走进黑帐篷（一）

这注定是一次充满碰撞与顿悟的旅程。目的地是引人关注的三江源,但那里对我们来说几乎是另一个文化的世界。2007年夏,我们一行四辆车出发了。队伍里,有常年在三江源工作的探险家,有生态专家,有还没毕业的研究生,有媒体记者,更特殊的是三个来自内地城市的企业老总,他们开来装满物资的汽车,成为这次跋涉伊始的物质后盾。就是这样一个“成分”复杂的队伍,抱着同一个信念和目的启程了——走进黑帐篷,坐在牧人的火炉旁,端起酥油茶,倾听他们的故事。仅仅十几天,所见所闻,引发并汇总了我们平日里来不及厘清的许多困惑和思考,而强烈冲击着我们的是黑帐篷里牧民们再朴实不过,再平和不过的讲述。     

江河行——镜头的记录（1）：漂流在世界最高的河流上

考察三江源，我们真正的考察应该算是从当曲漂流开始。漂流探险是科学认识长江源的好办法，因为它成本低、效率高，而且能够到达很多陆路无法到达的地方，只是危险性极大。漂流期间汽车无法跟行，把我们送到下水点后就要原路返回，再到下游接应我们。本来为主力桨手的杨西虎因为感冒无法漂流，只好让手腕骨折的徐晓光代替。     

一介布衣的江河情怀——杨勇涉险考察20年 ——三江源生死之旅

国家的重大工程多与国家的安全甚至兴亡联系在一起,南水北调西线工程就是计划中的这类头号工程。而“国家兴亡,匹夫有责”,杨勇20年涉险考察就是倾注于此。他以极简陋的条件,克服了常人难以想象的困难,在对国家尽其布衣之责。[编者按]     

中国三江源国家公园与韩国智异山国家公园的对比研究

自1967年智异山被认定为韩国首个国家公园以来,韩国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设已历经50余年。这期间韩国在国家公园的建设中积累了大量经验,十分值得我国借鉴。选取我国首个国家公园体制试点——三江源国家公园和韩国首个国家公园——智异山国家公园为研究对象,对二者的管理现状进行了定性分析,并运用基于最优实践的国家公园管理能力评价方法对二者的管理能力进行了定量评价。研究表明:三江源国家公园的管理能力综合得分低于智异山国家公园,在体制建设、保障机制、资源环境管理、社区管理和科普教育五个方面均与智异山国家公园存在一定差距;智异山国家公园在资源本底调查、法制建设、多方参与、环境教育和游憩管理方面的管理能力十分突出,为三江源国家公园管理能力的提升提供了有益借鉴;三江源国家公园在生态补偿和制度约束方面具有比较优势,但在自然资源权属、资源本底调查、社区组织建设和游憩管理方面则亟待提升。在此基础上,针对三江源国家公园建设提出了强化科研支撑、健全多方参与制度、推进全民福利共享三项建议,针对我国国家公园体制建设提出了制定《国家公园法》、设置自然保护地顶层规划两项建议,以期促进三江源国家公园管理能力提升、推动我国国家公园体制建设。     

基于遥感-过程耦合模型的1988～2004年青海三江源区净初级生产力模拟

 三江源区不仅是地处青藏高原的全球气候变化的敏感区, 也是我国甚至亚洲最重要河流的上游关键源区。作为提供物质基础的植被净初级生产力(Net primary production, NPP), 是评价生态系统状况的重要指标。该文应用已在碳通量观测塔验证, 扩展到区域水平的遥感-过程耦合模型GLOPEM-CEVSA, 以空间插值的气象数据和1 km分辨率的AVHRR遥感反演的FPAR数据为模型主要输入, 模拟并分析了1988～2004年该区NPP时空格局及其控制机制。结果表明, 该区植被平均NPP为143.17 gC·m^–2·a^–1, 呈自东南向西北逐渐降低的空间格局, 其中, 以森林NPP最高(267.90 gC·m^–2·a^–1), 其次为农田(222.94 gC·m^–2·a^–1)、草地(160.90 gC·m^–2·a^–1)和湿地(161.36 gC·m^–2·a^–1), 荒漠最低(36.13 gC·m^–2·a^–1)。其年际变化趋势在空间上呈现出明显的差异, 西部地区NPP表现为增加趋势, 每10 a增加7.8~28.8 gC·m^–2; 而中、东部表现为降低趋势, 每10 a降低13.1~42.8 gC·m^–2。根据显著性检验, NPP呈增加趋势(趋势斜率b>0), 显著性水平高于99%和95%的区域占研究区总面积的13.43%和20.34%, 主要分布在西部地区; NPP呈降低趋势(趋势斜率b<0), 显著性水平高于99%和95%的区域占研究区面积的0.75%和3.77%, 主要分布在中、东部地区, 尤以该区长江和黄河等沿线区分布更为集中, 变化显著性也更高。三江源NPP的年际变化趋势的气候驱动力分析表明, 整个区域水平上该地区植被生产力受气候变化的主导, 西部地区暖湿化趋势, 造成了该地区生产力较为明显的、大范围的增加趋势; 但东、中部地区则主要受人类活动的影响, 特别是长江、黄河等河流沿线, 是人类居住活动密集的地区, 造成这些地区放牧压力较大、草地退化严重, 而该地区暖干化趋势加剧了这一过程。     

生态工程实施对羌塘和三江源国家级自然保护区植被净初级生产力的影响

为了有效评估生态工程建设对青藏高原典型国家级自然保护区的影响, 基于表征生态系统功能状况的植被净初级生产力变化系列数据, 采用样区对比法系统分析了羌塘和三江源两个国家级自然保护区建立及2004/2005年实施的新生态工程的效果。研究表明: (1) 1982-2009年间, 在10组对比样区中有9组保护区内样区的草地净初级生产力呈波动上升的趋势; (2) 2004年后新生态工程的实施效果良好, 有8组对比样区生态状况转好; (3)在所有高寒草地类型中, 新生态工程对高寒草甸类型样区的保护效果最为显著。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的三江源草原毛虫金小蜂分子鉴定与系统发育分析

【目的】三江源草原毛虫金小蜂在形态学水平上已被鉴定为草原毛虫蛹期的寄生蜂新种。本研究拟从分子标记水平再次对三江源草原毛虫金小蜂进行物种辅助鉴定,探究其在小蜂总科中的系统发育关系。【方法】利用分子生物学手段对三江源草原毛虫金小蜂线粒体COⅠ基因进行扩增、测序与分析,并采用邻接法构建系统发育N-J树。【结果】三江源草原毛虫金小蜂线粒体COⅠ基因校正后的长度为812 bp,A、T、C、G碱基含量分别为34.36%、42.61%、10.59%、12.44%,AT含量显著高于GC含量,具有明显的AT偏好性;三江源草原毛虫金小蜂与蝶蛹金小蜂COⅠ基因相似度最高,遗传距离最小,表明三江源草原毛虫金小蜂与蝶蛹金小蜂亲缘较近,因此推断三江源草原毛虫金小蜂可能属于金小蜂科物种;三江源草原毛虫金小蜂先后与Eupelmus sp.、Sycoscapter sp.、Idiomacromerus sp.、Diaziella bizarre、Eurytoma sp. 聚为一支,且与 Idiomacromerus sp.+(Diaziella bizarre+Eurytoma sp.)+(Eupelmus sp.+Sycoscapter sp.)形成姊妹群。【结论】本研究从分子标记水平揭示了三江源草原毛虫金小蜂与金小蜂科物种的亲缘关系较近,支持了三江源草原毛虫金小蜂的形态学物种鉴定结果,为更深入地研究三江源草原毛虫金小蜂系统发育提供了科学依据,对草原毛虫的生物防治具有重要意义。     

基于多源数据的三江源区生态工程建设前后草地动态变化及驱动因素研究

基于2000-2015年的NDVI、NPP和GPP多源数据,并结合人类干扰强度等级的构建,采用线性回归分析和地理加权回归分析方法,对比分析了在不同干扰等级下三江源区生态工程实施前5年和后10年草地的动态变化及其驱动因素。结果表明：（1）人类干扰强度和NDVI、NPP、GPP在空间上具有显著的区域差异,均表现为从西北向东南增加的趋势,且2006-2010年和2011-2015年草地NDVI、NPP和GPP值明显高于2000-2004年;（2）与2000-2004年相比,2006-2010年草地NDVI、NPP和GPP值的草地退化面积均减少,而2011-2015年退化面积又均增加,表明生态工程建设后的5年较前5年草地退化状况得到改善,然而在下一个5年草地又出现退化趋势;（3）在各人类干扰等级下生态工程实施后的5年内70%以上的草地处于改善状态,均出现退化面积比例显著减少,改善面积比例显著增加的趋势,而在2011-2015后5年草地退化面积比例增加,表明生态工程的实施促进了草地生态系统的改善,尤其在重度人类干扰区,草地由2000-2004年的52.71%退化区域到2006-2010年84.95%的改善区域。（4）影响草地动态变化的主要因素为距离道路的距离、距离居民点的距离、人口密度、干旱、温度和坡度等,各影响因素分布具有明显的空间异质性。研究结果将有助于为三江源区草地生态系统恢复、管理和战略制定提供科学指导和决策依据。     

自然保护地政策对区域生态环境质量的影响——以三江源地区为例

研究自然保护地政策的生态成效有助于未来更好地开展自然保护地保护和治理。以三江源地区为例,通过构建土地利用动态度和土地覆被转类指数考察了自然保护地的空间布局特征对生态环境质量的影响,刻画了自然保护地政策生态成效在自然保护地内外的空间差异性,结合最小二乘法和实地调研结果探究了保护地政策对生态环境质量的影响机制。结果表明：自然保护地政策实施以来,三江源全域生态环境质量提升越来越明显,未利用地转化为生态地类是促进生态提升的最主要的用地变化类型。集中连片分布的大型保护地生态成效明显,而分布零散且靠近行政边界的小型保护地生态成效相对较小;尽管保护地生态成效优于非保护地,但保护地与周围地区的生态提升具有同步性。保护地政策通过在保护地内实施生态保护和修复项目显著促进了生态环境质量的提升,同时通过采取限牧禁牧、引导转业转产等措施减轻了农牧民活动对生态环境的压力。未来应推动以国家公园为核心的生态系统完整性保护网络体系建设,加强国家公园和周边区域的一体化保护和联动治理,帮助农牧民进一步拓宽生计方式。     

Response of two cows with mummified fetus to treatment with cloprostenol (ICI 80, 996)

Two cases of bovine fetal mummification were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 500 μg cloprostenol. Plasma progesterone levels fell rapidly within 24 hours following injection from a mean level of 10.45 ng/ml to 1.05 ng/ml. Extradiol-17β levels were variable and low ($\text{x}\text{= 3.04 pg/ml}$) during the 120-hour postinjection sampling period. The mummies were delivered at 104 and 120 hours postinjection. Both were expelled into the vagina and traction was required to complete removal from the genital tract. No adverse reactions which could be attributed to $\text{cloprostenol}$ treatment were observed.     

Three cases with enlarged acrocentric p-arms and two cases with cryptic partial trisomies.

In three cases, banding analysis revealed a normal karyotype except for an enlarged short arm of one chromosome 13 or 15. To clarify whether this enlargement was due to a heteromorphism or to a cryptic chromosomal trisomy, so-called cenM-FISH probe sets containing a microdissection-derived probe specific for the acrocentric human p-arms were applied. The results enabled us to confirm in one case and to exclude in two cases that the enlargement on the suspect chromosome was due to a p-arm polymorphism. M-FISH and/or microdissection were used to resolve the nature of the rearrangements, i.e., partial trisomies 6 and 19.     

Only one of the two interconvertible forms of mitochondrial creatine kinase binds to heart mitoplasts

When analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, solubilized pig or rabbit heart mitochondrial creatine kinase is shown to exist under two distinct forms. The less cathodic one (form 1) is a dimer and the other having a higher cathodic mobility (form 2) has a molecular weight of about 350 000. The latter form can be converted into the former by incubation at alkaline pH or when the enzyme forms a reactive or an abortive complex with its substrates. This conversion is a reversible phenomenon and is not due to proteolysis. When rabbit heart mitoplasts are treated with the creatine kinase releasing agents, the enzyme is always solubilized as its form 2 and conversion to form 1, when it occurs, always take place after solubilization. Form 2 is also the only form which can be bound to pig or rabbit mitoplasts. Thus form 2 may be the actual form associated with heart mitochondria in vivo.     

Remarkable Recovery and Colonization Behaviour of Methane Oxidizing Bacteria in Soil After Disturbance Is Controlled by Methane Source Only

Little is understood about the relationship between microbial assemblage history, the composition and function of specific functional guilds and the ecosystem functions they provide. To learn more about this relationship we used methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) as model organisms and performed soil microcosm experiments comprised of identical soil substrates, hosting distinct overall microbial diversities (i.e., full, reduced and zero total microbial and MOB diversities). After inoculation with undisturbed soil, the recovery of MOB activity, MOB diversity and total bacterial diversity were followed over 3 months by methane oxidation potential measurements and analyses targeting pmoA and 16S rRNA genes. Measurement of methane oxidation potential demonstrated different recovery rates across the different treatments. Despite different starting microbial diversities, the recovery and succession of the MOB communities followed a similar pattern across the different treatment microcosms. In this study we found that edaphic parameters were the dominant factor shaping microbial communities over time and that the starting microbial community played only a minor role in shaping MOB microbial community     

Only one of the two signals required for initiation of the cell cycle is associated with cellular accumulation of ribosomal RNA

Two intracellular functions are elicited by the serum component in culture media in order to initiate the cell cycle: "competence" and "progression". Although both functions have to be present simultaneously for start of cell division, it is shown here for Swiss 3T3 cells that only one of them, the progression signal, is associated with reaccumulation of ribosomal RNA. This result points to the cellular complement of ribosomes as one of the limiting parameters for cell division.     

Multiple Metabolic Alterations Exist in Mutant PI3K Cancers,but Only Glucose Is Essential as a Nutrient Source

Targeting tumour metabolism is becoming a major new area of pharmaceutical endeavour. Consequently, a systematic search to define whether there are specific energy source dependencies in tumours, and how these might be dictated by upstream driving genetic mutations, is required. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway has a seminal role in regulating diverse cellular processes including cell proliferation and survival, but has also been associated with metabolic dysregulation. In this study, we sought to define how mutations within PI3KCA may affect the metabolic dependency of a cancer cell, using precisely engineered isogenic cell lines. Studies revealed gene expression signatures in PIK3CA mutant cells indicative of a consistent up-regulation of glycolysis. Interestingly, the genes up- and down-regulated varied between isogenic models suggesting that the primary node of regulation is not the same between models. Additional gene expression changes were also observed, suggesting that metabolic pathways other than glycolysis, such as glutaminolysis, were also affected. Nutrient dependency studies revealed that growth of PIK3CA mutant cells is highly dependent on glucose, whereas glutamine dependency is independent of PIK3CA status. In addition, the glucose dependency exhibited by PIK3CA mutant cells could not be overridden by supplementation with other nutrients. This specific dependence on glucose for growth was further illustrated by studies evaluating the effects of targeted disruption of the glycolytic pathway using siRNA and was also found to be present across a wider panel of cancer cell lines harbouring endogenous PIK3CA mutations. In conclusion, we have found that PIK3CA mutations lead to a shift towards a highly glycolytic phenotype, and that despite suggestions that cancer cells are adept at utilising alternative nutrient sources, PIK3CA mutant cells are not able to compensate for glucose withdrawal. Understanding the metabolic dependencies of PIK3CA mutant cancers will provide critical information for the design of effective therapies and tumour visualisation strategies.     

三江源地区不同退化程度草地的土壤放线菌区系

用不同分离方法,对三江源地区不同退化程度草地土壤放线菌的数量和多样性进行了比较.从5份土样中共分离放线茵178株,根据表型特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,分别归入7个已知属:小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)、游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)、韩国生工茵属(Kribbella)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces).其中链霉菌属分离菌株可归入7个表型类群.发现轻度退化高寒草原的土壤放线菌数量,丰度和多样性高于重度退化高寒草原;针茅高寒草原的土壤放线菌数量和多样性高于蒿草高寒草甸,而其中链霉菌的种类低于后者.表明高寒草地的退化程度与其中土壤放线茵的数量和多样性呈负相关.     

三江源国家公园草地地上生物量时空动态及其气候影响

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,作为长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地,是我国重要的生态安全屏障。基于三江源区域草地AGB的野外调查数据,本研究采用多种机器学习算法集成分析的方式构建模型,实现了高精度的三江源国家公园草地AGB时空估算。基于AGB时空模拟结果,分析了近19年(2000—2018年)三江源国家公园区域草地AGB的时空动态变化。研究结果显示：(1)通过多种机器学习结合贝叶斯平均模型,草地AGB模拟值与实测值的r为0.88,RMSE为71.60g/m²,表明多模型集成分析的方式对草地AGB估算获得了较好的模拟效果。(2)三江源国家公园区域草地AGB的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,呈从东南向西北递减的趋势。(3)2000—2018年长江源国家公园、黄河源国家公园和澜沧江国家公园区域草地AGB多年平均值分别为82.96 g/m²、117.54g/m²和168.39 g/m²。(4)近19年间,在黄河和长江源园区受到温度上升的影响草地AGB呈现出非显著性上升趋势;澜沧江区域,由于2015和2016年的...     

Three mouse monoclonal antibodies to human differentiation antigens: reactivity with two mucin-like antigens and with connective tissue fibers

Three human differentiation antigens (MU78, MT334, and MQ49) have been defined by mouse monoclonal antibodies developed from mice immunized with ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Their distribution was determined on 148 cultured cell lines of various histologic types and on frozen sections of 16 normal tissues. MU78 was found in fibrillar structures in soft connective tissue with a distribution resembling that of elastin fibers; however, elastin fibers in elastic cartilage and in the aorta were nonreactive. MU78 was detected in cultured carcinoma cells of various histologic types, where it had a nonfibrillar, cytoplasmic distribution, but was not detected in normal epithelial cells in frozen sections. Cultured fibroblasts, astrocytomas, melanomas, and lymphomas did not contain MU78. In cell lines, MU78 appears to be a protein of 2000-5000 daltons. The other two antigens, MT334 and MQ49, are both mucin-like molecules, and the determinants are probably carbohydrate in nature. Of the normal tissues examined, MT334 was detected only in goblet cells of the colon, though it was present in a variety of carcinomas in culture. It was detected as both a cytoplasmic and secreted component. MQ49 was detected in various secretory epithelial cells, in Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus, and in cultured carcinomas of various histologic types. It was found on the cell surface as well as in the cytoplasm and is present on a glycolipid as well as on a sulfated mucin. These results, and results of other recent studies, demonstrate the importance of mucin-like molecules as antigens in epithelial cells and secretions.