Teratogenic actions of thermally-stressed culinary oils in rats

Lipid oxidation products (LOPs), generated in culinary oils during episodes of thermal stressing can give rise to cellular damage. The aims of this study were to determine whether orally-administered, LOP-containing thermally-stressed safflower oil exerts teratogenic actions in rats, and whether this effect could be prevented by co-administration of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH). Safflower oil was heated for a period of 20 min according to standard frying practices and stored at -20 degrees C under N2. Four experimental groups of pregnant Wistar rats were employed; two received 0.30 ml of pre-heated oil (HO), one of which was also supplemented with 150 mg of alpha-TOH (HOE), and two served as controls, one treated with the non-heated oil (O) and the other without any treatment (C). The oil was administered daily by gavage from day 1 of pregnancy to day 11.5, when the animals were killed and the embryos examined. LOPs and alpha-TOH were determined both in the heated and non-heated oils. The percentage of embryo malformations and reabsorptions were determined in the above four experimental groups. Heating the oil substantially increased its concentration of LOPs and decreased its alpha-TOH content. The percentage of embryo malformations in the HO group was 21.73%, compared with 5.6 and 7% in the O and C groups, respectively. Supplementation of the pre-heated oil with alpha-TOH was found to decrease the percentage of malformations to 7%. The results obtained from these investigations indicate that LOPs detectable at millimolar levels in the heated cooking oils administered (e.g. saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, and/or their conjugated hydroperoxydiene precursors) exert potent teratogenic actions in experimental animals which are at least partially circumventable by co-administration of the chain-breaking antioxidant alpha-TOH. Plausible mechanisms for these processes and their health relevance to humans regarding diet and methods of frying/cooking are discussed.     

Cassava wastewater as a substrate for the simultaneous production of rhamnolipids and polyhydroxyalkanoates by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis>

Glycerol, cassava wastewater (CW), waste cooking oil and CW with waste frying oils were evaluated as alternative low-cost carbon substrates for the production of rhamnolipids and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by various Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The polymers and surfactants produced were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (MS) and by high-performance liquid chromatography–MS, and their composition was found to vary with the carbon source and the strain used in the fermentation. The best overall production of rhamnolipids and PHAs was obtained with CW with frying oil as the carbon source, with PHA production corresponding to 39% of the cell dry weight and rhamnolipid production being 660 mg l⁻¹. Under these conditions, the surface tension of the culture decreased to 30 mN m⁻¹, and the critical micelle concentration was 26.5 mg l⁻¹. It would appear that CW with frying oil has the highest potential as an alternative substrate, and its use may contribute to a reduction in the overall environmental impact generated by discarding such residues.     

A comparison of used cooking oils: A very heterogeneous feedstock for biodiesel

Used cooking or frying oils are of increasing interest as inexpensive feedstock for biodiesel production. In this work, used frying oils obtained from 16 local restaurants were investigated regarding their fatty acid profile vs. the fatty acid profile of the oil or fat prior to use. The fatty acid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Besides the fatty acid profile, the acid value and dynamic viscosity of the samples were determined. Dynamic viscosity was determined because of non-Newtonian behavior of some samples. The results indicate that oils and fats experience various degrees of increase in saturation during cooking/frying use, with the magnitude of these changes varying from sample to sample, i.e., a high degree of randomness of composition is found in used frying oil samples. Properties of the samples that were investigated were acid value and viscosity which consistently increased with use, also in a random fashion. Multiple independent samples obtained from the same restaurants indicate that there is little consistency of used cooking oil obtained from the same source. These results are discussed with regards to the potential fuel properties of biodiesel derived from these used frying oils.     

Effects of Modification of Encapsulant Materials on the Susceptibility of Fish Oil Microcapsules to Lipolysis

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of modification of encapsulant materials before emulsion formation on the viscosity and interfacial properties of the emulsions and their influence on the susceptibility of emulsions to in vitro lipolysis. Emulsions (oil/protein ratio 2:1) were prepared by homogenizing mixtures containing fish oil and non-heated or heated (100 °C/120 min) dispersions comprising (a) sodium caseinate (NaCas), (b) mixtures of NaCas and a high amylose-resistant starch (Hylon VII; 1:1 mass ratio), and (c) mixtures of NaCas and previously modified resistant starch (heat/microfluidized [MF] Hylon VII; 1:1 mass ratio), followed by freeze drying. Reconstituted emulsion containing heated mixture of NaCas and heat/MF Hylon VII was the most viscous. The extent of lipolysis was the same in all emulsions stabilized by non-heated NaCas or non-heated mixtures of NaCas with resistant starch. Heat treatment of NaCas increased lipolysis of emulsions stabilized with protein alone, but heating NaCas with Hylon VII or heat/MF Hylon VII before emulsion formation reduced lipolysis. The emulsion stabilized with the heated NaCas–heat/MF Hylon VII mixture was the most resistant to lipolysis. Overall, the resistance to lipolysis was considered to be primarily dependent on the interfacial properties of the microcapsules. These findings of in vitro lipolysis of NaCas-resistant starch formulated oil powders may be relevant to an understanding of in vivo digestibility of the oil powders. The insights may be used as a guide to formulate oil systems for altering the susceptibility to lipolysis of ingested oil emulsions. Delivery of Functionality in Complex Food Systems: Physically inspired Approaches from Nanoscale to Microscale, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA, 8th–10th October 2007.     

Long-term feeding effects of heated and fried oils on hepatic antioxidant enzymes,absorption and excretion of fat in rats

Long-term feeding effect of heated and fried peanut (PNO), rice bran (RBO) and palm oil (PO) in the diet on the hepatic antioxidant enzyme status and absorption and excretion of fats were studied in laboratory rats. The rats were fed oils heated to 180°C continuously for a period of 72 h or laboratory fried at 20% level in the diet for 18 weeks. The results of the study indicated a significant increase in the catalase activity in HO groups and decrease in the FRO groups. The GPx activity while significantly low in HO groups was high in FRO groups, whereas, significant decrease in GST activity was observed in both PNO-HO/FRO groups. Increased activity was noted in RBO-FRO and PO-HO/FRO groups. The SOD activity showed a mixed response in different heated/fried oils and a marginal increase in the levels of fecal fat excretion was observed in some of the heated/fried oil groups. The results indicated no appreciable damage with respect to these antioxidant enzymes. Also, feeding heated fats as high as 20% in the diet for long duration does not result either in reduced food intake or excess fecal fat excretion.     

Effect of frying time on free fatty acid generation and esterification rate in Aspergillus sp.-catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil

Abstract

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of different frying times of edible oil on the extent of transesterification catalyzed by the whole-cell biocatalyst, Aspergillus (RBD01). Cottonseed oil was chosen as a conventional and cost-effective edible oil used commercially in India. The results showed that increased frying time of the oil decreased the extent of the transesterification reaction and hence alkyl ester production. Nearly complete (>98%) transesterification to ethyl alcohol was observed with used oil containing a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 3.7%, whereas beyond an FFA content of 4.0% the yield was reduced. Biocatalyzed hydrolysis (in the absence of the ethyl alcohol acceptor) of used frying oil resulted in decreasing yield of FFA from 84.0% to 27.6% with increasing frying time. With fried oil capable of a hydrolysis yield of 82–41% FFA, transesterification reactions were nearly complete. With the lower hydrolysis yields of 38–27% FFA, the transesterified ethyl ester yield decreased to 61–51%. These observations indicate that factors other than the presence of FFA and moisture influence the biocatalytic transesterification of used cooking oils.     

The capacity of glutathione reductase in cell protection from the toxic effect of heated oils

This empirical study tries to focus on the evidence that the wrong use of oil in food cooking leads to health problems. High temperatures associated with the repeated use of the same oil lead to the breakdown of some fatty acids, forming numerous toxic polymer compounds and peroxides. The obtained data have showed that the ratios of polymer compounds reached 11.3% in oil heated continuously for 10 h at 220 degrees C, and 37.8% in frying oil (FO). Moreover, the polar compound ratios reached 25.6% and 47.6% in continuously heated oil (CHO) and FO, respectively. However, the peroxide concentrations were 157.1 and 133.6 mM/kg in CHOs and FOs, respectively. The observed results have allowed the study of the role of the glutathione redox system in the detoxification and elimination of different toxic peroxides resulting from heated oils. On a diet of 10% of CHO and FO, a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities appears. This combined relationship between the decreased glutathione content and the increased GPx and GR activities in rats fed on CHO and FO confirms the participation of the glutathione redox system in the detoxifying reactions of continuously accumulated peroxides.     

Protective Role of α-tocopherol-succinate (Provitamin-E) in Cyclophosphamide Induced Testicular Gametogenic and Steroidogenic Disorders: A Correlative Approach to Oxidative Stress

The present study was undertaken to find out the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide on testicular activities along with testicular oxidative stress at its therapeutic dose and the protective effects of &#102 -tocopherol succinate on testicular dysfunctions induced by cyclophosphamide in mature albino rats. A significant diminution in the activities of testicular &#106 5 , 3 &#103 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17 &#103 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) along with significant reduction in the plasma level of testosterone and number of spermatogonia-A (ASg), preleptotene spermatocytes (pLSc), midpachytene spermatocytes (mPSc) and step 7 spermatids (7Sd) at stage VII of spermatogenic cycle were observed following cyclophosphamide treatment. Oxidative stress was also noted in testis, which was enlightened by significant elevation in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes along with significant reduction in the activities of testicular peroxidase and catalase. Co-administration of &#102 -tocopherol succinate in cyclophosphamide-treated rats resulted a significant restoration of all the above-mentioned parameters to the control level. The results of our experiment suggest that cyclophosphamide treatment at its clinical dose is associated with antigonadal activities as well as induction of oxidative stress in gonad that can be ameliorated significantly by &#102 -tocopherol succinate co-administration. So, our data have some potential clinical implications.     

煎炸油脂质变预防及其危害控制研究进展

经反复高温加热的煎炸油会发生氧化水解等反应,生成对人体健康不利的极性组分等物质。本文将对三种不同品种植物油在煎炸过程中酸价、过氧化值、羰基价、极性组分等理化指标的变化及其原理进行综述,分析延缓煎炸油理化指标变化的措施,提出了通过摄入益生菌进行膳食干预以降低煎炸油对人体健康影响的方法建议。     

Characterization of Temperate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus gasseri</Emphasis> Phage LgaI and Its Impact as Prophage on Autolysis of Its Lysogenic Host Strains

We show by electron microscopy that Lactobacillus gasseri phage LgaI, a temperate phage residing in the chromosome of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC33323, belongs to the family of Myoviridae phages. The LgaI DNA is packed by the “head-full” mechanism, as demonstrated by analysis of restriction patterns of heated (74°C) or non-heated DNA. By isolating prophage-cured cells, we were able to demonstrate phage LgaI to be responsible for the strong autolytic phenotype observed for Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC33323. In addition, we show that a copy of the LgaI prophage resides in the chromosome of Lactobacillus gasseri NCK102. The LgaI prophage was not inducible in L. gasseri NCK102-adh by mitomycin C, however, it apparently contributed to the autolytic phenotype of this strain.     

Identification and quantitative analysis of beta-sitosterol oxides in vegetable oils by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

As vegetable oils and phytosterol-enriched spreads are marketed for frying food or cooking purposes, temperature is one of the most important factors leading to the formation of phytosterol oxides in food matrix. A methodology based on saponification, organic solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of beta-sitosterol oxides using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was developed and characterized. Relative response factors of six beta-sitosterol oxides, including 7alpha-hydroxy, 7beta-hydroxy, 5,6alpha-epoxy, 5,6beta-epoxy, 7-keto, and 5alpha,6beta-dihydroxysitosterol, were calculated against authentic standards of 19-hydroxycholesterol or cholestanol. Linear calibration data, limit of detection, and sample recoveries during analytical process. Recoveries of these oxidation compounds in spiked samples ranged from 88 to 115%, while relative standard derivation (R.S.D.) values were below 10% in most cases. The analytical method was applied to quantify beta-sitosterol oxides formed in thermal-oxidized vegetable oils which were heated at different temperatures and for varying time periods. Sitosterol oxidation is strikingly higher in sunflower oil relative to olive oil under all conditions of temperature and heating time.     

Use of recovered frying oils in chicken and rabbit feeds: effect on the fatty acid and tocol composition and on the oxidation levels of meat,liver and plasma

The addition of some fat co- and by-products to feeds is usual nowadays; however, the regulations of their use are not always clear and vary between countries. For instance, the use of recycled cooking oils is not allowed in the European Union, but they are used in other countries. However, oils recovered from industrial frying processes could show satisfactory quality for this purpose. Here we studied the effects of including oils recovered from the frying industry in rabbit and chicken feeds (at 30 and 60 g/kg, respectively) on the fatty acid (FA) and tocol (tocopherol + tocotrienol) compositon of meat, liver and plasma, and on their oxidative stability. Three dietary treatments (replicated eight times) were compared: fresh non-used oil (LOX); oil discarded from the frying industry, having a high content of secondary oxidation compounds (HOX); and an intermediate level (MOX) obtained by mixing 50 : 50 of LOX and HOX. The FA composition of oil diets and tissues was assessed by GC, their tocol content by HPLC, the thiobarbituric acid value was used to assess tissue oxidation status, and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange method was used to assess the susceptibility of tissues to oxidation. Our results indicate that FA composition of rabbit and chicken meat, liver and plasma was scarcely altered by the addition of recovered frying oils to feed. Differences were encountered in the FA composition between species, which might be attributed mainly to differences in the FA digestion, absorption and metabolism between species, and to some physiological dietary factors (i.e. coprophagy in rabbits that involves fermentation with FA structure modification). The α-tocopherol (αT) content of tissues was reduced in response to the lower αT content in the recovered frying oil. Differences in the content of other tocols were encountered between chickens and rabbits, which might be attributable to the different tocol composition of their feeds, as well as to species differences in the digestion and metabolism of tocols. Tissue oxidation and susceptibility to oxidation were in general low and were not greatly affected by the degree of oxidation of the oil added to the feeds. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids/αT in these types of samples would explain the differences observed between species in the susceptibility of each tissue to oxidation. According to our results, oils recovered from the frying industry could be useful for feed uses.     

Effect of Chronic Ethanol Feeding on Oxysterols in Rat Liver

It was our hypothesis that, as a consequence of increased oxidative stress, cholesterol-derived hydroperoxides and oxysterols are increased in livers of rats exposed to ethanol. To test this we dosed Wistar rats (approximately 0.1 kg initial body weight) with ethanol chronically (rats fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing ethanol as 35% of total calories; sampled liver at approximately 6-7 weeks). We measured concentrations of 7 &#102 - and 7 &#103 -hydroperoxycholest-5-en-3 &#103 -ol (7 &#102 -OOH and 7 &#103 -OOH) as well as 7 &#102 - and 7 &#103 -hydroxycholesterol (7 &#102 -OH and 7 &#103 -OH), and 3 &#103 -hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one (also termed 7-ketocholesterol; 7-keto). In response to chronic alcohol feeding, there were significant elevations in the concentrations of 7 &#102 -OOH (+169%, P =0.005 ) and 7 &#103 -OOH (+199%, P =0.011 ). Increases in the concentrations of hepatic 7-keto (+74%, P =0.01 ) and decreases in cholesterol ( &#109 43%; P =0.03 ) also occurred. In contrast, the concentrations of both 7 &#102 -OH and 7 &#103 -OH were not significant (NS). However, when oxysterols in chronic ethanol-fed rats were expressed relative to cholesterol there were significant increases in 7-keto/cholesterol ( P =0.0006), 7 &#102 -OH/cholesterol ( P =0.0018) and 7 &#103 -OH/cholesterol ( P =0.0047). In conclusion, this is the first report of increased 7 &#102 -OOH, 7 &#103 -OOH, and 7-keto in liver of rats and their elevation in chronic experimental alcoholism represent evidence of increased oxidative stress.     

α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Expression in Rat Liver Exposed to Hyperoxia

&#102 -Tochopherol transfer protein ( &#102 TTP), a 32 kDa protein exclusively expressed in liver cytosol, has a high binding affinity for &#102 -tochopherol. The factors that regulate the expression of hepatic &#102 TTP are not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated whether or not exposure to hyperoxia (>95% O 2 for 48 h) could alter the expression of hepatic &#102 TTP. We also examined the association between the expression of antioxidant enzymes (hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)) and the expression of hepatic &#102 TTP. The levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in both plasma and liver were significantly higher after rats were exposed to hyperoxia for 48 h when compared with the levels in control rats. Northern blotting showed a decrease in the expression of &#102 TTP messenger RNA (mRNA) after hyperoxia, although the &#102 TTP protein level remained constant. Expression of Mn-SOD mRNA and protein, as well as the expression of GPX mRNA, were stable after hyperoxia. These findings indicate that mRNA for hepatic &#102 TTP, rather than Mn-SOD or GPX, may be highly responsive to oxidative stress.     

Monochloramine Inhibits the Expression of E-selectin and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Induced by TNF-α Through the Suppression of NF-κB Activation in Human Endothelial Cells

Reactive oxygen species have various effects on the expression of cell adhesion molecules induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor &#102 (TNF- &#102 ). We studied the effects of monochloramine (NH 2 Cl), a physiological oxidant derived from activated neutrophils, on the TNF- &#102 -induced expression of e-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were pretreated with or without NH 2 Cl (20-90 &#119 M for 20 min), then stimulated with TNF- &#102 (10 ng/ml), and the expression of e-selectin and ICAM-1 was measured. Without NH 2 Cl, TNF- &#102 induced marked expression of e-selectin and ICAM-1. Pretreatment with NH 2 Cl resulted in a significant, but transient inhibition of the expression of adhesion molecules. Higher dose of NH 2 Cl showed more pronounced inhibition, and the inhibitory effect lasted for 8 h when 70 &#119 M of NH 2 Cl was added. TNF- &#102 stimulation also induced marked activation of nuclear factor &#115 B (NF- &#115 B). Notably, NH 2 Cl also inhibited this NF- &#115 B activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was similar to the inhibition of e-selectin and ICAM-1 expression. In addition, I &#115 B- &#102 phosphorylation and degradation were also inhibited by NH 2 Cl pretreatment. These observations indicated that NH 2 Cl inhibited TNF- &#102 -induced expression of e-selectin and ICAM-1 through the inhibition of NF- &#115 B activation. We speculate that neutrophil-derived chloramines may have a regulatory role in the recruitment of leukocytes.     

Long-term feeding effect of thermally oxidised oils on antioxidant enzymes in rats

Long term feeding effect of thermally oxidised oils on activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 5 and 20% level for 20 weeks was studied in laboratory rats. Activity of catalase increased in heated and fried oil fed group of rats, whereas activities of GPX, GST and SOD decreased in both heated and fried oil groups. Increase or decrease in activities of these enzymes may be related to several factors like heating and frying conditions, nature of fat, extent of peroxidation, presence of antioxidants, duration of feeding, beside other factors.     

Antioxidant α-Keto-carboxylate Pyruvate Protects Low-density Lipoprotein and Atherogenic Macrophages

Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a pathogenic role in atherogenesis. Classical antioxidants such as l -ascorbic acid can inhibit formation of oxLDL. &#102 -Keto-carboxylates such as pyruvate and congeners also display antioxidant properties in some cell-free and intact cell systems. We tested the hypothesis that pyruvate or &#102 -keto-glutarate may function as antioxidants with respect to LDL incubated with 5 or 10 &#119 M Cu 2+ alone or in combination with THP-1-derived macrophages. &#102 -Hydroxy-carboxylates ( l -lactate), linear aliphatic mono-carboxylates (acetate/caprylate) and l -ascorbic acid served as controls. The oxLDL formation was ascertained by electrophoretic mobility and oxLDL cytotoxicity was judged by macrophage viability and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation. Cu 2+ alone was not cytotoxic but increased electrophoretic mobility of cell-free LDL, stimulating TBARS. Millimolar pyruvate, &#102 -keto-glutarate, or micromolar l -ascorbic acid partially inhibited oxLDL formation, while &#102 -hydroxy-carboxylate or the aliphatic mono-carboxylates had no measurable antioxidant properties in cell-free LDL. Co-culture of LDL with macrophages and Cu 2+ augmented TBARS release and resulted in 95% macrophage death. Pyruvate improved macrophage viability with 5 &#119 M Cu 2+ up to 60%. l -Ascorbic acid ( &#83 100 &#119 M) protected macrophages up to 80%. When &#83 100 &#119 M l -ascorbic acid was combined with pyruvate, oxLDL formation and macrophage death were fully prevented. Thus, &#102 -keto-carboxylates, but not physiological &#102 -hydroxy-carboxylates or aliphatic mono-carboxylates qualify as antioxidants in LDL systems. Since &#102 -keto-carboxylates enhanced the antioxidant power of l -ascorbic acid, our findings may have implications for strategies attenuating atherosclerosis.     

Feeding heat-oxidized oil to dairy cows affects milk fat nutritional quality

Heating oil and oilseeds results in oxidation products that affect ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, altering milk fatty acids profile, and could be transferred to milk. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oil heating on rumen and milk fatty acids profile and the transfer of oxidation products to milk. Sunflower oil was heated at 150°C for 15 h and given to lactating dairy cows in a 2×2 arrangement: two groups of two cows, equipped with a ruminal cannula and receiving two diets (containing either heated or unheated oil) during two experimental periods. Oil heating generated hydroperoxides and/or hydroxyacids and aldehydes, in particular trans-2,trans-4-decadienal. In milk, heated oil only significantly decreased trans-11-C18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-CLA percentage compared to non-heated oil, and slightly increased cis-9,cis-12-C18:2 percentage, which was probably linked to an inhibition of the ruminal Δ12 isomerase by oxidative products in the rumen. However, feeding highly oxidized oil did not result in the appearance of hydroperoxides or hydroxyacids in milk and did not increase milk aldehydes content.     

Oxysterols As Indices of Oxidative Stress in Man After Paraquat Ingestion

The aim of this study is to evaluate oxidative stress in man after paraquat ingestion by analyzing 7 &#102 - and 7 &#103 -hydroperoxycholest-5-en-3 &#103 -ol (7 &#102 - and 7 &#103 -OOH) as well as oxysterols, cholesterol oxidation products, as indices of lipid peroxidation. Lung, kidney, and liver were collected at autopsy from seven patients with paraquat poisoning and seven controls matched for age and sex. We identified for the first time 7-ketocholesterol (7-keto) and 7-hydroxycholesterol (7 &#102 -OH and 7 &#103 -OH) in human kidney by LC-MS. Next, we quantified 7 &#102 -OOH and 7 &#103 -OOH by HPLC with postcolumn chemiluminescence as well as oxysterols by HPLC-UV. Both 7 &#102 -OOH and 7 &#103 -OOH detected in lung and kidney from the controls were as low as the paraquat group. In contrast, we found both 7-keto and 7 &#103 -OH in lung and 7-keto in kidney from the paraquat group were significantly higher than from the controls. This is the first report on accumulated oxysterols in lung and kidney from human paraquat poisoning. It seems to reflect greater oxidative stress in the pathology of paraquat intoxication.     

Energy valorization of industrial biomass: Using a batch frying process for sewage sludge

This paper studies the energy valorization of sewage sludge using a batch fry–drying process. Drying processes was carried out by emerging the cylindrical samples of the sewage sludge in the preheated recycled cooking oil. Experimental frying curves for different conditions were determined. Calorific values for the fried sewage sludge were hence determined to be around 24 MJ kg⁻¹, showing the auto-combustion potential of the fried sludge. A one-dimensional model allowing for the prediction of the water removal during frying was developed. Another water replacement model for oil intake in the fried sewage sludge was also developed. Typical frying curves were obtained and validated against the experimental data.