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1.
Laboratory trials were conducted to determine whether the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), puparium can provide an effective physical barrier to protect immature stages of the pupal parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from spinosad treatments. Spinosad insecticides are currently an important suppression strategy for D. suzukii in organically managed fruit orchards although they are well known to cause mortality in hymenopteran parasitoids. High adult P. vindemiae female mortality (83%) occurred within 24 h of exposure to D. suzukii pupae treated with 10 mg a.i. l?1 spinosad and female parasitoids did not avoid the pupae treated with similar low levels of spinosad in choice tests that included untreated pupae. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae develops as an idiobiont ectoparasitoid on host fly pupa within the sclerotized host puparium. Significant P. vindemiae survival and emergence was recorded when parasitized D. suzukii puparia were exposed to field treatment levels of spinosad; however, the parasitoid survival was dependent on the time of the spinosad treatment of the host post‐parasitization. Significant parasitoid survival occurred when the host puparia were treated at 2 weeks when the parasitoid was in the pupal stage but did not occur when the host puparia were treated at 1 week post‐parasitization, when the parasitoids were still in a larval stage. The parasitoid adults consumed or otherwise came in contact with residual degrading spinosad when they exited the treated host, and consequently high and low adult parasitoid mortality occurred when the adults emerged from puparia treated at 2 and 1 week(s), respectively. Our study indicates that generally the integration of P. vindemiae parasitism into a sustainable D. suzukii management program is not compatible with spinosad treatments, although P. vindemiae in the pupal stage inside sclerotized host puparia appear to be minimally impacted by spinosad treatments, provided that the spinosad degrades before parasitoid emergence. 相似文献
2.
Marysol Aceituno-Medina José Pedro Rivera-Ciprian Emilio Hernández 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2020,168(6-7):502-512
Most artificial diets used for mass-rearing of fruit fly larvae involve the purchase and independent weighing of each ingredient of the formulation, followed by mixing and diet preparation process. A ready-to-use formulation would avoid this time-consuming task and simplify the preparation procedure, leading to a more standardized diet. In this work, we compared life-history traits and survival and developmental parameters of Anastrepha ludens Loew and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared on two formulations of an artificial diet. Two experiments were performed; first, a conventional non-pelleted diet was compared to a newly developed pelleted diet, which was mixed with water before being given to the larvae. The second experiment consisted of a comparison between the pelleted diet which was stirred in a mixer with water and dissolved preservatives and a pelleted diet which was only soaked in water with dissolved preservatives. We found that the pelleted diet allowed the mass-rearing of A. ludens and A. obliqua. Moreover, feeding larvae with pelleted diet led to increased weight of the larva by 7.4 and 11.8%, and of the pupa by 9.5 and 16.7% for A. ludens and A. obliqua, respectively, compared to conventional diet. For process evaluation, the number of activities, handling time, reception, storage, and larval diet preparation were recorded. The pelleted diet only needed soaking in water containing preservatives, thereby simplifying the mass-rearing process and saving time, space, and labour. Pelletizing is a versatile technology that can be adjusted for better physicochemical quality and reduced microbiological risk. This diet should be of particular interest for the mass-rearing process in ‘sterile insect technique’ applications. 相似文献
3.
N. D. Bruzzone A. P. Economopoulos Hua-Song Wang 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1990,56(1):103-106
The standard finisher larval diet used at Seibersdorf for rearing the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was reused following autoclave heat-treatment to kill larvae or pupae remaining from its first use. Only when the spent diet was mixed with water (about 40% of final diet, w/w) to reconstitute fresh-diet texture, and combined with fresh starter, a similar, but still inferior in respect to larval duration and pupal recovery and size, to the fresh finisher diet production of flies was achieved. Enrichment of the autoclaved spent finisher with small quantities of nutrients gave inconclusive results. Although spent-diet pupae were significantly smaller than fresh-diet control pupae, their adults survived significantly longer than control adults.
Zur massenaufzucht vonCeratitis capitata: die wiesderverwendung der endkomponente der larvendiät
Zusammenfassung Die in Seibersdorf zur Aufzucht der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), verwendete Standardendkomponente der Larvendiät konnte nach Abtötung der von der Erstverwendung verbliebenen Larven oder Puppen mittels Autoklavensterilisation wiederverwendet werden. Eine zur frischen Kontrolldiät vergleichbare, jedoch bezüglich der Länge des Larvenstadiums, der Entwicklung der Puppen nach dem Schlüpfen sowie der Größe der Puppen noch immer schlechtere Fliegenproduktion wurde erreicht, wenn die wiederverwendete, autoklavierte Diät mit Wasser (ca. 40% der Enddiät, w/w) zwecks Rekonstitution zur frischen Diättexture gemischt und mit frischem Starter kombiniert wurde. Eine Anreicherung der wiederverwendeten Diätendkomponente mit geringen Mengen von Nährstoffen ergab keine schlüssigen Resultate. Obwohl Puppen der wiederverwendeten Diät signifikant kleiner als Puppen der Frischdiät-Kontrolle waren, überlebten deren Erwachsene signifikant länger als die Erwachsenen der Kontrolle.相似文献
4.
A. P. Economopoulos A. A. Al-Taweel N. D. Bruzzone 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1990,55(3):239-246
Replacing commercial granular sucrose by inexpensive sugar-cane molasses in the finisher bulk phase of the Seibersdorf standard larval diet with starter (SLDS) for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) had no detrimental effect on larval stage duration, pupal size, pupal recovery from hatched eggs, adult emergence, and adult flight ability. When a low-cost yeast from Cairo replaced Schwechat brewer's yeast in the Seibersdorf standard larval diet without the starter (SLD), all quality measurements except the larval stage duration were improved by 5–10%, the increase found significant for adult emergence and flight ability. When sugar and Schwechat yeast were replaced by molasses and Cairo yeast, respectively, in both starter and finisher phases of the SLDS, all quality measurements except the pupal size were affected negatively, the difference from control found almost always significant for larval stage duration and pupal recovery. When the SLDS diet contained molasses and Cairo yeast, molasses could be reduced in the finisher by 50% with no significant reduction on any of the quality measurements except the pupal size which was reduced by 6%. A similar reduction of Cairo yeast resulted in a significant reduction of both pupal recovery (by 26%) and adult emergence (by 18%). Yeast could be reduced by 50% only when molasses was simultaneously increased by 25%. Finally, in the starter phase of SLDS sodium benzoate or citric acid could be reduced considerably without a significant effect on any of the quality measurements.
Zusammenfassung Der Ersatz von kommerziell verfügbarem, granuliertem Rübenzucker durch billige Zuckerrohrmelasse in der Endkomponente der in Seibersdorf für die Massenaufzucht von Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) verwendeten Standard-Larven-Diät mit Starter (SLDS) hatte keine negativen Auswirkungen auf (i) die Dauer des Larvenstadiums (ii) die Größe der Puppen (iii) die Entwicklung der Puppen nach dem Schlüpfen sowie auf (iv) die Entwicklung und (v) die Flugfähigkeit erwachsener Fruchtfliegen. Desgleichen führte ein Ersatz von Schwechater Brauhefe durch billige Hefe aus Kairo in der standardisierten Seibersdorfer Larvendiät ohne Starter (SLD) zu einer 5–10% igen Verbesserung der bewerteten Qualitätsparameter mit Ausnahme der Dauer des Larvenstadiums; die Entwicklung und Flugfähigkeit erwachsener Fliegen war zudem signifikant verbessert.Bei Ersatz von Zucker und Schwechater Brauhefe durch Melasse bzw. Hefe aus Kairo sowohl in der Starterphase als auch in der Endkomponente der SLDS wurden alle bewerteten Qualitätskriterien mit Ausnahme der Größe der Puppen negativ beeinflußt; signifikant verschlechterte Werte zu den Kontrollen traten insbesonders bei der Dauer des Larvenstadiums und der Entwicklung der Puppen auf. Enthielt dagegen die SLDS-Diät Melasse und Hefe aus Kairo, so konnte der Melasseanteil in der Endkomponente der Diät ohne signifikante negative Auswirkungen auf die Qualitätskontrollmerkmale um 50% verringert werden; nur die Größe der Puppen war um 6% reduziert. Eine gleich große Verringerung des Anteils an Kairohefe führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Entwicklung der Puppen (um 26%) und der Entwicklung erwachsener Fliegen (um 18%). Hefe aus Kairo konnte nur dann um 50% vermindert werden, wenn der Melasseanteil gleichzeitig um 25% erhöht wurde.Letztendlich konnte Natriumbenzoat oder Zitronensäure in der Starterphase der SLDS ohne significante Auswirkungen auf die bewerteten Qualitätskriterien wesentlich reduziert werden.相似文献
5.
Overproduction of males in mass rearing of parasitic Hymenoptera contributes to higher costs for biological control because only females directly kill pests. We present a technique, based on manipulating host composition, to generate less male‐biased sex ratios in parasitoid species that adjust their sex allocation in response to relative host size. Our system consisted of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev var. ‘Miramar’; a leafminer, Liriomyza langei Frick (Diptera: Agromyzidae); and a commercially available parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). We compared the offspring sex ratios of D. isaea females presented with different compositions of L. langei larvae on chrysanthemum. Presenting individual females with only large hosts increased mean sex ratio from 32 to 67% male over 2 days. However, presenting individual females with progressively larger hosts over 1 or 2 days reduced mean sex ratio from 90 to 100% male to less than 30% male. Groups of females produced sex ratios around 58% male if presented with both plants infested by only small hosts and plants infested by only large hosts. In comparison, groups of females produced sex ratios around 48% male if presented with plants infested by both small hosts and large hosts. We compared the use of both small hosts and large hosts to only large hosts for simulated mass rearing of wasps over 8 weeks. Using both small hosts and large hosts produced similar numbers of wasps as using only large hosts, but reduced mean sex ratio of weekly cohorts from 66% male to 56% male. The two techniques produced females of similar size, but using both large hosts and small hosts produced slightly smaller males than using only large hosts. The use of both small hosts and large hosts for mass rearing of D. isaea could reduce actual costs of females by 23%. 相似文献
6.
María Josefina Buonocore Biancheri;Segundo Ricardo Núñez-Campero;Lorena Suárez;Marcos Darío Ponssa;Daniel Santiago Kirschbaum;Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia;Sergio Marcelo Ovruski; 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2024,172(6):479-492
The Asian Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a harmful invasive pest widespread throughout Argentinian fruit-producing regions. It coexists with both pests, the sub-Saharan African Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and the Neotropical-native Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (both Diptera: Tephritidae), in northwestern Argentina. The Neotropical-native parasitoid Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is frequently found in non-crop fruit infested by those frugivorous dipterans. The northwestern Argentinian region is known for producing and exporting berries and citrus, which are affected by those pests. Thus, eco-friendly control strategies are under assessment. This study mainly assessed the potential of the G. pelleranoi population lineage from Tucumán (GpTuc) as a D. suzukii biocontrol agent. First, both the host-killing effectiveness and the reproductive success of GpTuc on larvae of D. suzukii, C. capitata, A. fraterculus, and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen were compared in no-choice tests under laboratory conditions. Then, the GpTuc host preference was evaluated in dual-choice tests (D. suzukii vs. C. capitata or A. fraterculus) under laboratory and field conditions. Naive parasitoid females were allowed to forage for 8 h on screen-covered Petri dishes filled with host larvae under laboratory conditions and for 48 h on peaches inoculated with host larvae under field conditions. Host puparia dissections were performed to determine the number and condition of parasitoid eggs, first and second instars, such as alive/dead, without/with melanization process, and proportions of parasitized, superparasitized, and dead puparia. Drosophila suzukii was not a suitable host for the successful development of GpTuc immature stages as they did not overcome the host's immune system. However, GpTuc performed efficiently regarding D. suzukii mortality, but parasitoid specificity was restricted to both tephritid species as only thriving offspring were achieved from them. Interestingly, the effectiveness of GpTuc on D. suzukii increased when it co-occurred with C. capitata instead of A. fraterculus, the preferred host. 相似文献