of 33% after 48 h incubation. The products of hydrolysis of these compounds, p-nitrophenol and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, were accumulated in the medium and not used as substrates for growth by Flavobacterium sp. In the course of hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by organophosphorus hydrolase, two protons are released for each substrate
molecule hydrolyzed. This stoichiometry forms the electrochemical basis of the potentiometric biosensors. Direct determination
without previous extraction of OP was carried out in a stirred measuring cell with a pH electrode as transducer. Poly(carbamoyl
sulfonate) (PCS) prepolymer, a hydrogel with good adhesive properties, was used for immobilization of whole cells and membrane-associated
organophosphorus hydrolase. The sensor with cytoplasmic membrane fractions was superior to the one with whole cells and showed
a linear range for paraoxon from 0.01 to 0.47 mM and 3 weeks' working stability.
Received: 11 February 2000 / Received revision: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 26 May 2000 相似文献
8.
Biodegradation of nylon oligomers 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Negoro S 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2000,54(4):461-466
This mini-review is a compendium of the degradation of a man-made compound, 6-aminohexanoate-oligomer, in Flavobacterium strains. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Three enzymes, 6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase (EI), 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EII), and endotype 6-aminohexanoate-oligomer
hydrolase (EIII) were responsible for degradation of the oligomers.
2. The genes coding these enzymes were located on pOAD2, one of three plasmids harbored in Flavobacterium sp. KI72, which comprised 45,519 bp.
3. The gene coding the EII′ protein (a protein having 88% homology with EII) and five IS6100 elements were identified on pOAD2.
4. The specific activity of EII was 200-fold higher than that of EII′. However, altering two amino acid residues in the EII′
enzyme enhanced the activity of EII′ to the same level as that of the EII enzyme.
5. The deduced amino acid sequences from eight regions of pOAD2 had significant similarity with the sequences of gene products
such as oppA-F (encoding oligopeptide permease), ftsX (filamentation temperature sensitivity), penDE (isopenicillin N-acyltransferase) and rep (plasmid replication).
6. The EI and EII genes of Pseudomonas sp. NK87 (another nylon oligomer-degrading bacterium) were also located on plasmids.
7. Through selective cultivation using nylon oligomers as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, two strains which initially
had no metabolic activity for nylon oligomers, Flavobacterium sp. KI725 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, were given the ability to degrade xenobiotic compounds. A molecular basis for the adaptation of microorganisms toward
xenobiotic compounds was described.
Received: 25 February 2000 / Received revision: 22 May 2000 / Accepted: 26 May 2000 相似文献
9.
Johannes P. F. G. Helsper Jacques A. Davies Harro J. Bouwmeester Aafke F. Krol Maria H. van Kampen 《Planta》1998,207(1):88-95
Quantitative headspace analyses of rose flowers showed no significant differences in composition of emitted volatile compounds
between flowers on the intact plant and cut flowers placed in vase water containing sucrose at 0, 15 or 30 g · l−1. Volatile components emitted were geraniol, nerol, citronellol, E-citral, Z-citral, methylgeranylate, trans-caryophyllene, β-cubebene, dihydro-β-ionone, 2-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethylacetate, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene and hexylacetate.
When exposed to a 12-h photoperiod these components showed maximum emission during the light period and a rhythmicity which
differed for the individual compounds. The circadian nature of the rhythmicity was confirmed by the continuation of rhythmicity
during continued darkness or light, and was characterized by `transient' and `free running' periods of 27 and 24 h, respectively,
and a phase shift of 12 h in rhythmicity when a 24-h period of continuous darkness was followed by re-exposure to a 12-h photoperiod.
Rhythmicity in emission was not observed when flowers were kept in darkness before flower bud opening, but started immediately
upon exposure to a 12-h photoperiod.
Received: 14 April 1998 / Accepted: 28 May 1998 相似文献
10.
A tetrahydrofuran-degrading bacterial strain, which had previously been tentatively assigned as Rhodococcus sp. strain 219, has now been identified as Rhodococcus ruber using physiological and chemotaxonomical tests. A comparison with the type strain DSM 43338 has revealed that the new strain
differs in its ability to degrade or convert tetrahydrofuran and compounds of similar structure such as 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran
or tetrahydropyran. Tetrahydrofuran acts as an inducer for its degradation. When tetrahydrofuran-induced cells were incubated
with 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran two primary metabolites could be detected by gas chromatography, and 2-hydroxyhexane-5-one
and hexane-2,5-dione were isolated and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy or as dinitrophenylhydrazones. The formation of these intermediates is consistent with an initial 2hydroxylation
of the cyclic ether, which has not yet been described in microorganisms.
Received: 19 July 1995/Received last revision: 31 October 1995/Accepted: 6 November 1995 相似文献
11.
Yogan Khatri Marco Girhard Anna Romankiewicz Michael Ringle Frank Hannemann Vlada B. Urlacher Michael C. Hutter Rita Bernhardt 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2010,88(2):485-495
Sesquiterpenes are particularly interesting as flavorings and fragrances or as pharmaceuticals. Regio- or stereoselective
functionalizations of terpenes are one of the main goals of synthetic organic chemistry, which are possible through radical
reactions but are not selective enough to introduce the desired chiral alcohol function into those compounds. Cytochrome P450
monooxygenases are versatile biocatalysts and are capable of performing selective oxidations of organic molecules. We were
able to demonstrate that CYP109D1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 functions as a biocatalyst for the highly regioselective hydroxylation of norisoprenoids, α- and β-ionone, which
are important aroma compounds of floral scents. The substrates α- and β-ionone were regioselectively hydroxylated to 3-hydroxy-α-ionone
and 4-hydroxy-β-ionone, respectively, which was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The results of docking α- and β-ionone into a homology model of CYP109D1 gave a rational explanation for the regio-selectivity
of the hydroxylation. Kinetic studies revealed that α- and β-ionone can be hydroxylated with nearly identical V
max and K
m values. This is the first comprehensive investigation of the regioselective hydroxylation of norisoprenoids by CYP109D1. 相似文献
12.
Eight compounds exuded from young roots of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) were separated by two-dimensional HPTLC, by HPLC and GC, and were identified by spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet/visible
spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin, naringenin, chrysoeriol and isoliquiritigenin. Structural
assignments were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The capacity to induce β-galactosidase activity in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 containing a nod box::lacZ fusion on plasmid pA27 identified these flavonoids and the chalcone as nod gene inducers. This indicates the important role of these compounds in nodulation of this legume tree.
Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 9 September 1996 相似文献
13.
Methyl ent-17-hydroxy-16β-kauran-19-oate was fed to a 2-day-old culture of the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer, fermenting at room temperature (25 °C) in an orbital shaker (2 l). After 11 days, both broth and mycelia were extracted
with ethyl acetate. Two novel compounds were isolated from this experiment: methyl ent-9α,17-dihydroxy-16β-kauran-19-oate and methyl ent-7α,17-dihydroxy-16β-kauran-19-oate. Their structures were fully confirmed by spectroscopic methods.
Received: 22 July 1999 / Received revision: 2 November 1999 / Accepted: 12 November 1999 相似文献
14.
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi Madoka Yamamoto Kazuya Tamura Toshiaki Teruya Kiyotake Suenaga Yoshiharu Fujii 《Plant Growth Regulation》2010,60(2):127-131
Aqueous methanol extracts of rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), Digitaria sanguinalis and Lolium multiflorum. Increasing the extract concentration increased the inhibition, suggesting that rattail fescue may have growth inhibitory
substances and possess allelopathic potential. The aqueous methanol extract of rattail fescue was purified and two main inhibitory
substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as (−)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol. Both substances
inhibited root and shoot growth of cress at concentrations greater than 0.3 μM. The concentrations required for 50% growth
inhibition on root and shoot growth of cress, lettuce, alfalfa, timothy, D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum were 2.7–19.7 μM for (−)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 2.1–34.5 μM for (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol. The concentration of (−)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone
and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol, respectively, in rattail fescue was 7.8 and 3.7 μg g−1 fresh weight. Considering the endogenous level and the inhibitory activity, (−)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol
may work as allelopathic substances in rattail fescue through the growth inhibition of neighboring plant species. 相似文献
15.
María Cuaresma Carlos Casal Eduardo Forján Carlos Vílchez 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2011,38(1):167-177
Cultivation of extremophile microorganisms has attracted interest due to their ability to accumulate high-value compounds.
Chlamydomonas acidophila is an acidophile green microalga isolated by our group from Tinto River, an acidic river that flows down from the mining
area in Huelva, Spain. This microalga accumulates high concentrations of lutein, a very well-known natural antioxidant. The
aim of this study is to assess use of different carbon sources (CO2, glucose, glycerol, starch, urea, and glycine) for efficient growth of and carotenoid production by C. acidophila. Our results reveal that growth of the microalga on different carbon sources resulted in different algal biomass productivities,
urea being as efficient as CO2 when used as sole carbon source (~20 g dry biomass m–2 day–1). Mixotrophic growth on glucose was also efficient in terms of biomass production (~14 g dry biomass m–2 day–1). In terms of carotenoid accumulation, mixotrophic growth on urea resulted in even higher productivity of carotenoids (mainly
lutein, probably via α-carotene) than obtained with photoautotrophic cultures (70% versus 65% relative abundance of lutein,
respectively). The accumulated lutein concentrations of C. acidophila reported in this work (about 10 g/kg dry weight, produced in batch systems) are among the highest reported for a microalga.
Glycerol and glycine seem to enhance β-carotene biosynthesis, and when glycine is used as carbon source, zeaxanthin becomes
the most accumulated carotenoid in the microalga. Strategies for production of lutein and zeaxanthin are suggested based on
the obtained results. 相似文献
16.
Blanco AM Moreno J Del Campo JA Rivas J Guerrero MG 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,73(6):1259-1266
The growth performance of the chlorophycean microalga Muriellopsis sp. outdoors in open tanks agitated with a paddlewheel and its ability to accumulate carotenoids have been evaluated throughout
the year. The cells grown in the open system had free lutein as the main carotenoid, with violaxanthin, β-carotene, and neoxanthin
also present. Lutein content of the dry biomass ranged from 0.4 to 0.6%, depending on the growth and environmental conditions.
In addition, the biomass of Muriellopsis sp. had a high content in both protein and lipids with about half of the fatty acids being of the polyunsaturated type, with
α-linolenic acid accounting for almost 30% of the total fatty acids. The effect of determinant parameters on the performance
of the cultures in open tanks was evaluated. Operating conditions that allow the maintenance of productive cultures were established
under semicontinuous regime for 9 months throughout the year. Biomass and lutein yields in the open system were not far from
those in closed tubular photobioreactors, and reached productivity values of 20 g dry biomass, containing around 100 mg lutein
m−2 day−1 in summer. The outdoor culture of Muriellopsis sp. in open ponds thus represents a real alternative to established systems for the production of lutein. 相似文献
17.
Swangkeaw Jutaporn Vichitphan Sukanda Butzke Christian E. Vichitphan Kanit 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(2):423-430
The properties of intracellular β-glucosidases produced from two yeast isolates identified as Hanseniaspora sp. BC9 and Pichia anomala MDD24 were characterized. β-Glucosidase from Hanseniaspora sp. BC9 was not inhibited by both 20% w/v fructose and 20% w/v sucrose and was slightly inhibited by glucose (> 40% relative
β-glucosidase activity with 10% w/v glucose). β-Glucosidase from P. anomala MDD24 was inhibited by glucose, fructose and sucrose. In the presence of 4–12% v/v ethanol, β-glucosidase from P. anomala MDD24 was stimulated in range 110–130% relative activity whereas β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora sp. BC9 was substantially inhibited in the presence of ethanol. Finally, juice and wine of the Muscat-type grape variety,
Traminette, were selected to determine sugar-bound volatile aroma release, particularly terpenes, by the activity of those
β-glucosidases. The results showed that high concentration of free aroma compounds were detected from Traminette juice treated
with β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora sp. BC9 and Traminette wine treated with β-glucosidase from P. anomala MDD24. The preliminary results with proposed an application of these enzymes in commercial wine production lead to more efficient
of β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora sp. BC9 in releasing desirable aromas during an early stage of alcoholic fermentation while β-glucosidase from P. anomala MDD24 is suitable at the final stage of alcoholic fermentation. 相似文献
18.
Yoshida T Horinouchi M Ayabe Y Yamaguchi T Shibuya N Habe H Nojiri H Yamane H Omori T 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2000,54(3):341-347
A CH3OH-utilizing bacterium that has the ability to produce extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) was isolated from a soil sample,
and was identified as the obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus sp. strain 12S on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence and growth-substrate specificity. The EPS produced by strain 12S was
purified and the sugar composition was analysed by GC-MS and HPLC to reveal that the EPS was a heteropolymer composed of glucosyl,
galactosyl, and mannosyl residues in the molar ratio 3:1:1. In order to produce mono- and/or oligosaccharides by single-step
fermentation from CH3OH, stain 12S was mutagenized by transposon 5. Among eleven EPS-deficient mutants, three strains were found to accumulate significant amounts of reducing sugars in the
media. The amounts of the reducing sugars produced by the mutants (>ca. 700 mg glucose equivalent/l) were >11–22 times higher
than those produced by the wild-type strain (<ca. 60 mg glucose equivalent/l). The GC-MS analysis showed that all the mutants
accumulated glucose, erythrose, threose and a disaccharide-like compound in the media.
Received: 25 August 1999 / Received revision: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 24 March 2000 相似文献
19.
An improved strain of Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 31461 (Pseudomonas elodea), capable of producing broth viscosities of 11 000 and 4700 mPa s (cP) when grown in enriched whey permeate and enriched
sweet whey broths respectively, was isolated. The isolation was by serial transfers of the parent on lactose-rich and sweet
whey broths. Maximum viscosities and biopolymer production were observed in 25% (v/v) whey concentration. In whey concentrations
of 50% (v/v) or greater, residual glucose was detected in the broth and biopolymer production was low. This strain is capable
of totally utilising the lactose in up to 50% (v/v) whey in 64 h. Enzyme activities suggest that the transport of lactose
in P. elodea is by the permease system as opposed to the phosphotransferase system. The location of β-galactosidase is mainly intracellular.
The improved strain is able to utilise lactose better than the parent and produce 1.6 times more intracellular β-galactosidase
activity compared to the parent.
Received: 3 May 1996 / Received revision: 8 August 1996 / Accepted: 10 August 1996 相似文献
20.
Molecular characterization based on 16s rDNA gene sequence analysis of bacterial colonies isolated from endosulfan contaminated
soil showed the presence of Ochrobacterum sp, Burkholderia sp, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas sp and Arthrobacter sp which degraded 57–90% of α-endosulfan and 74–94% of β-endosulfan after 7days. Whole cells of Pseudomonas sp and Pseudomonas alcaligenes showed 94 and 89% uptake of α-isomer and 86 and 89% of β-endosulfan respectively in 120 min. In Pseudomonas sp, endosulfan sulfate was the major metabolite detected during the degradation of α-isomer, with minor amount of endosulfan
diol while in Pseudomonas alcaligenes endosulfan diol was the only product during α-endosulfan degradation. Whole cells of Pseudomonas sp also utilized 83% of endosulfan sulfate in 120 min. In situ applications of the defined consortium consisting of Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Pseudomonas sp (1:1) in plots contaminated with endosulfan showed that 80% of α-endosulfan and 65% of β-endosulfan was degraded after
12 weeks of incubation. Endosulfan sulfate formed during endosulfan degradation was subsequently degraded to unknown metabolites.
ERIC-PCR analysis indicated 80% survival of introduced population of Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Pseudomonas sp in treated plots. 相似文献