抑制VEGF基因表达对乳腺癌细胞细胞周期的影响

目的：研究针对VEGF基因的siRNA（small interferenceRNA）对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞细胞周期的影响。方法：依据Promega公司在网上提供的设计软件,设计针对VEGF基因的siRNA,合成DNA模板,体外转录合成siRNA。脂质体转染法将合成的siRNA转染入MCF-7细胞,以未转染细胞以及错义序列siRNAscr转染细胞为对照。用细胞计数法检测siRNA对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响：流式细胞法检测细胞周期变化,RT—PCR法比较转染前后p21、CyclinDl表达水平的变化,Westemblot检测转染前后磷酸化ERK的表达。结果：细胞计数法结果显示,转染24h后siRNA明显抑制MCF-7细胞增殖,转染48h后,抑制效率稳定。siRNA转染后能有效地抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖,阻滞细胞周期于G0／G1期,S期细胞明显减少,G0／G1期细胞比例逐渐增多;p21mRNA表达显著上调,抑制CyclinD1mRNA及磷酸化ERK蛋白的表达。结论：体外转录合成的siRNA可能通过上调细胞周期蚤白激酶抑制剂p21的表达,下调CyclinDl及磷酸化ERK的表达,将细胞周期阻滞于G0／G1期,从而显著抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖。     

从分子水平看c-Myc在细胞衰老中的作用

细胞衰老是指细胞生长永久阻滞于细胞周期的G1期,出现形态、生化及表观遗传的变化特性.细胞衰老由端粒缩短、DNA损伤、缺氧或癌基因失调等因素引起,它是抵抗肿瘤发生的主要壁垒.原癌基因c-myc编码转录因子,可调控很多基因,进而影响细胞周期演进、衰老、凋亡、代谢等生物学过程.c-Myc蛋白与细胞衰老密切相关,它可影响hTERT、p16、p53、Bmi-1和p27等衰老相关基因转录.c-Myc不仅可抑制复制性衰老,也能抑制癌基因诱发的衰老.c-Myc抑制ras诱导的细胞衰老取决于CDK2.c-Myc失活不仅能够诱导非恶性细胞(如人成纤维细胞)衰老,而且在许多肿瘤细胞中也可诱导衰老.然而,与ras基因类似,在特定条件下,c-Myc也可诱导细胞衰老,并可促进维氏综合症(Werner syndrome,WRN)缺失细胞的衰老.     

综述: 从分子水平看c-Myc在细胞衰老中的作用

细胞衰老是指细胞生长永久阻滞于细胞周期的G1期,出现形态、生化及表观遗传的变化特性.细胞衰老由端粒缩短、DNA损伤、缺氧或癌基因失调等因素引起,它是抵抗肿瘤发生的主要壁垒.原癌基因c-myc编码转录因子,可调控很多基因,进而影响细胞周期演进、衰老、凋亡、代谢等生物学过程.c-Myc蛋白与细胞衰老密切相关,它可影响hTERT、p16、p53、Bmi-1和p27等衰老相关基因转录.c-Myc不仅可抑制复制性衰老,也能抑制癌基因诱发的衰老.c-Myc抑制ras诱导的细胞衰老取决于CDK2.c-Myc失活不仅能够诱导非恶性细胞(如人成纤维细胞)衰老,而且在许多肿瘤细胞中也可诱导衰老.然而,与ras基因类似,在特定条件下,c-Myc也可诱导细胞衰老,并可促进维氏综合症(Werner syndrome,WRN)缺失细胞的衰老.     

增强p53、p21及抑制c—myc表达对MCF-7细胞增殖的协同抑制作用

为了探讨增强p53、p21基因表达水平和降低c—myc基因表达水平对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7．增殖的协同抑制作用,以及这些基因对细胞产生效应时的相互关系,本研究中首先构建了正义的p53、p21和反义的c—myc 3种真核细胞表达载体,并根据析因实验设计三种载体不同剂量组合。按照组合用质粒转染细胞,然后对转染细胞的增殖抑制率进行检测,并采用金正均Q值法、单因素方差分析中的LSD法、聚类分析法等统计学方法对结果进行统计分析。结果显示,不同量的p53、p21反义c—myc对MCF-7细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,抑制的程度各基因间存在差异。在各基因组合中,p21与反义c—myc,p53与反义c—myc联用具有协同作用,对MCF-7细胞的增殖产生更强的抑制,而p53与p21之间未显示出协同作用。对三基因协同结果进行聚类分析后,发现第一类组合协同作用最明显,第九类组合的抑制率最高。由此推测,作为抑癌基因的p53或CDK抑制基因p21高表达,同时原癌基因c—myc表达受到抑制,可相互协同显著增强对MCF-7细胞增殖的抑制作用。     

重组p16腺病毒的构建及其对人白血病细胞的抑制作用

为了探讨腺病毒载体用于基因治疗的可行性及野生型 p1 6基因的抗肿瘤特性 ,构建了复制缺陷型重组 p1 6腺病毒 .首先将 p1 6全长 c DNA插入穿梭质粒 p Ad CMV产生重组质粒 p Ad-CMV- p1 6,然后通过脂质体介导与 p JM1 7共转染 2 93细胞 ,经同源重组产生 E1区缺失的重组腺病毒空斑 .用纯化后的腺病毒感染人白血病细胞株 HL- 60后 ,PCR及 Western blot分析显示在感染细胞中有外源性 p1 6 c DNA存在和 p1 6蛋白表达 ;被感染的 HL- 60细胞的生长受到明显抑制 ,而未感染细胞及对照腺病毒感染的细胞没有受到抑制 .结果表明 ,腺病毒作为一种新型基因转移载体 ,可有效地介导肿瘤抑制基因 p1 6的表达 ,在肿瘤基因治疗方面具有很大的应用前景 .     

细胞膜脂肪酸组成改变促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡的研究

目的:研究n-6脂肪酸脱氢酶fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞内的表达,改变细胞膜脂肪酸组成,对乳腺癌细胞的凋亡作用.方法:构建含有fat-1基因的重组腺病毒载体(Ad.GFP.fat-1),通过包装细胞系(293)产生的腺病毒,感染人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7.提取细胞的总RNA,以fat-1的反义mRNA作探针,用Northern blot检测fat-1基因在MCF-7细胞内的表达.MTT法分析fat-1基因对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响,凋亡染色试剂盒检测细胞的凋亡.气相色谱仪分析对MCF-7细胞的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs含量影响.结果:通过基因重组技术,得到预期的重组病毒;fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中能有效异源表达,2d后,可检测到fat-1 mRNA的条带.与对照细胞相比,fat-1基因有效地抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖(23%,p＜0.05),促进了凋亡(增加35%);同时降低了人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞膜n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率.结论:腺病毒介导的fat-1基因能在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7内有效异源表达,且抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖.机理为降低了细胞膜的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率.     

CH50真核表达载体pCH503的构建及小鼠体内表达的趋化与抗肿瘤活性

构建重组 FN多肽 CH50真核表达载体并在小鼠体内表达 ,研究其趋化与抗肿瘤作用 .采用重组 DNA技术构建表达质粒 ;体内进行基因转染 ,采用 RT- PCR鉴定导入基因的表达 ;通过肝素亲和层析、SDS- PAGE和 Western blot鉴定表达产物 ;腹腔细胞计数、Giemsa染色分析以及肌肉组织切片与染色观察体内基因转染后的趋化作用 ;小鼠黑色素瘤模型研究基因转染抑制肿瘤的作用 .从 CH50原核表达载体获得重组多肽的 c DNA,5′端加上小鼠 IFN- 5′端非编码区和信号肽编码区的 c DNA,3′端加上人 FN c DNA的 3′端非编码区 ;将重组 c DNA插入 p REP8质粒 ,即构建出p CH50 3质粒 .巨噬细胞在体内经 p CH50 3转染 ,然后在体外培养 ,能够产生 CH50多肽 .以p CH50 3分别进行腹腔基因转染和肌肉内基因转染 ,均可对免疫细胞产生趋化作用 ;p CH50 3体内转染可以使小鼠腹腔内黑色素肿瘤结节数降低 50 %～ 60 % . CH50真核表达载体 p CH50 3可在小鼠体内表达 ,体内基因转染可趋化免疫细胞和抑制肿瘤结节形成 ,在肿瘤综合治疗中有重要意义 .     

CH50真核表达载体pCH503的构建及小鼠体内表达的趋化与抗肿瘤活性

构建重组 FN多肽 CH50真核表达载体并在小鼠体内表达 ,研究其趋化与抗肿瘤作用 .采用重组 DNA技术构建表达质粒 ;体内进行基因转染 ,采用 RT- PCR鉴定导入基因的表达 ;通过肝素亲和层析、SDS- PAGE和 Western blot鉴定表达产物 ;腹腔细胞计数、Giemsa染色分析以及肌肉组织切片与染色观察体内基因转染后的趋化作用 ;小鼠黑色素瘤模型研究基因转染抑制肿瘤的作用 .从 CH50原核表达载体获得重组多肽的 c DNA,5′端加上小鼠 IFN- 5′端非编码区和信号肽编码区的 c DNA,3′端加上人 FN c DNA的 3′端非编码区 ;将重组 c DNA插入 p REP8质粒 ,即构建出p CH50 3质粒 .巨噬细胞在体内经 p CH50 3转染 ,然后在体外培养 ,能够产生 CH50多肽 .以p CH50 3分别进行腹腔基因转染和肌肉内基因转染 ,均可对免疫细胞产生趋化作用 ;p CH50 3体内转染可以使小鼠腹腔内黑色素肿瘤结节数降低 50 %～ 60 % . CH50真核表达载体 p CH50 3可在小鼠体内表达 ,体内基因转染可趋化免疫细胞和抑制肿瘤结节形成 ,在肿瘤综合治疗中有重要意义 .     

细胞衰老及其在抗肿瘤研究中的应用

细胞衰老是细胞脱离细胞周期并不可逆地丧失增殖能力后进入的一种相对稳定的状态,虽然基本代谢过程仍然能够维持,但丧失合成DNA及增殖能力。细胞衰老具有复制衰老、癌基因诱导的衰老及加速衰老等类型。衰老细胞具有细胞体积大而扁平、细胞停止分裂及SA-β-gal反应阳性等明显特性,复制衰老还具有端粒缩短到无法维持染色体结构完整性的特征。目前已知,p53-p21和p16-pRB在细胞衰老过程中起着重要的调控作用,细胞衰老对肿瘤的形成起着天然的屏障作用。通过抑制端粒酶活性来诱导肿瘤细胞衰老和通过胞外刺激或化学治疗药物诱导肿瘤细胞发生衰老样生长停滞,已成为抗肿瘤研究的新思路。     

过表达人p33ING1b促进UV诱导的衰老细胞凋亡

p33 ^ING1b是肿瘤抑制基因ING1的主要表达形式,已有的研究表明,p33^ING1b参与了细胞的生长抑制、凋亡、染色质重塑、DNA损伤修复、肿瘤抑制等.但是,它在细胞衰老过程中的作用目前还不清楚.本研究分析了p33 ^ING1b基因在细胞衰老过程中的表达情况.结果发现,无论在mRNA水平还是在蛋白水平,p33 ^ING1b在衰老细胞中的表达均降低.通过构建和包装含p33^ING1b基因的重组腺病毒,将p33 ^ING1b导入衰老细胞中使其过表达,结果显示,p33^ING1b的过表达明显促进UV诱导的衰老细胞凋亡,提示p33I^NG1b在衰老细胞中的表达下调与衰老细胞抗凋亡有关.     

Homologous recombination-mediated irreversible genome damage underlies telomere-induced senescence

Loss of telomeric DNA leads to telomere uncapping, which triggers a persistent, p53-centric DNA damage response that sustains a stable senescence-associated proliferation arrest. Here, we show that in normal cells telomere uncapping triggers a focal telomeric DNA damage response accompanied by a transient cell cycle arrest. Subsequent cell division with dysfunctional telomeres resulted in sporadic telomeric sister chromatid fusions that gave rise to next-mitosis genome instability, including non-telomeric DNA lesions responsible for a stable, p53-mediated, senescence-associated proliferation arrest. Unexpectedly, the blocking of Rad51/RPA-mediated homologous recombination, but not non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), prevented senescence despite multiple dysfunctional telomeres. When cells approached natural replicative senescence, interphase senescent cells displayed genome instability, whereas near-senescent cells that underwent mitosis despite the presence of uncapped telomeres did not. This suggests that these near-senescent cells had not yet acquired irreversible telomeric fusions. We propose a new model for telomere-initiated senescence where tolerance of telomere uncapping eventually results in irreversible non-telomeric DNA lesions leading to stable senescence. Paradoxically, our work reveals that senescence-associated tumor suppression from telomere shortening requires irreversible genome instability at the single-cell level, which suggests that interventions to repair telomeres in the pre-senescent state could prevent senescence and genome instability.     

Different telomere damage signaling pathways in human and mouse cells

Programmed telomere shortening in human somatic cells is thought to act as a tumor suppressor pathway, limiting the replicative potential of developing tumor cells. Critically short human telomeres induce senescence either by activating p53 or by inducing the p16/RB pathway, and suppression of both pathways is required to suppress senescence of aged human cells. Here we report that removal of TRF2 from human telomeres and the ensuing de-protection of chromosome ends induced immediate premature senescence. Although the telomeric tracts remained intact, the TRF2(DeltaBDeltaM)-induced premature senescence was indistinguishable from replicative senescence and could be mediated by either the p53 or the p16/RB pathway. Telomere de-protection also induced a growth arrest and senescent morphology in mouse cells. However, in this setting the loss of p53 function was sufficient to completely abrogate the arrest, indicating that the p16/RB response to telomere dysfunction is not active in mouse cells. These findings reveal a fundamental difference in telomere damage signaling in human and mouse cells that bears on the use of mouse models for the telomere tumor suppressor pathway.     

Fez1/Lzts1 a new mitotic regulator implicated in cancer development

The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor gene product, pRb, has an established role in the implementation of cellular senescence, the state of irreversible G1 cell cycle arrest provoked by diverse oncogenic stresses. In murine cells, senescence cell cycle arrest can be reversed by subsequent inactivation of pRb, indicating that pRb is required not only for the onset of cellular senescence, but also for the maintenance of senescence program in murine cells. However, in human cells, once pRb is fully activated by p16^INK4a, senescence cell cycle arrest becomes irreversible and is no longer revoked by subsequent inactivation of pRb, suggesting that p16^INK4a/Rb-pathway activates an alternative mechanism to irreversibly block the cell cycle in human senescent cells. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the irreversibility of senescence cell cycle arrest and its potential towards tumor suppression.     

p16INK4a as a Second Effector of the Telomere Damage Pathway

Telomere damage resulting from telomere shortening can potentially suppress tumorigenesis by permanently arresting or eliminating incipient cancer cells. Dysfunctional telomeres activate the canonical DNA damage signaling pathway, resulting in a p53-mediated G1/S arrest and senescence or apoptosis. Experimental induction of telomere damage through inhibition of the telomeric protein TRF2 recapitulates aspects of telomere attrition, including a p53-mediated cell cycle arrest. Using this system, we have shown that telomere damage can also elicit a G1/S arrest through the RB-regulator p16INK4a, especially in cells lacking p53 function. Here we discuss the significance of p16INK4a as a second effector of the telomere damage response.     

Senescence delay of human diploid fibroblast induced by anti-sense p16INK4a expression

p16(INK4a), a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, is also implicated in the mechanisms underlying replicative senescence, because its RNA and protein accumulate as cells approach their finite number of population doublings in tissue culture. To further explore the involvement of p16(INK4a) in replicative senescence, we constructed a retroviral vector containing antisense p16(INK4a), pDOR-ASp16, and introduced it into early passages of human diploid fibroblasts. The introduction of this construct significantly suppressed the expression of wild-type p16(INK4a). It also imposed a finite increase in proliferative life span and significant delay of several other cell senescent features, such as cell flattening, cell cycle arrest, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase positivity. Moreover, telomere shortening and decline in DNA repair capacity, which normally accompany cell senescence, are also postponed by the ASp16 transfection. The life span of fibroblasts was significantly extended, but the onset of replicative senescence could not be totally prevented. Telomerase could not be activated even though telomere shortening was slowed. These observations suggest that the telomere pathway of senescence cannot be bypassed by ASp16 expression. These data not only strongly support a role for p16(INK4a) in replicative senescence but also raise the possibility of using the antisense p16(INK4a) therapeutically.     

Suppression of human tumor cell proliferation by Smurf2-induced senescence

The limitation of proliferative potential in human somatic cells imposed by replicative senescence has been proposed as a mechanism of tumor suppression. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 is up-regulated during replicative senescence in response to telomere shortening, and induces senescence when expressed adventitiously in early passage or telomerase-immortalized human fibroblasts. To investigate the generality of Smurf2's control of cell proliferation, we have studied the effects of Smurf2 up-regulation on cell proliferation in early passage human mammary epithelial cells which normally do not show elevated expression of Smurf2 during senescence, and in 16 human cancer cell lines derived from both sarcomas and carcinomas. Here we report that Smurf2 up-regulation induced senescence in a wide variety of human cell types, including highly neoplastic cell lines. Consistent with our previous findings, the ability of Smurf2 to arrest cell proliferation did not require its ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was increased in tumor cells undergoing Smurf2-induced senescence, and such increase occurred independently of the transactivation function of p53. Our results, which reveal a previously unsuspected tumor suppression function for Smurf2-induced senescence, suggest that modulation of Smurf2 action may be a useful strategy for inhibition of cancer cell growth.     

细胞衰老与癌症治疗

细胞衰老是生物界普遍存在的现象。肿瘤细胞是一类摆脱细胞周期束缚,突破Hayflick界限,能够无限增殖而不衰老的细胞。癌症是一种与细胞衰老密切相关的疾病。从进化的角度来看,衰老对于生物体是有益的,可以导致细胞不可逆的周期阻滞,被认为是一种自主的肿瘤抑制机制。在恶性增殖的癌细胞中,在胞外及胞内多种刺激下,如端粒缩短、DNA损伤、氧化应激以及化疗药物的处理等,都会出现细胞周期阻滞,生长迟缓等细胞衰老现象。诱导肿瘤细胞衰老也被认为是一种治疗癌症的有效手段。衰老细胞可以向胞外分泌数十种因子,维持细胞自身衰老表型,并影响周围细胞的生长,这种特性被称为衰老相关的分泌表型(SASP)。本文详细综述细胞衰老的形态学特征与分子标记物及检测方法,细胞衰老的信号调控通路（p53-p21,p16-pRB和PTEN-p27）,以及细胞衰老与恶性肿瘤发生发展的关系等。尤其是应激压力诱导下的细胞衰老在癌症治疗中的潜在作用,并进一步讨论当下流行的促衰老癌症治疗的靶点与药物以及存在的问题,以期为今后的研究提供新思路和新方向。