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1.
  • 1.1. Estimates of extracellular phase volume and cellular electrolyte concentrations based on [14C] PEG-4000, chloride, chloride/potassium and sodium spaces were compared at three epaxial muscle sites and in cardiac muscle, liver, gut, spleen and brain samples of rainbow trout.
  • 2.2. [14C] PEG-4000 appeared to provide realistic estimates of tissue water distribution and cellular ion levels in brain and is suitable for use with epaxial and cardiac muscle, gut and spleen but not liver.
  • 3.3. [14C] PEG-4000, chloride and chloride/potassium spaces were comparable in epaxial muscle, cardiac muscle and gut. Thus, no advantage is associated with use of the former rather than ion-defined estimates of extracellular phase volume in these tissues.
  • 4.4. [14C]PEG-4000 and sodium spaces appear to be preferable to chloride and chloride/potassium spaces as indicators of tissue water distribution in spleen.
  • 5.5. Sodium provides unrealistic estimates of extracellular phase volume in tissues other than spleen and liver.
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2.
  • 1.1. Aspartic acid. glutamic acid and serine concentrations in the white muscle of starved rainbow trout kept in diluted sea water (600 mOsm/l) for 8 days were significantly higher than in control animals kept in fresh water.
  • 2.2. After 24 days the levels of all amino acids investigated (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine. alanine, threonine and lysine) in the white muscle of starved rainbow trout kept in diluted sea water were higher than in the white muscle of animals kept in fresh water without food.
  • 3.3. Alanine aminotransferase activity in starved rainbow trout kept in diluted sea water for 24 days was higher than in the control animals kept in fresh water.
  • 4.4. There is a significant correlation between alanine concentration and alanine aminotransferase activity in the white muscle of rainbow trout.
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3.
  • 1.1. Freshwater nonanadromous rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were injected three times a week with either saline, 10μg cortisol/g, 1.0μg thyroxine/g or 10μg cortisol/g + 1.0μg thyroxine/g during a period of 28 days (12 injections). A separate group was derived as a subgroup from the thyroxine group on day 14 and received Cortisol + thyroxine from day 14 until day 28 (six injections).
  • 2.2. Gill chloride cell number and Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased by cortisol treatment, the changes being significant on days 7 and 14, respectively.
  • 3.3. Thyroxine treatment did not affect gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity or chloride cell number directly. Neither did it modify the stimulatory effect of cortisol on these parameters.
  • 4.4. Muscle water decreased in cortisol-treated fish and increased in thyroxine-treated fish, while no changes were observed in the combined hormone groups.
  • 5.5. No changes were observed in plasma chloride in any group during the experiment.
  • 6.6. The results demonstrate a putative role of cortisol in stimulating hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms and suggest that thyroxine is without a direct or a supportive effect for cortisol action.
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4.
  • 1.1. Salmon calcitonin binding by isolated gill cells from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri has been investigated.
  • 2.2. The calcitonin receptor interaction is time- and temperature-dependent.
  • 3.3. 50% of inhibition of the 125I labeled calcitonin binding is observed in presence of 1.5 ng/ml unlabeled salmon calcitonin.
  • 4.4. Two types of receptors are described: a high affinity-low capacity site and a low affinity-large capacity site.
  • 5.5. These studies strongly support the role of calcitonin as a hormone regulating the gill function in physiological conditions.
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5.
  • 1.1.|Avidin-like biotin-binding capacity was found in the liver and ovary of the common frog and in the kidney or lung of various avian species.
  • 2.2. The induction of biotin-binding capacity by tissue injury was marked in various avian species, while in the lizard and in the skin of the common frog it was slight.
  • 3.3. Avidin-like biotin-binding capacity or its induction was not found in the tissues of rainbow trout and three mammalian species studied.
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6.
  • 1.1. G3PDH was isolated from the lateral muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated at 5°C (cold) and 15°C (warm).
  • 2.2. No differences were found in muscle concentration, molecular weights, isoelectric focusing patterns, amino acid compositions or peptide maps between cold and warm isolates.
  • 3.3. Cold and warm G3PDH contained mannose in variable concentration but no other prosthetic groups.
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7.
  • 1.1. Plasma membranes were isolated from caudal flank skeletal musculature of rainbow trout by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation.
  • 2.2. Na+−K+-ATPase was enriched 8-fold and 5′-nucleotidase activities 4-fold in a fraction isolated at the 8–25% sucrose interface.
  • 3.3. A cholesterol: phospholipid ratio of 0.37 in the plasma membrane fraction was 85% greater than that observed in adjacent subcellular fractions.
  • 4.4. Electron microscopy provided morphological confirmation of enrichment and integrity of skeletal muscle plasma membranes at the 8–25% sucrose interface.
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8.
  • 1.1. Several pathways of carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated in three different tissues—liver, gonad and kidney—of a hatchery-reared population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which characterised two different stages of their gonadal maturation, i.e. previtellogenesis and established exogenous vitellogenesis.
  • 2.2. A fall in liver glycogen levels was observed during exogenous vitellogenesis. A decrease in activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate shunt was also observed, suggesting that at the end of exogenous vitellogenesis the necessity of energy and reducing power has decreased compared to the situation at the onset of this period.
  • 3.3. The main changes observed in gonad during vitellogenesis were the decreased activity of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt as well as increased glycogen levels. The stored glycogen should be used later in association with the embryo development.
  • 4.4. No major changes were observed in kidney metabolism throughout the vitellogenic process.
  • 5.5. Exogenous vitellogenesis in rainbow trout is mainly associated with increased glycogen levels in the gonad and decreased metabolic activity in the liver.
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9.
  • 1.1. An elastase-like enzyme was purified from the pyloric caeca of rainbow trout by hydrophobic interaction, cation exchange and gel-filtration chromatography.
  • 2.2. The approximate molecular weight of the elastase was 27 kDa and the isoelectric point was remarkably basic.
  • 3.3. The pH optimum of this enzyme was 8.0, when assayed with Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-Nitroanilide.
  • 4.4. When assayed with Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-Nitroanilide, the enzyme activity had a temperature optimum of 45°C, and the enzyme was stable up to this temperature.
  • 5.5. The trout elastase exhibited a higher specific activity than porcine elastase against Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-Nitroanilide and elastin-orcein.
  • 6.6. The trout elastase was inhibited by elastatinal, PMSF, TPCK, SBTI and Bowman-Birk inhibitor.
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10.
  • 1.1. Using one force-fed meal, eight mature female rainbow trout received [14C]astaxanthin ([14C]Ax) with [3H]canthaxanthin ([3H]Cx; N = 3) or with [3H]zeaxanthin ([3H]Zx; N = 5).
  • 2.2. Approximately 200 μl of blood were collected via caudal puncture every 24 hr for 4 days. After 96 hr, the fish were killed and pyloric caeca (P.C.) from the duodenal intestine (D.I.) section, ileal intestine (I.I.), and posterior intestine (P.I.) were dissected out.
  • 3.3. In the blood, Ax levels were higher than Cx followed by Zx levels.
  • 4.4. This corresponds to their respective absorption by the trout as was confirmed by their relative concentrations in P.C., I.I. and P.I.
  • 5.5. However, blood clearance was similar for all three compounds. [14C]Phoenicoxanthin ([14C]Px) was detected as a reduced metabolite of [14C]Ax in all gut sections.
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11.
  • 1.1. The metabolism of purine bases and nucleosides in cotyledons and embryonic axes of black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) was studied.
  • 2.2. A large portion of absorbed [8-14C]adenine, [8-14C]guanine and [8-14C]adenosine was salvaged in nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.
  • 3.3. Most of the radioactivity of [8-14C]hypoxanthine and [8-14C]inosine was incorporated into allantoin and allantoic acid.
  • 4.4. Activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in enzyme extracts was much higher than that of hypoxanthme and guanine phosphoribosyltransferase(s).
  • 5.5. Apparent activity of adenosine kinase was higher than that of inosine kinase. 6. NAD+-dependent xan thine dehydrogenase was detected in both cotyledons and embryonic axes of the seedlings.
  • 6.7. The capacity of purine salvage was higher m 24 hr old cotyledons than 24 and 48 hr old embryonic axes. The reverse was observed concerning that of purine degradation.
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12.
  • 1.1. Main serum α1-protein (α1P) of rainbow trout was purified and its biochemical and physico-pathological properties were studied.
  • 2.2. α1P was suggested to be a primitive protein having both properties of albumin and AFP in serum proteins of mammals according to the following results.
  • 3.3. Molecular weight (75,000), two kinds of molecules (pI 4.55 and 5.05) and amino acid composition.
  • 4.4. Dye- or ConA binding activity.
  • 5.5. Estrogen binding activity and inhibitory effect on lymphoblastoid-forming activity.
  • 6.6. Possible osmotic regulator.
  • 7.7. Significant elevation of blood α1P level in the course of hepatoma induction.
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13.
  • 1.1. myo-Inositol concentrations in oviduct, ovary and uterus were many-fold those of blood serum during all four stages of the estrous cycle of the female rat.
  • 2.2. Inositol concentration was higher in oviduct than in ovary or uterus and was lower in uterine fluid than in uterus.
  • 3.3. Estrus uteri had higher inositol concentrations than uteri in other phases of the cycle.
  • 4.4. In order to measure dynamic aspects of the distribution of inositol. the distribution of radioactivity among organs of the reproductive tract of mature female rats was measured 45 min after i.p, injection of [2-3H]myo-inositol.
  • 5.5. These organs concentrated inositol from the blood, and the tissue radioactivity (expressed as dpm/mg wet wt of tissue) increased in the sequence: vagina < cervix < uterus < ovary < oviduct.
  • 6.6. The uterus and ovary concentrated myo-inositol more strongly during proestrus than during metestrus. diestrus or estrus.
  • 7.7. The contents of proestrus follicles were more highly radioactive than was the ovary itself, whereas proestrus uterine fluid was less radioactive than the uterine tissue.
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14.
  • 1.1. Methionine and total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated by feeding graded isosulfurous levels of l- and dl-methionine, l-cystine, and the free acid and calcium forms of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA).
  • 2.2. Added cystine did not promote growth, survival or prevent cataracts.
  • 3.3. l-methionine produced fastest growth, followed by dl-methionine, CaMHA and free acid MHA.
  • 4.4. Trout fed CaMHA gained 85.7 and 92.3% as much as those fed l-methionine and dl-methionine.
  • 5.5. Within each experiment, the level of L-methionine isomer that prevented cataracts was constant (1.86 g/100g protein in experiment (1), 1.45 in experiment (2) and was lower than for maximum growth (2.89 and 2.15 g) regardless of methionine source.
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15.
  • 1.1. Rainbow trout were fed either graded levels of lysine (0.8, 1.8 and 3%) at a constant level of arginine (1.4%) or excess arginine (2.4%) at a fixed level of lysine (1.8%).
  • 2.2. Increasing the dietary lysine level affected plasma urea, plasma arginine and ammonia excretion.
  • 3.3. Trout fed graded levels of lysine received an arginine challenge (U14C-l-arginine) and it was found that excess dietary lysine led to a decrease in arginine degradation.
  • 4.4. Injection of l-lysine induced a decrease in urea excretion, while injection of l-arginine increased both urea and ammonia excretion in control well-fed trout.
  • 5.5. These results are discussed in the light of current knowledge on the antagonism between lysine and arginine.
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16.
  • 1.1. Carotenoid and retinoid forms were analysed by HPLC in various tissues of mature rainbow trout fed for 11 months (7–9°C) with astaxanthin (50 and 100 mg/kg diet) or canthaxanthin (100 mg/kg diet).
  • 2.2. Decreasing concentrations of canthaxanthin, echinenone and β-carotene, but no retinol1, were found in the liver and skin of canthaxanthin-fed fish.
  • 3.3. Higher retinol2 concentrations were found in ovaries and testes of astaxanthin-fed fish compared to canthaxanthin and control groups.
  • 4.4. A new metabolic pathway for direct conversion of astaxanthin into retinol2 in gonads is proposed.
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17.
  • 1.1. Laboratory mice were bred in groups of 20, 60 and 100 mice per cage. Male to female ratio was 1:1.
  • 2.2. The experiment was carried out in autumn-winter and winter-spring.
  • 3.3. Levels of ascorbic acid were determinated in homogenates of adrenal glands after 10 weeks of breeding.
  • 4.4. Three- and five-fold increase of number of mice in the same area caused the decrease of ascorbic acid level in adrenal glands of active males, non-pregnant and nursing females. In pregnant females this correlation was not observed.
  • 5.5. Decrease of ascorbic acid level due to increase of adrenal glands' weight was also observed.
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18.
  • 1.1. Thrombocytes from mature rainbow trout (Sahmo gairdneri) aggregated in vitro after addition of ADP, ATP, collagen, epinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or thrombin to thrombocyte-rich plasma.
  • 2.2. Thrombocyte aggregation was dose dependent and could be inhibited by preincubating the thrombocyte-rich plasma with adenosine, acetylsalicylic acid or prostaglandin E1.
  • 3.3. Thrombocytes released ADP and ATP when aggregated by 10 μM epinephrine. This release was blocked by 1 mM adenosine.
  • 4.4. Electron microscopic observations of thrombocytes revealed them to contain numerous microtubules and electron-dense vesicles. In addition a possible shape change associated with thrombocyte aggregation was noted.
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19.
  • 1.1. The overall effect of handling, anaesthesia and sham injection on some blood metabolites, liver glycogen and several key enzymes involved in liver carbohydrates and nitrogen metabolism was studied in rainbow trout. In addition, the possible role of anaesthesia (MS222) itself as a stress-inductor or suppressor was also studied.
  • 2.2. Stress resulted in hyperglycaemia and initially in liver glycogen depletion, as well as increasing plasma amino acid levels.
  • 3.3. Glycogen stores subsequently recovered while amino acid concentration fell.
  • 4.4. These changes seemed to correlate with the increased activity of liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase, thus supporting the hypothesis that gluconeogenic flux from amino acids increases in stressed trouts.
  • 5.5. Anaesthesia, under the same experimental conditions, did not seem to mediate in stress production, but rather resulted in stress suppression.
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20.
  • 1.1. Simultaneous measurement of calcium fluxes in brown trout, at low external [Ca] (20 μ mol 1−1), provided evidence of active uptake of Ca from the medium.
  • 2.2. At pH 4.5, calcium influx was inhibited and efflux was stimulated.
  • 3.3. Cd and Mn, but not Al, at concentrations within the ranges found in acid waters experiencing fish population decline, inhibited calcium influx. Efflux was unaffected.
  • 4.4. Cd and Mn stimulated sodium influx and efflux.
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