A Method for Demonstrating Bacterial Proteolytic Isoactivities after Electrophoresis in Acrylamide Gels

S ummary . A method for detecting bacterial proteinases in gel slabs after electrophoresis is described. It consists in placing the slabs on a layer of gelatin-agar buffer, allowing hydrolysis of the gelatin to occur and then developing the areas of hydrolysis with acid mercuric chloride. To illustrate this method we chose extracellular preparations of strains of Brevibacterium linens and Micrococcus spp.     

A Note on a Method for Demonstrating Yeast Catalases after Electrophoresis in Acrylamide Gels

S ummary : A method for demonstrating sites of catalase activity after electrophoresis of yeast cell extracts in acrylamide gel is described. The method yields permanent preparations of catalase patterns and thereby facilitates the recording of results.     

一种改进的蛋白质超薄凝胶电泳方法

介绍了一种将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶固定在电泳夹板上的蛋白质电泳方法.通过此方法蛋白质电泳可以在0.4 mm厚的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上进行.实验证明,经此方法处理的玻板结合凝胶非常牢固,在电泳后的所有处理步骤中都不会发生凝胶脱落现象.     

酚氧化酶及其酶原的生化特性与分子生物学研究进展

酚氧化酶(简称PO),又称为酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,EC1.14.18.1),是一种含铜的酶.它能够分别催化单酚羟基和二羟基酚氧化成二酚(如多巴)和醌,醌在非酶促条件下形成最终的反应产物黑色素.PO在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都广泛存在,被认为是一种参与免疫的重要因子.本文就酚氧化酶及其酶原的生化特性和分子生物学特性研究的进展情况予以综述.     

蛋白质与核酸凝胶电泳分子量测定方法的探讨

文中介绍了一种在凝胶电泳中,当凝胶两端损坏、指示剂染料模糊不清或标记物丢失而无法确定电泳的起点与前缘时,进行正确的分量测定的补救方法,并从分子量测定的算法上进行了推导证明,用实际事例作了验证．     

水稻蛋白质组双向电泳优化流程及方法

双向电泳是分析蛋白质混合物的一种有力手段, 已在蛋白质组研究中得到广泛应用。水稻(Oryza sativa)作为重要的粮食作物, 对其蛋白质组学研究开展较早。但由于技术复杂, 对实验操作要求高, 初学的研究者很难在较短的时间内掌握该实验技术。该文介绍了水稻研究中适合多个组织的双向电泳实验方法和优化流程。该优化流程能使新的研究者逐步优化实验条件, 更快更好地完成双向电泳实验。同时详细介绍了实验关键环节的操作方法。     

Demonstration of Monophenoloxidase Activity of Tyrosinase after Electrophoresis

The improved method presented here for localizing monophenoloxidase activity of tyrosinase (E.C. 1.14.18.1.) after electrophoresis is based on the transfer of electrons from the monophenolic substrate, tyrosine methyl ester, to an artificial acceptor, phenazine methosulfate, and subsequent reduction of nitro blue tetrazo-lium into a violet formazan. This method is rapid, sensitive and versatile compared to the standard method. The electron transferred from mono-phenol can be accepted directly by nitro blue tetrazolium; although the background of the gel is clear, the sensitivity is decreased. The mono-phenol-PMS-NBT method is suitable for both plant and animal samples. This method can also be used for histochemical demonstration of monophenoloxidase activity.     

Improved Tyrosinase Activity Stains in Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis Gels

Mammalian tyrosinase exists in a variety of subcellular locations and maturation states that result from a complex post-translational processing with possible regulatory implications. So far, SDS-PAGE has proven to be the method of choice for the resolution of tyrosinase isoforms. However, the relatively poor sensitivity of the currently available specific activity stain based on incubation of the gels with L-dopa until the formation of melanin has severely limited the use of electrophoresis in regulation studies. Two alternative staining procedures are presented and discussed. The first one involves the fluoro-graphic detection of radioactive melanin after incubation of the gels in the presence of L-[3-¹⁴C]-dopa. A similar method has already been used by others (Tsukamoto et al., 1992, Pigment Cell Res. [Suppl.] 2:84–89), but its performance has not yet been compared to the one of the dopa procedure. The sensitivity of this method can be varied by adjusting the isotopic dilution of the tracer and/or the time of exposure of the gel, but it is at least ten times higher than the one of the colorimetric stain. Moreover, the intensity of the bands is proportional to the initial tyrosinase activity over a wide range. Using this procedure, the activity present in the different subcellular fractions of melanocytes in culture can be easily detected. The second procedure involves the formation of a colored adduct between dopaquinone and MBTH. Its sensitivity is also more than one order of magnitude higher than the one obtained with L-dopa alone, and comparable to the one of the fluorographic method, but, as opposed to this latter, the complete staining can be performed in less than 1 hr.     

水稻蛋白质组双向电泳优化流程及方法

双向电泳是分析蛋白质混合物的一种有力手段,已在蛋白质组研究中得到广泛应用。水稻（Oryzasativa）作为重要的粮食作物,对其蛋白质组学研究开展较早。但由于技术复杂,对实验操作要求高,初学的研究者很难在较短的时间内掌握该实验技术。该文介绍了水稻研究中适合多个组织的双向电泳实验方法和优化流程。该优化流程能使新的研究者逐步优化实验条件,更快更好地完成双向电泳实验。同时详细介绍了实验关键环节的操作方法。     

一种经济、简便的双向电泳方法

双向电泳是蛋白质分析的一门较为精确的技术.对电泳方法进行改良并采用普通垂直薄板等电聚焦技术,不仅大大降低了蛋白质双向电泳的成本,而且操作过程简单,是一种用于初步分析蛋白质的较好方法.在中华卵索线虫(Ovomermis sinensis)雌雄成虫可溶性差异蛋白的分析中获得了较满意的结果.这一改良方法的建立,可望促进双向电泳的广泛应用.     

Immobilized Metal Affinity Electrophoresis: A Novel Method of Capturing Phosphoproteins by Electrophoresis

An immobilized metal affinity electrophoresis (IMAEP) method is described here. In this method, metal ions are immobilized in a native polyacrylamide gel to capture phosphoproteins. The capture of phosphoproteins by IMAEP is demonstrated with immobilized metals like iron, aluminum, manganese, or titanium. In the case studies, phosphoproteins α-casein, β-casein, and phosvitin are successfully extracted from a protein mixture by IMAEP.     

Prophenoloxidase binds to the surface of hemocytes and is involved in hemocyte melanization in Manduca sexta

In insects, melanotic encapsulation is an important innate immune response against large pathogens or parasites, and phenoloxidase (PO) is a key enzyme in this process. Activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) to PO is mediated by a serine proteinase cascade. PO has a tendency to adhere to foreign surfaces including hemocyte surfaces. In this study, we showed that in the naïve larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, hemolymph proPO bound to the surface of granulocytes and spherule cells but not to oenocytoids, and about 10% hemocytes had proPO on their surfaces. When larvae were injected with water (injury) or microsphere beads (immune-challenge), hemolymph proPO was activated, and the number of hemocytes with surface proPO/PO increased at 12 h post-injection, but dropped to the normal level at 24 h. Hemocyte surface proPO can be activated in vitro, leading to melanization of these hemocytes. The number of melanized hemocytes from the larvae injected with water or microsphere beads significantly increased. We also showed that neither hemocytes nor cell-free plasma alone triggered melanization of immulectin-2-coated agarose beads in vitro. However, agarose beads were effectively melanized by isolated hemocytes in the presence of cell-free plasma. Our results suggest that activation of hemocyte surface proPO may initiate melanization, leading to the systemic melanization of hemocyte capsules.     

毛细管电泳测定蛋白激酶A活力的新方法

建立了以毛细管电泳为基础的蛋白激酶Ａ活力测定的新方法,对其他一些激酶的活力测定具有一定的通用性。此方法是基于蛋白激酶Ａ的检测底物及其磷酸化产物容易在毛细管电泳中分开,并且可以通过在线检测进行积分定量。同时发展了连续进样技术,使能在一个电泳过程中分析十个以上的样品,大大节省分析时间和费用。     

A novel hexamerin with an unexpected contribution to the prophenoloxidase activation system of the Chinese oak silkworm,Antheraea pernyi

Hexamerin was originally identified as a storage protein but later confirmed to be involved in many physiological processes. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a novel hexamerin complementary DNA sequence from the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Ap-hexamerin), which shows high homology with reported insect methionine-rich hexamerins. The tissue distribution and time course of expression demonstrated that Ap-hexamerin was predominantly synthesized in the fat body and the expression level was significantly increased in response to the microbial challenge, suggesting the relevance of Ap-hexamerin to immune responses. In further immune functional studies, Ap-hexamerin was confirmed to take part in the upregulation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation in A. pernyi haemolymph triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Additional molecular interaction analysis revealed that Ap-hexamerin is capable of binding the PAMPs used in the phenoloxidase assay, suggesting hexamerin in A. pernyi may positively regulate haemolymph PPO activation, acting as a pattern recognition protein.     

Electrophoresis of Derivatized Polyethylene Glycols: A Useful Method for Monitoring of Reactions on Soluble Polymeric Carrier

A useful method for monitoring of peptide synthesis on polyethylene glycol (PEG) was developed and is described in this paper. The course of reactions such as loading, acylation, detachment and others where a charge of reactant and product differ, can be easily determined. The loading of the first amino acid is quantified with errors fitting well to those from other known analytical methods.     

微芯片电泳-紫外检测系统分析蛋白质

微芯片电泳是基于微机电加工技术(MEMS)工艺,在芯片上的微管道中完成电泳检测过程的新型技术.依据紫外吸光度分析法,对蛋白质样品进行电泳分离与紫外检测.实验采用自控接口模板对进样及分离电压进行了系统的程序化控制,从而准确地控制整个电泳、检测流程,提高了微芯片电泳的分离效率和检测灵敏度.实验结果表明,夹流进样的方法可以有效分离混合蛋白,可用于蛋白质样品的分离检测.     

一种提高质粒DNA凝胶电泳检测灵敏度的方法

比较了凝胶电泳示检测质粒ＤＮＡ时不同激发波长对ＤＮＡ－ＥＢ荧光强度的影响,发现短波长激发光可增加ＤＮＡ的探测灵敏度。采用２６０ｎｍ作为激光光时可探测到少至０．７ｎｇ的线性ＤＮＡ。且在很广的ＤＮＡ的质量范围内,ＤＮＡ－ＥＢ荧光强度 与ＤＮＡ量或正比。以此改进方法检测电离辐射诱导的ＤＮＡ单、双链断裂岢得到与其它研究结果相一致的Ｇ（ＳＳＢ）和Ｇ（ＤＳＢ）值。     

适用于水稻叶片蛋白质组分析的双向电泳技术

针对水稻叶片中含有大量色素和酚等干扰物质的现象,通过对水稻叶片蛋白提取方法、上样量和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶浓度等方面做了必要改进,建立了一套适用于水稻叶片蛋白质组分析的双向电泳（2-DE）方法。     

A Reliable Method for Demonstrating Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Combined Gram techniques have been reviewed in the interest of improving technical safety and reliability in the demonstration of bacteria, particularly the Gram-negative type. The many modifications of the technique present various difficulties (Brown and Brenn 193 1, Humberstone 1963, Taylor 1966, Luna 1968, Brown and Hopps 1973, Engbaek et al. 1979, Bancroft and Stevens 1982, Churukian and Schenk 1982).