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1.
Doria R. Gordon Daphne A. Onderdonk Alison M. Fox Randall K. Stocker 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(2):234-242
The ecological and economic advantages of preventing introduction of species likely to become invasive have increased interest in implementing effective screening tools. We compared the accuracy of the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) system with that across the six geographies in which it has been tested (New Zealand, Hawaii, Hawaii and Pacific Islands, Czech Republic, Bonin Islands and Florida). Inclusion in four of the tests of a secondary screening tool, developed to reduce the number of species requiring further evaluation, decreased the number of species with that outcome by over 60% on average. Averaging across all tests demonstrated that the WRA system accurately identified major invaders 90%, and non-invaders 70%, of the time. Examined differently, a species of unknown invasive potential is on average likely to be correctly accepted or rejected over 80% of the time for all of these geographies when minor invaders are categorized as invasive. Whereas increasing consistency in definitions and implementation would facilitate understanding of the general application of the WRA system, we believe that this tool functions similarly across islands and continents in tropical and temperate climates and has been sufficiently tested to be adopted as an initial screen for plant species proposed for introduction to a new geography. 相似文献
2.
为了全面了解天津野生维管植物资源的现状并为开展相应的生物多样性保护实践提供基础资料, 本文在以往研究基础上, 通过文献收集、标本考证、数据分析, 并结合作者的野外调查结果, 按照维管植物最新的分类系统整理出天津野生维管植物名录, 并根据标本信息和文献核实了每个物种县市级的分布信息。结果显示, 天津共有野生维管植物135科519属996种(含种下等级), 其中石松类1科1属4种, 蕨类植物12科18属31种, 裸子植物2科2属2种, 被子植物120科498属959种。物种数量最多的前10个科为: 菊科(123种)、禾本科(87种)、豆科(67种)、莎草科(41种)、蔷薇科(40种)、苋科(36种)、唇形科(28种)、蓼科(27种)、毛茛科(22种)、十字花科(22种)。含物种数量最多的10个属为蒿属(Artemisia, 21种)、莎草属(Cyperus, 14种)、苋属(Amaranthus, 14种)、蓼属(Persicaria, 14种)、委陵菜属(Potentilla, 12种)、薹草属(Carex, 12种)、大戟属(Euphorbia, 11种)、鹅绒藤属(Cynanchum, 10种)、紫菀属(Aster, 9种)、风毛菊属(Saussurea, 9种)。石松类仅有卷柏科(4种), 蕨类植物包含物种数最多的前3个科为凤尾蕨科(7种)、鳞毛蕨科(4种)、岩蕨科(4种)。天津地区野生植物种类主要以广泛分布的常见种为主, 无特有种分布。根据文献和标本记录有国家二级保护野生植物8种。近年来入侵植物种类有不断增加的趋势。建议今后加大野外调查工作的广度和深度, 重点关注天津珍稀濒危维管植物状况和外来入侵植物扩散形势, 加强专科专属研究, 不断修订后续名录, 为天津乃至京津冀的生物多样性保育提供支持和参考。 相似文献
3.
Two risk assessment protocols were adopted to assess the risks posed by alien plants that naturalized or non-naturalized in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China (AGENC). In this study the Risk Assessment for Central Europe method revealed that more than two-thirds of the 19 naturalized and four-fifths of the 17 non-naturalized alien plants presented high or moderate risk, and all 36 alien plants were considered to be rejected for their potential agricultural and environmental risks under the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system. On the characteristics of plant invasions, more attention should be given to disturbed habitats rather than these relative natural or closed ecosystems, and also be prudent and careful of the alien plants that are introduced as useful plants from North or South America and unintentional introduction from Europe. Moreover, annuals needed special attention: three-quarters of the alien plants were annual species, only a few were biennial (8.3%), perennial (11.1%), liana and tree plants (2.8%). Plant invasions are not extremely serious in the AGENC, but there are several alien plants that have naturalized and spread themselves in the region. However, attention should be given in the future to predicting and preventing plant invasions in this fragile region. 相似文献
4.
Rafael Muñoz-Mas Franz Essl Mark van Kleunen Hanno Seebens Wayne Dawson Christine Marie V. Casal Emili García-Berthou 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(9):1632-1644
Aim
Investigating major freshwater fish flows (translocations) between biogeographic regions and their temporal dynamics and also quantifying spatial patterns and temporal changes in the array of introduced species, and the emergence and distance between major donor and recipient regions.Location
Global.Time Period
1800–2020.Major Taxa Studied
Freshwater fishes.Methods
We analysed a global dataset on freshwater fish introductions (4241 events of 688 species). Freshwater fish flows were investigated with flow diagrams and χ2 tests, while PERMANOVA (permutational multivariate analysis of variance) was used to test the association between species and regions and temporal shifts. Cluster analysis revealed major recipient areas and composition of the introduced species. Finally, changes in distances between donor and recipient sites were tested with PERMANOVA.Results
The number of introductions between biogeographic regions mirrored the European and North American dominance before World War II (WWII) and the trends in recreational fishing, biocontrol programmes and food production, especially in the Sino-Oriental region, which has a long tradition of aquaculture and fishkeeping. Over the years, the origins and composition of introduced species changed uniquely in each biogeographic region, although the most introduced species are common to every region. Salmonids and other cold-water species were frequently introduced before the 1950s, whereas tropical ornamental and aquaculture species currently prevail. Distances between donor and recipient sites did not vary over the time. After WWII, the Sino-Oriental region consolidated its dominance and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions emerged as new global donor and recipient regions.Main Conclusions
Global policy should focus on tropical ornamental and aquaculture species, which could benefit from global warming, especially in the Sino-Oriental region, because it currently dominates freshwater fish species flows, and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions, because they recently emerged as important global donor and recipient regions of freshwater fish introductions. 相似文献5.
自然保护区在生物多样性保护中起着关键作用,然而也面临外来物种入侵等诸多压力。基于72个已调查国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物数据,重点分析生态环境部发布的四批外来入侵物种名单中已有分布的35种外来入侵植物分布格局及其影响因素。研究发现72个国家级自然保护区平均记录有（7.78±0.47）种外来入侵植物,MaxEnt模型预测结果表明98.69%的国家级自然保护区面临外来植物入侵风险。低纬度地区（8.07±0.73）和中纬度地区（9.64±0.56）国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物数量显著高于高纬度地区（4.53±0.88）,且不同类型国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物差异不显著。温度和降雨量是影响外来入侵植物在自然保护区分布的关键因素,且影响不同生活型外来入侵植物分布格局的关键因素不同：温度对一年生草本、藤本和灌木的分布解释量极为显著,保护区建立时间、温度、降雨量和海拔共同影响多年生草本植物在国家级自然保护区的分布。研究结果表明国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物调查与监测还存在很大的空白,未来需要进一步加强自然保护区外来入侵植物研究,并提升外来入侵植物的监管能力。 相似文献
6.
安徽省外来植物入侵状况分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】了解安徽省入侵植物的现状,明确分布格局对制定预防与控制管理措施具有重要意义。【方法】通过文献整理与实地调查分析了安徽省外来入侵植物的种属、来源地、引入途径、入侵时间、入侵生境以及各市(地区)的分布状态。【结果】1.安徽省共有入侵植物158种,共计102属40科,其中菊科植物最多为25属36种,占安徽省入侵植物总数的22.8%。2.安徽省入侵植物主要来源于美洲,共98种,占总种数的57.7%;60.1%的入侵植物(95种)为有意引入,其余均为无意引入;69.9%的入侵植物于近现代(1840年之后)入侵安徽。3.入侵植物中75.5%分布于“道路旁,荒地生态系统”“森林、灌木”、“内陆水域、湿地”、“草地、城市绿地”、“农田、耕作用地”等5种生境中。4.不同的地区入侵植物的分布存在差异,芜湖市入侵植物种类最多,占总全省的78.5%,其次为黄山市(77.5%)和合肥市(76.6%),亳州市(62.7%)入侵植物的种类最少。【结论】安徽省入侵种数量由东南向西北逐步减少,各城市入侵状况存在一定差异,但总体均属易受入侵环境,应加强监管,及时对入侵外来种进行治理。 相似文献
7.
【目的】摸清四川省青川县外来入侵植物的现状并评估入侵风险,为青川县外来入侵植物防控和生态安全的保护提供科学依据。【方法】采用样线法、样方法,结合文献资料和官方公布名单,开展青川县外来入侵植物调查,对入侵植物科属种的组成、原产地、植物生活型、分布情况等进行统计分析;采用层次分析法,共筛选出44个指标,以传入定殖风险、扩散风险、潜在危害与影响、危害控制这4个方面为切入点,构建青川县外来入侵植物风险评估体系,同时,对青川县外来入侵植物进行风险等级划分。【结果】青川县共有32种外来入侵植物,分属于12科25属,以菊科为最多,有13种,占总种数的40.6%,禾本科和茄科次之,均为3种,占总种数的9.4%;原产地为美洲的外来入侵植物占总种的62.5%;外来入侵植物中一年生草本植物最多,有14种,占总种数的43.8%;根据入侵等级将外来入侵植物分为极高风险类(Ⅰ级)3种(加拿大一枝黄花、喜旱莲子草和土荆芥)、高风险类(Ⅱ级)6种、中风险类(Ⅲ级)10种、低风险类(Ⅳ级)13种。外来入侵植物主要分布在车流量大的高速路口、各乡镇间必经的车道两侧、人类活动频繁的居住地,而在崎岖小路两侧和管理严格的保护区内外来入侵植物少。【结论】青川县外来入侵植物分布范围较广,风险水平不同,需针对外来入侵植物的入侵风险等级进行分类施策和分区分级管理,科学防控,最大限度保护青川县生物多样性和生态安全。 相似文献
8.
厦门市外来物种入侵现状及其风险评价指标体系 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过对厦门地区外来物种入侵状况的实地调查,对已有文献资料的查阅和专家咨询,整理了厦门市已入侵或值得警惕的外来植物名录。并从气候、土壤、植被生态群落结构、地貌特征、人为和自然干扰状况以及港口交通贸易等方面分析了厦门市外来生物入侵现状的原因。结合前人在外来生物入侵的风险评价方面的研究成果,针对厦门市的外来植物入侵现状,构建了适应厦门地区外来植物入侵风险评价指标体系框架,该指标体系由“移居与建群的可能性”、“危害与影响”和“预防与控制”3大部分,共计6个一级指标,17个二级指标构成。 相似文献
9.
Abstract. Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell., is a tree with a restricted distribution in the Southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. It was originally introduced into the urban bushland of Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia in 1932 as an ornamental. Since its planting, E. cladocalyx has become invasive, spreading into the bushland up to 70 m away from planting sites. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the E. cladocalyx population is increasing at a greater rate than the two principal native tree species, E. gomphocephala DC. and E. marginata Donn ex Smith, but little is known about the factors influencing its invasion, or its biology. This study describes the population structure of E. cladocalyx , E. gomphocephala and E. marginata in Kings Park and the role of fire in the recruitment process. The study indicated that the three species have characteristics common to temperate Eucalyptus species that mass recruit seedlings following fire, with high numbers of seedlings found in recently burnt areas and low numbers in unburnt areas. Seedling survival in E. cladocalyx was higher than either of the native species. Furthermore, E. cladocalyx adults showed higher rates of canopy recovery following fires. It is argued that although fire in Kings Park is providing opportunities for E. cladocalyx , E. gomphocephala and E. marginata recruitment, the E. cladocalyx population is more resilient in an environment frequently disturbed by fire compared with the native populations. 相似文献
10.
对外来植物开展入侵风险评估是防止外来植物入侵最经济有效的措施,能够极大的节约外来种管理的经济和时间成本。研究简述了国内外入侵风险评估系统,从外来物种基础信息缺乏、外来植物的适生区分析不完善、风险评估体系构建不客观、对新近外来种的关注度不够4个方面阐述了我国外来植物风险评估存在的主要问题。并针对存在的问题提出了以下建议：（1）构建外来植物基础信息数据库是风险评估的基础,加强外来植物本底资料的调查与考证,并将外来植物表型数据的积累和分析纳入数据库,使得风险评估有据可依。（2）运用生态位模型进行生态风险分析是风险评估的重点,并将人类活动指标纳入预测模型,揭示人类活动对入侵植物分布格局的影响。（3）建立科学的风险评估系统是核心,包括通过选择风险指标和设置权重来提高评估系统的科学性、构建特定区域或特定生态类型的风险评估体系、根据评估对象的生物学与生态学特征建立符合实际要求的评估标准,实行差别化的风险评估等。（4）加强新近外来植物的管理是关键,应定期野外监测新近外来种的种群动态,定期审查风险评估结果,对高风险的新近外来种进行预警研究将为中国外来植物风险评估体系构建提供重要参考,为入侵植物防控措施的制定提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理策略及对我国的借鉴意义 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：32
澳大利亚是一个岛状大陆,海洋运输业十分发达,通过贸易,旅游,运输等途径有意或无间引进有害外来物种的风险较大。澳大利亚政府高度重视外来入侵物种的管理工作,制定了《澳大利亚国家生物多样性保护策略》,针对外来杂草和通过压舱水载入的海洋外来入侵物种的管理制定了《国家杂草策略》,《杂草风险评价系统》和《压舱水指南》等法规和技术性文件,加强了对外来入侵物种的管理。本文简要介绍了澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理的有关策略和指南,并提出了我国在外来入侵物种管理方面的对策建议;（1）尽快建立相应的法规体系,实现外来入侵物种的依法管理;（2）加强机构建设,形成多部门的协调管理机制;（3）加强外来入侵物种管理制度的建设;（4）采取适当的引进预防,消除,控制和恢复措施;（5）开展科学研究,为外来入侵物种的管理提供科学依据;（6）制定教育和培训计划,提高公众意识。 相似文献
12.
Daniel Slodowicz David Kikodze Olivier Broennimann Heinz Müller‐Schärer 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(9):4431-4442
Invasive alien plants (IAP) are a threat to biodiversity worldwide. Understanding and anticipating invasions allow for more efficient management. In this regard, predicting potential invasion risks by IAPs is essential to support conservation planning into areas of high conservation value (AHCV) such as sites exhibiting exceptional botanical richness, assemblage of rare, and threatened and/or endemic plant species. Here, we identified AHCV in Georgia, a country showing high plant richness, and assessed the susceptibility of these areas to colonization by IAPs under present and future climatic conditions. We used actual protected areas and areas of high plant endemism (identified using occurrences of 114 Georgian endemic plant species) as proxies for AHCV. Then, we assessed present and future potential distribution of 27 IAPs using species distribution models under four climate change scenarios and stacked single‐species potential distribution into a consensus map representing IAPs richness. We evaluated present and future invasion risks in AHCV using IAPs richness as a metric of susceptibility. We show that the actual protected areas cover only 9.4% of the areas of high plant endemism in Georgia. IAPs are presently located at lower elevations around the large urban centers and in western Georgia. We predict a shift of IAPs toward eastern Georgia and higher altitudes and an increased susceptibility of AHCV to IAPs under future climate change. Our study provides a good baseline for decision makers and stakeholders on where and how resources should be invested in the most efficient way to protect Georgia's high plant richness from IAPs. 相似文献
13.
【目的】全面掌握成都市外来入侵植物的种类特征、起源、区系成分和危害情况等特征,为相关部门制定管理策略和及早采取应对措施提供依据。【方法】以实地调查为主,结合标本及文献研究的方式获得成都市外来入侵植物的种类和分布信息,根据其在野外的生长和分布状况进行评估及划分危害等级,并进行植物区系分析。【结果】成都市现有外来入侵植物158种(亚种、变种),隶属42个科110个属,其中种类最多的3个科分别是菊科(36种)、豆科(17种)及禾本科(13种),合计占比41.77%;种类最多的属是苋属(8种),占比5.06%。原产地分析结果表明,有101种来自美洲地区,占比63.92%。从危害等级分析来看,其中19种为恶性入侵种(1级),32种为严重入侵种(2级),20种为局部入侵种(3级),41种为一般入侵种(4级)以及46种为有待观察种(5级)。植物区系分析结果显示,成都市外来入侵植物属的分布类型主要为泛热带分布、热带亚洲及热带美洲间断分布和世界分布。【结论】成都市地区的外来入侵植物种类明显增多,扩散趋势已加剧。根据上述入侵现状,本文对成都市地区防范外来植物入侵提出了以下4点防控建议:建立外来入侵植物风险评价体系,开展防控和利用技术研发,谨慎引种以及加强科普教育。 相似文献
14.
To assess the validity of previously developed risk assessment schemes in the conditions of Central Europe, we tested (1) Australian weed risk assessment scheme (WRA; Pheloung et al . 1999); (2) WRA with additional analysis by Daehler et al . (2004); and (3) decision tree scheme of Reichard and Hamilton (1997) developed in North America, on a data set of 180 alien woody species commonly planted in the Czech Republic. This list included 17 invasive species, 9 naturalized but non-invasive, 31 casual aliens, and 123 species not reported to escape from cultivation. The WRA model with additional analysis provided best results, rejecting 100% of invasive species, accepting 83.8% of non-invasive, and recommending further 13.0% for additional analysis. Overall accuracy of the WRA model with additional analysis was 85.5%, higher than that of the basic WRA scheme (67.9%) and the Reichard–Hamilton model (61.6%). Only the Reichard–Hamilton scheme accepted some invaders. The probability that an accepted species will become an invader was zero for both WRA models and 3.2% for the Reichard–Hamilton model. The probability that a rejected species would have been an invader was 77.3% for both WRA models and 24.0% for the Reichard–Hamilton model. It is concluded that the WRA model, especially with additional analysis, appears to be a promising template for building a widely applicable system for screening out invasive plant introductions. 相似文献
15.
一种潜在的外来入侵植物: 黄花刺茄 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
黄花刺茄Solanum rostratum Dunal.是一种入侵性极强的一年生杂草。该种原产新热带区和美国西南部,目前已扩散到加拿大、独联体(前苏联)、朝鲜半岛、南非、澳大利亚等国家或地区。我国早在1982年在辽宁省朝阳县就有报道,近年来又相继在吉林省白城市、河北省张家口市、北京市密云县等地发现了该物种。2005–2007年,在新疆境内也发现了乌鲁木齐县和石河子市两个分布区。该植物不仅严重影响草场及农田中棉花等作物的生长,而且还影响到牲畜皮毛的品质,牲畜误食后可引起中毒死亡,同时还传播病虫害。本文在广泛收集国内外研究文献基础上,结合2005–2007年对黄花刺茄在新疆入侵状况的初步观测,对该物种形态特征、在新疆的分布、繁殖特性及其潜在危害进行了总结与分析,旨在为进一步研究该植物在我国不同地区的入侵机制及繁殖与扩散对策、制定合理的防治对策提供重要的科学依据。 相似文献
16.
美国对入侵种的管理对策 总被引：53，自引：0，他引：53
外来种入侵是产生当前世界生物多样性危机的重要原因之一。目前外来种入侵问题已经引起人们的普遍关注。1999年2月美国联邦政府发布总统令,号召联邦政府机构执行人员防止外来入侵种所造成的严重环境威胁,指示有关职能部门行使职权阻止引入入侵种并且恢复本地种。总统令指示建立一个入侵物种理事会,并就理事会、联邦机构的职责做了相应界定。美国农业部等部门支持的入侵植物管理国家策略项目,提出了针对入侵种的三项国家目标一入侵种的预防、控制和本地种的恢复。国家管理策略的制定不同层次的人们提供了合作、教育和研究的机遇。美国政府部门以及有关社会团体已经就外来种入侵危害防范积极展开行动,包括制定标准防止入侵种进入,控制、根除入侵种,向民众进行有关外来种入侵的教育,增加财政年度预算等等。 相似文献
17.
苹浅褐卷蛾Epiphyas postvittana原产澳大利亚,是澳大利亚西南部、新西兰、英国及美国多种经济作物的重要害虫,目前尚未在全球范围广泛分布。由于其地理分布范围窄、寄主植物广泛、形态鉴定困难、能够对农作物造成较大的经济危害以及具有遗传多样性等特点,目前已被多数国家列为检疫对象并提出严格的检疫要求。而2007年该虫在美国加州地区的定殖使得研究人员对该虫能够造成的危害程度引起了再次的关注。在我国,该虫也被列为对外检疫对象,但是相关报道相对较少。作为检疫性害虫,对其相关信息的综合掌握是进一步进行有害生物风险分析的基础和保障。本文详细描述了苹浅褐卷蛾的地理分布、寄主范围、发生为害与环境条件的相互关系等,以期为该虫进行进一步风险分析及对其的检疫措施的制定和实施提供重要的信息与依据。 相似文献
18.
Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains an ongoing challenge due to the multiple interacting regional and global processes that facilitate the introduction and proliferation of alien species. This may be particularly true in regions where native species are increasingly reported as expanding and impacting ecosystems in ways indistinguishable from alien ones. Current approaches to assess the invasive potential of plants may be limited by the choice of traits used and the exclusion of native species. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel approach that focuses on all species—native and alien—within a functional group of plants to predict their proliferation status. Our approach relied on the development of an extensive database of extrinsic and intrinsic traits for Puerto Rican vines with the goal of generating a predictive model of vine proliferation status. We test three hypotheses linking origin, extrinsic and intrinsic traits, and proliferation status. We found that the origin of proliferating vines was associated with only one out of seven traits, namely plant use. We also found that proliferation status was associated with all but two traits, namely life span and climbing mechanism. Finally, a classification tree analysis identified five variables as good predictors of proliferation status and used them to split the species into six groups characterized by a unique suite of traits, three of them included proliferating species. The development of tools to identify potential proliferating species is critical for management and conservation purposes. Tools that can minimize biases and make predictions based on trait data easily obtainable are particularly needed in regions with a high taxonomic and functional diversity, and with limited ecological knowledge of individual species. In addition, these tools should be capable of incorporating native species since an increasing number of native species are behaving like invasive aliens. 相似文献
19.
Miscanthus sinensis (Anderss.) is a perennial grass species that has been grown widely as an ornamental since the late 1800s and is now being considered for bioenergy production in the United States. With its ability to be grown from seed and tolerate cold climates, this species offers practical advantages over current cultivars of the higher‐yielding hybrid species, M.×giganteus. Yet a large‐scale release of M. sinensis for bioenergy production in colder northern regions could result in new invasions into natural areas. We show, with reference to historical records and data collected in six wild US populations of M. sinensis in 2009, that ornamental varieties of this species have a long history of localized escape in the Eastern United States, primarily within the Appalachian region. To prevent further escape and gene flow, we recommend the development of sterile or functionally sterile varieties of M. sinensis or the restriction of its usage as a donor of genetic material to new sterile cultivars of M. ×giganteus. Other appropriate precautions for new biomass varieties include experimental demonstration of low invasiveness in the target region ahead of commercial production, along with postintroduction stewardship programs. 相似文献
20.
Zdeňka Lososová Milan Chytrý Lubomír Tichý Jiří Danihelka Karel Fajmon Ondřej Hájek Kateřina Kintrová Ingolf Kühn Deana Láníková Zdenka Otýpková Vladimír Řehořek 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2012,21(5):545-555
Aim To determine relative effects of habitat type, climate and spatial pattern on species richness and composition of native and alien plant assemblages in central European cities. Location Central Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands. Methods The diversity of native and alien flora was analysed in 32 cities. In each city, plant species were recorded in seven 1‐ha plots that represented seven urban habitat types with specific disturbance regimes. Plants were classified into native species, archaeophytes (introduced before ad 1500) and neophytes (introduced later). Two sets of explanatory variables were obtained for each city: climatic data and all‐scale spatial variables generated by analysis of principal coordinates of neighbour matrices. For each group of species, the effect of habitat type, climate and spatial variables on variation in species composition was determined by variation partitioning. Responses of individual plant species to climatic variables were tested using a set of binomial regression models. Effects of climatic variables on the proportion of alien species were determined by linear regression. Results In all cities, 562 native plant species, 188 archaeophytes and 386 neophytes were recorded. Proportions of alien species varied among urban habitats. The proportion of native species decreased with increasing range and mean annual temperature, and increased with increasing precipitation. In contrast, proportions of archaeophytes and neophytes increased with mean annual temperature. However, spatial pattern explained a larger proportion of variation in species composition of the urban flora than climate. Archaeophytes were more uniformly distributed across the studied cities than the native species and neophytes. Urban habitats rich in native species also tended to be rich in archaeophytes and neophytes. Main conclusions Species richness and composition of central European urban floras are significantly affected by urban habitat types, climate and spatial pattern. Native species, archaeophytes and neophytes differ in their response to these factors. 相似文献