Blood lipids of the small octopus,Octopus tehuelchus (mollusca,cephalopoda) at different stages of sexual maturation

• 1.1. The lipid and fatty acid composition from the plasma and hemocytes in Octopus tehuelchus at different stages of sexual development, was determined.
• 2.2. The highest content of lipids was found in females engaged in egg development, and the lowest in post-spawning and brooding females. Highest levels occurred during the autumn season in both sexes.
• 3.3. Changes were mainly due to triacylglycerols and diacylglyceryl ethers.
• 4.4. The plasma fatty acid composition did not demonstrate significant changes at different stages of maturation. The arachidonic acid (20:4 ω 6) was present at surprisingly high levels.

     

Influence of dietary sources of fat on lipid synthesis in mink (Mustela vison) mammary tissue

• 1.1. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction of mink milk sampled during mid-lactation (day 28 post partum) from two nursing mink was compared to that of plasma samples and to the fatty acid composition of the feed rations used.
• 2.2. Chemical analysis of the triglyceride composition of mink milk demonstrated only minute concentrations of fatty acids with a chain length below C₁₄.
• 3.3. The saturated C_16:0- and C_18:0-unit fatty acids in mink milk made up for 24–40% of the total amount of fatty acids extracted, the remainder being represented by mono and polyunsaturated long-chain (C₁₆-C₂₄) fatty acids.
• 4.4. Preliminary in vitro experiments proved the incorporation of¹⁴C-labelled glucose, acetate or palmitate into triacylglycerols in cultures of mink mammary tissue to be linear for at least 2 hr.
• 5.5. The in vitro capacity for de novo fatty acid synthesis in mink mammary tissue using 14C-labelled glucose or acetate was low, i.e. ranging from 0.096–0.109 nmol/g (fresh tissue)/min, and amounted to only about 5% of that obtained in the case of [¹⁴C]palmitic acid incubation.
• 6.6. Following ¹⁴C-labeIled acetic or palmitic acid incubation of mink mammary tissue neither desaturation nor chain elongation was observed.
• 7.7. In response to long-term feeding on rations with two different sources of animal fat (F = fish oil or L = lard) the influence of compositional changes in dietary neutral lipids on the fatty acid composition of the lipids of mink milk is discussed.

     

The reproduction strategy of oyster ostrea edulis L. from the biochemical point of view

• 1.1. Influence of the biochemical composition of food (four species of micro-algae and one mixture) on the biochemical composition of gonads and larvae of O. edulis (total protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash content, neutral and polar lipid class composition, amino acid composition and fatty acid composition of total, neutral and polar lipids) and the size of newly released larvae have been investigated.
• 2.2. Precentage of total lipids and triacylglycerols in gonads depends on that in algae (r = 0.52 and 0.69 accordingly).
• 3.3. Gonads rich in lipids had a higher level of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, polar lipids and a lower value of the ratio phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) than gonads with a low lipid content.
• 4.4. Amino acid composition of gonads depends on that of food, in this case, essential acids are preferentially accumulated (Asp acid, Ser, Ala, Cys, Tyr and Pro) and two non-essential (Thr and Lys).
• 5.5. Fatty acid composition of total lipids of gonads was rather stable; except for the two essential acids 20:523 and 22:6w3, their percentage depends on that of food r = 0.65 and 0.65 accordingly). Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was more diverse (in number and degree of variety) as compared to polar lipids.
• 6.6. Larvae released from oysters with gonads rich in lipids had a higher percentage of lipids, triacylglycerols, size and a lower ash percentage and value of ratio PE/PC, as compared to larvae from gonads with low lipid content. Total lipid and triacylglycerol contents in gonads correlate rather well with those in larvae (r = 0.77 and 0.47 accordingly).
• 7.7. Phospholipid class composition of larvae strongly depends on that of gonads. All the correlations are high and positive in character (except for phosphatidylinositol).
• 8.8. Amino acid composition of larvae depends on that of gonads and, as in the case with gonads, the same essential acids are accumulated in the first place.
• 9.9. Fatty acid composition of total lipids of newly released larvae was rather stable and independent on that of gonads except for total polyunsaturated acids (r = 0.70) and 20:5w3 (r = 0.65). Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was lesser diverse (in number and degree of variation) as compared to polar lipids.

     

Plasma membrane: Can its structure and function be modulated by dietary fat?

• 1.1. Compositional analysis of plasma membranes from rats fed nutritionally adequate diets different in fatty acid composition establishes that fundamentally different dietary fat intake results in alteration in structural lipid composition of plasma membranes in brain, liver and the intestinal mucosa.
• 2.2. Dietary differences in fatty acid intake altered the fatty acyl tail composition of plasma membrane phospholipids in brain, liver and intestinal mucosa.
• 3.3. Diet altered the phospholipid profile observed in brain synaptosomal and liver plasma membrane.
• 4.4. Feeding high vs low polyunsaturated to saturated fat diets for 7 days altered the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and mono-glucosylceramide isolated from plasma membrane of the intestinal mucosa

     

Cortical and medullary lipids of normal and nephrosclerotic human kidney

• 1.1. Major lipid classes from cortical and medullary zones of normal and nephrosclerotic human kidneys have been isolated and the fatty acid composition of each determined.
• 2.2. The nephrosclerotic tissue contained two times more total lipid than the normal kidney but, irrespective of kidney pathology, phospholipids were the major cortical lipids and neutral lipids were the predominant lipids in medullary zones.
• 3.3. Human kidney contained large amounts of phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines and sphingomyelins and although these were slightly increased in the sclerotic kidney, anatomical differences in phospholipid content were not significant.
• 4.4. Quantitative differences between the zones of normal kidney were found with triglycerides, diglycerides. free fatty acids and cholesterol; overall, the sclerotic tissue contained more triglycerides and small amounts of cholesterol esters with less significant regional differences.
• 5.5. Palmitic, oleic and stearic acid were the major fatty acids of neutral lipids; these plus linoleic acid were prevalent in phospholipids.

     

The effect of triiodothyronine on glucose utilization in adipocytes from obese rats

• 1.1. In the presence of insulin, 10⁻⁵ M 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T₃) treatment for 1/2 hr decreased fatty acid synthesis 35% only in adipocytes from lean rats, whereas at 10⁻¹¹ M through 10⁻⁷M T₃ the obese adipocytes had nearly a 20% increase in fatty acid synthesis.
• 2.2. A 2 hr pretreatment of adipocytes with 10⁻⁹ and 10⁻⁷ M T₃ decreased insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis by nearly 20% in both lean and obese adipocytes.
• 3.3. In the absence of insulin, the 2 hr pretreatment with 10⁻⁹ M T₃ resulted in a 45% increase in lean adipocyte fatty acid synthesis, though the obese adipocytes required at least 10⁻⁷ M T₃ for 2 hr to increase the non-insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis by 50%.
• 4.4. At 10⁻⁹M T₃ concentrations non-insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis was increased by 200% in lean adipose tissue explants, but obese adipose expiants were not significantly affected under these conditions.
• 5.5. The addition of 10⁻⁹ M T₃ plus insulin to the explant media decreased fatty acid synthesis by 35% in both the lean and obese tissues.
• 6.6. The results also imply that the low T₃ status of the obese rat may be contributory to the elevated fatty acid synthesis observed in obese adipocytes.

     

Changes in blood metabolite concentrations in response to repeated capture,anaesthesia and blood sampling in the golden perch,Macquaria ambigua

• 1.1. The major metabolic changes associated with repeated capture, aquarium transfer, anaesthesia and blood sampling were investigated in an Australian freshwater fish, the golden perch (Macquaria ambigua),
• 2.2. A compounded stress response was seen after repetition of the procedure, in which the plasma glucose rose within 3 hr and amino acid concentrations rose and the serum free fatty acids concentration fell after 24 hr.
• 3.3. Alanine was identified as an important circulating energy store in the stress response of golden perch.
• 4.4. No change was noted in the serum protein, plasma lactate or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, indicating that tissue damage and hypoxia were absent, and that degradation of free fatty acids did not produce metabolites excess to the requirements of gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

     

A thioredoxin from the extreme thermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

• 1.1. A purification procedure for a thioredoxin from the extremophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is described.
• 2.2. The thioredoxin is active in the dithiothreitol-dependent reduction of insulin disulfide bonds.
• 3.3. The thioredoxin is a monomer of 24,800 Da; it is an acidic protein with a pi of 4.5.
• 4.4. The protein is stable to heating for 3 hr at 90°C.
• 5.5. The amino acid composition of S. solfataricus thioredoxin is reported.

     

Changes of the fatty acid composition in smolts of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), associated with desmoltification and sea-water transfer

• 1.1. Tissue lipid compositions of desmoltified yearlings of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) obtained by keeping smoltified fish in fresh water, were examined and compared to those of smoltified fish before and after transfer to sea-water (SW).
• 2.2. Lipid contents of muscle, liver, gut and gills of desmolts tended to increase compared to those of initial smolts.
• 3.3. The increased proportion of triacylglycerol (TG) and decreased proportion of phospholipids (PL) characterized the tissue lipids of desmolts.
• 4.4. Liver and muscle lipids showed no distinct differences both in content and proportion between initial and SW smolts, but gut and gill lipids of SW smolts decreased in content accompanied by a decrease of TG and an increase of PL in proportion.
• 5.5. Excepting muscle non-polar lipids, tissue lipids of desmolts contained more mono-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids and less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially (n-3) PUFA such as 22:6(n-3), than those of initial and SW smolts.
• 6.6. No large differences in fatty acid composition were seen between initial and SW smolts except for the gut.
• 7.7. The proportion of (n-3) PUFA in the gut of SW smolts was higher than that of initial smolts.
• 8.8. The results indicated that masu salmon smolts can modify their lipid metabolism to adapt to ambient salinity changes. The proportion of (n-3) PUFA particularly in polar lipids, or in osmoregulatory organs such as gut and gills, was seen to be critical in lipid types of freshwater- or sea-water-adapted fish.

     

The effect of feed restriction on certain haematological indices,enzymes and metabolites in Nubian goats

• 1.1. Some effects of restricting feed intake for 96 or 168 hr were determined in male Nubian goats.
• 2.2. Goats restricted for 96 hr lost 11.6% of their body weight, and goats restricted for 168 hr lost 19.8%.
• 3.3. Feed restriction for up to 168 hr did not produce significant effects on the heart rate, respiratory rate or rectal temperature.
• 4.4. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and erythrocyte number were all decreased by feed restriction. There was also a tendency towards eosinopenia and lymphopenia.
• 5.5. Feed restriction for 96 or 168 hr raised the plasma activity of aspartate transaminase, and did not affect significantly cholinesterase activity. Plasma amine oxidase activity was significantly reduced in goats restricted for 168 hr.
• 6.6. Feed restriction produced significant increases in the blood or plasma concentrations of lactate. pyruvate, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, ketone bodies and bilirubin.
• 7.7. Significant decreases were found in the concentrations of total protein and calcium.
• 8.8. No significant changes were observed in the plasma concentrations of glucose, sodium or potassium.

     

Comparative study on the fatty acid and lipid composition of four marine fish larvae

• 1.1. Fatty acid and lipid class composition were determined in larvae of four marine species: Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) at hatching and prior to first feeding.
• 2.2. Total fatty acid content decreased in the four species with up to 50% reduction in one of the halibut groups. Docosahexanaoic acid (22:6 n-3) was especially utilized.
• 3.3. Low lipid utilization was found in turbot in relation to the other three species.
• 4.4. Water environmental temperature may explain some of the differences in the fatty acid utilization and the source of metabolic energy between cold water species (halibut, cod, and plaice) and temperate species (turbot), in the period from hatching to prior to first feeding.
• 5.5. Relative amounts of neutral lipids and phospholipids were similar in plaice, cod and halibut, approximately 25% and 75% of total lipids, respectively, and were approximately constant during the yolk-sac stage. Neutral lipids were dominant for turbot at hatching, accounting for 53–55% of the total lipids, while phospholipids predominated prior to first feeding, being 56–59%.
• 6.6. Phosphatidylcholine was catabolized in halibut, plaice and cod but not in turbot, while phosphatidylethanolamine tended to be synthesized in all four species.

     

Lipid composition of three geographical sources of brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia sp.)

• 1.1. Percentage of triacylglycerols (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids (PL) in the total lipids, the fatty acid composition of each of these lipid classes, and the percentage of cholesterol were determined by gas chromatography in three geographical sources (San Francisco Bay, SFB; Chinese, CH; Colombian, COL) of brine shrim (Artemia sp.) nauplii.
• 2.2. There were no significant differences among sources of brine shrimp in total lipids, TG or FFA with means for all sources of 17.8, 65.8 and 10.9%, respectively. Percentage of phospholipid was significantly higher in SFB and CH sources of brine shrimp, 25.1 and 26.5%, respectively, than in COL 18.3%.
• 3.3. Marked differences in percentages of 18:3 (n-3) (linolenic acid) and 20:5 (n-3) (eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA) were found among brine shrimp sources, and concentration of these two fatty acids were usually inversely related within sources. The CH source contained higher concentrations of EPA ( > 9.0%) than the COL and SFB sources (< 5.0%) in all three lipid classes analyzed. No 22:6 (n-3) (docosahexaenoic acid or DHA) was found in any brine shrimp source.
• 4.4. Fatty acid compositions of the TG and PL were similar and did not differ among sources of brine shrimp, while the FFA had a lower percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but was similar among sources of brine shrimp.
• 5.5. Differences in n-3 fatty acid composition indicated a difference in nutritional quality among sources of brine shrimp for feeding larval fish.

     

Comparative study of the endemic freshwater fauna of lake baikal—I. Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of two mollusc species,Baicalia oviformus and Benedictia baicalensis

• 1.1. Lipid and phospholipid compositions of endemic freshwater molluscs belonging to the class Gastropoda, Baicalia oviformus and Benedictia baicalensis, were studied.
• 2.2. The fatty acids composition of total lipids, neutral, glyco- and phospholipid fraction was investigated by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
• 3.3. Ninety-five fatty acids were identified: 23 saturated (both iso- and anteiso-), 28 monoenoic, 14 dienoic and 30 polyenoic.
• 4.4. High percentage of the two main acids, 18:4 and 18:4(n-3) in phospholipid and glycolipid fractions were identified.
• 5.5. A number of unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 19:4, 18:5(n-3), 24:4(n-6), 24:5(n-6), 24:6(n-3), and furanoid acids, were found.

     

The composition of the skin surface lipids of European cattle and buffalo steers

• 1.1. This study compared the composition of the skin surface lipids (SSL) of cattle (Bos taurus) and of buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) steers at the same level of feed intake in a thermoneutral environment.
• 2.2. There was about eight times less lipid per unit area of skin surface on the buffalo than on cattle.
• 3.3. The distribution of the different lipid classes in the SSL of the two breeds was different. Compared to cattle, the buffalo SSL was characterized by smaller proportions of wax ester bands 2 and 3 and triglycerides.
• 4.4. There were significant species differences in the fatty acid patterns of the individual lipid classes.
• 5.5. The results are discussed in relation to the functional attributes of sebum.

     

The effect of prolonged fasting on total lipid synthesis and enzyme activities in the liver of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

• 1.1. The extent of fatty acid synthesis from [1-¹⁴C]acetate in liver slices was reduced 6-fold when eels were fasted for 1–7 weeks and 20-fold when fasted for 39 weeks; thereafter hepatic lipogenesis seemed to remain constant for up to 95 weeks of fasting.
• 2.2. After a 1–3 week fast some hepatic enzyme activities were reduced (acetyl-CoA carboxylase decreased 2-fold and fatty acid synthetase declined 5-fold), while others remained unchanged (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, α-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase as well as malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase).
• 3.3. The optimum temperature for measuring both total lipid synthesis and lipogenic enzyme activity in eel liver was found to be 30°C.

     

Blood changes in japanese eels,Anguilla japonica,experimentally infected with typical or atypicalAeromonas salmonicida

• 1.1. Changes in the blood and in the rate of oxygen consumption of Japanese eels injected intramuscularly in the head with a lethal dose of typical or atypical Aeromonas salmonicida at 20°C were investigated.
• 2.2. Eels infected with the bacteria became moribund within 4 to 6 days, and then died within 1 day.
• 3.3. The O₂ consumption rate and blood parameters changed markedly with infections. The responses of hosts to infection by the two kinds of bacteria differed with regard to the following four points: blood pH, plasma Cl⁻, lactic acid, and the numbers of granulocytes and lymphocytes.
• 4.4. The responses of eels infected with atypical A. salmonicida were larger and more rapid than those of eels infected with typical A. salmonicida.

     

Fatty acid profile of the digestive gland and mantle in the bivalve Macoma balthica

• 1.1. Digestive gland and mantle fatty acids were studied in spring and summer in the bivalve Macoma balthica off the southern coast of Finland. The presence of lipids was also examined histochemically in various clam tissues.
• 2.2. the neutral lipid content of the digestive gland increased ca 4.5-fold during the annual growth period.
• 3.3. Neutral lipid fatty acids of the digestive gland, of which palmitoleic, eicosapentaenoic and palmitic acids were predominant, were clearly distinguished from phospho- and glycolipid fatty acids.
• 4.4. The degree of unsaturation of phospholipid fatty acids was higher in the cold season both in the digestive gland and mantle, mainly due to the titer of eicosapentaenoic acid.

     

Thermal adaptation of heart rate and its parasympathetic control in the European eel Anguilla Anguilla (L.)

• 1.1. Heart rate-temperature relationships were determined on unanaesthetized, unrestrained eels acclimated to 15°C and 25°C.
• 2.2. Heart rate in eels with intact vagal tonus exhibited a nearly complete temperature compensation. The degree of compensation was considerably reduced by blocking the vagus function with benzetimide.
• 3.3. The difference in the sensitivity of heart rate to temperature change induced by temperature acclimation was significantly decreased after benzetimide-treatment.
• 4.4. The inhibitory vagal tonus was significantly higher in warm-acclimated than in cold-acclimated eels.
• 5.5. It is concluded that adaptation of heart rate to temperature is mediated by the parasympathetic system to a great extent.

     

Fatty acid composition of five zoantharia from the senegalese coast: Palythoa Dartevellei pax,P. monodi Pax,P. Variabilis duerden,P. Senegalensis pax and their associated zooxanthellae and P. senegambiensis carter and its commensal,the decapoda diogenes ovatus miers

• 1.1. The quantitative and qualitative fatty acid composition of five Palythoa from the Senegalese coast and their associated organisms: Zooxanthellae symbiont or decapoda commensal have been determined by capillary G.C.
• 2.2. The fatty acid compositiion of each associated organism, host and symbiont or commensal, presents enough characteristic differences to think that each of them synthesizes de novo its own fatty acids.
• 3.3. These results suggest to us that the fatty acid composition of Palythoa and of Zooxanthellae might be a better and more useful tool for the taxonomic classification of these two families than sterol composition.

     

Spingophosphonolipids in microsomes of Diplodon delodontus. Distribution and effect on the membrane microviscosity

• 1.1. The distribution of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) in microsomal membranes obtained from different tissues of the bivalve mollusc Diplodon delodontus was determined.
• 2.2. The concentration of CAEP reached from 9 to 19% of the total microsomal polar lipids, depending on the kind of tissue.
• 3.3. Palmitic acid was the main fatty acid in the ceramide moiety, followed by stearic and eicosamonoenoic acids.
• 4.4. Artificial membranes were prepared with microsomal phospholipids or phospholipids plus sterols, with and without the addition of CAEP.
• 5.5. It was shown that the phosphonate confers minor mobility to the membranes. This effect is more effective when the membrane contains the natural sterols and the phospholipids are unsaturated.