尿路感染患者尿中细菌L型培养的意义

目的通过对尿路感染患者尿标本中的细菌（普通型和L型）检测,以确定L型菌检测的临床价值。方法采用一般培养法和特殊（L型菌）培养法对临床标本检测。结果364份标本中一般培养法检出细菌112株,阳性率为30．8％,而特殊培养法共培养细菌及L型菌共162株,细菌总检出率为44．5％,其中单独检出L型菌50株。结论细菌在一定条件下可演变成L型菌,增加临床标本中L型菌的培养可明显提高尿路感染的细菌阳性检出率。     

丹东市熟肉制品中食源性致病菌污染状况的调查研究

为了解丹东市熟肉制品中沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的污染及菌相分布状况,为丹东市熟肉制品中致病菌污染提供本地资料,以及熟肉制品卫生监督提供科学依据。依据国标方法以及采用全自动酶联免疫荧光快速筛选仪进行筛选和BBL Crystal细菌鉴定仪鉴定,对130份样品分别进行上述致病菌分离、血清学和生化鉴定。结果共检出致病菌15株,总检出率为11．5％,酱卤类检出率为14．0％、烧烤类检出率为7．5％、白切类检出率为12．5％,其中沙门菌4株、单核细胞增生性李斯特菌4株和金黄色葡萄球菌7株。说明丹东市熟肉制品中存在食源性致病菌污染,其中金黄色葡萄球菌污染最严重。     

儿童血液凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的感染情况及耐药性分析

目的了解本院儿童血培养凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的感染率及其药物敏感情况,为儿科合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对本院2006年1月至2007年12月间住院及门诊儿童血液培养的结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果在1265例儿童血培养中共检出CNS117株,其中表皮葡萄球菌41株（占35．0％）,人葡萄球菌27株（占23．1％）,溶血葡萄球菌21株（占18．0％）,其他凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌28株（占23．9％）;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分离率为79．5％;MRCNS药敏结果显示多重耐药。结论CNS已成为儿童血液感染的重要致病菌,MRCNS检出率高且多重耐药,万古霉素、喹宁始霉素-达福普汀、呋西地酸是治疗MRCNS感染的首选药物。     

临床和非临床分离沙门菌的菌型分布及对抗生素的耐药性研究

目的：探讨沙门菌在腹泻病人粪便、外环境污水和部分动物标本中的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。方法：采用血清学方法对沙门菌进行分群和分型,采用K—B法进行抗生素耐药性测定。结果：410份临床腹泻病人标本和514份非临床标本共检出沙门菌93株,检出率为10．1％,其菌型分布为：腹泻病人粪便中检出的均为B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(6／93),非临床标本中的菌型主要为C2群纽波特沙门菌(72／93),还有E1群伦敦沙门菌(7／93)、B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(2／93)和未定型(6／93)。87株沙门菌对青霉素的耐药率最高(96．5％),其次为SMZ TMP(73．6％),未发现对新霉素、链霉素、四环素和阿米卡星的耐药株。结论：实验结果可为研究我省沙门菌的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性提供参考;临床上应加强对鼠伤寒沙门菌引起腹泻的监测。     

IgA肾病患者血液、尿液及咽拭子标本中穿通支原体的分离检出

目的探讨IgA肾病患者血液、尿液及咽拭子标本中穿通支原体（Mycoplasma penetrans,Mp）的分离检出率以及与病理型别相关性。方法采用分离培养法,共计从26例IgA肾病患者血液、尿液及咽拭子标本及38例正常对照相应标本中进行穿通支原体分离检测,对培养阳性标本用穿通支原体套式PCR进行证实。结果在11例（42．3％）患者血液与尿液或（和）咽拭子中同时分离到穿通支原体,单独尿液或咽拭子标本阳性分别为1例（3．8％）与7例（26．9％）。26例IgA肾病患者血液、尿液及咽拭子穿通支原体的分离检出率分别为42．3％、23．1％与57．7％;与38例正常对照组血液、尿液及咽拭子检出0例、2例（5．3％）与7例（18．4％）相比较,差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）,在正常对照组中无2种以上标本同时检出穿通支原体。结论穿通支原体在ISA肾病患者的血液、尿液与咽拭子标本中均有较高的检出率且与病理型别有一定的相关性。     

158例血液中厌氧菌分离培养结果分析

报告１５８例血液标本中厌氧和需氧细菌培养,结果有３９例培养阳性,总检出率２４．７％,其中单一厌氧菌和单一需氧菌阳性者,分别占阳性标本的５３．９％和４１％,两者混合阳性占５．１％。共检出细菌４１株（厌氧菌２３株,需氧菌１８株）。其中以消化链球菌（６０．９％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（２７．８％）多见。表明厌氧菌在菌（败）血症中占有重要地位。对感染机制和药敏试验进行了讨论。     

229例血培养阳性结果分析

目的研究血液感染的微生物种类分布及病因。方法5 m l血标本在优快双相血培养瓶内于恒温(35±1)℃培养箱孵育,分离阳性标本菌落,采用“第2代15 e系统”进行细菌鉴定,并做药敏试验。结果2 310例血培养标本共分离出229株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌198株占86.46%,革兰阳性菌27株占11.79%,真菌4株占1.74%,阳性率从高到低为甲副伤寒菌、大肠埃希菌、洋葱假单胞菌、产碱杆菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌,分别是55.89%、6.55%、5.24%、3.93%、2.62%。沙门菌占65.06%,分离自感染内科及门、急诊科,大肠埃希菌主要见于感染内科及内分泌科,常见菌阳性标本在孵育<24、24~48、48~76、≥76 h的阳性率依次为5.29%、46.47%、85.88%、99.40%。结论血液感染病原菌在沿海地区以沙门菌属尤其以甲副伤寒菌为主,其次为非发酵菌和葡萄球菌。快速血培养技术仍是血液感染病原学诊断的必要手段。     

2005-2011年血液科病房细菌分布及耐药情况

目的:探讨我院血液病房近7年临床分离细菌的分布及耐药特征,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考依据.方法:回顾分析2005年～2011年间南京市鼓楼医院血液病房临床分离的细菌及药敏试验资料.鉴定菌种采用VITE-ATB系统并以Kirby-Bauer 纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据NCCLS标准判断结果.结果:7年间共送检标本5802例次,分离出细菌897株.其中革兰氏阴性菌占63.9％,革兰氏阳性菌占36.1％.革兰氏阴性菌中肠杆菌科细菌占48.8％,非发酵菌占38.8％;革兰氏阳性菌中葡萄球菌及肠球菌分别占70.9％及l9.5％.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌ESBLs的检出率分别为68.1％及27.3％;金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为79.5％及85.3％.我科病房检出了替考拉宁中介金黄色葡萄球菌1株及万古霉素耐药人葡萄球菌.结论:血液病房病原菌分布仍以革兰氏阴性菌为主;总体细菌耐药性呈增长趋势,并出现对亚胺培南耐药的肠杆菌科、万古霉素耐药及替考拉宁不敏感的葡萄球菌属.     

2010年夏季急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿沙门菌感染分析

本文旨在了解急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿中沙门菌的感染现状及其耐药性.采集2010年7月1日~2010年9月30日复旦大学附属儿科医院门诊及住院急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿的粪便标本,进行沙门菌分离、培养及鉴定,采用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验.共收集急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿粪便标本 1 045份,检出沙门菌 160株,阳性...     

1 276例新生儿临床血液培养的分析

目的研究新生儿血液感染的细菌种类和培养方法（需氧、厌氧培养）。方法血标本在mini VITAL全自动血培养仪中培养,采用VITEK32自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定。结果1276例新生儿血中共分离出细菌95株,阳性检出率为7．37％。95株菌分属37个菌种。其中革兰阳性球菌71株,占74．74％,革兰阴性杆菌20株,占21．05％,专性厌氧菌1株,占1．05％,感染率最高的前3位细菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌。1149例新生儿中需氧和厌氧配对培养结果,阳性83例,阳性检出率为7．24％,其中需氧和厌氧均生长者34例,占40．96％;仅需氧生长者21例,占25．30％;仅厌氧生长者28例,占33．73％。结论快速血培养技术是血液感染病原学诊断必要手段,同时做需氧、厌氧培养对培养结果至关重要。     

Microbiological quality of wheat flour consumed in Morocco

Cereal products (soft and hard wheat) are a basic staple food in the Moroccan diet. A total of 60 samples of two types of wheat flours used for human consumption were collected; 30 samples among this collection were obtained from various households using Moroccan varieties of wheat produced in traditional flour mills. The rest of the samples were purchased from retail wheat flour sources in the Rabat and Sale city markets. Standard plate counts (SPC), total and faecal coliforms, Clostridium, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and molds, were carried out to assess the microbiological quality of wheat flour. Microbiological interpretation of the criteria was performed according to standards implemented by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Most frequent counts, in traditional and industrial wheat flour, were total aerobic mesophilic bacteria with an average 4 × 104 and 2.5 × 104 cfu/g, respectively. The results showed higher coliform and fungi counts in house than in commercial samples. Pathogenic flora as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Clostridium were not detected in all investigated samples. Bacterial strains isolated from both flours belong to the following genera: Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Klebsiella spp., Pantoea spp., Leclercia spp., Proteus spp. The most frequent genus of the investigated isolates was Aspergillus (81 %). Microbial counts were lower than the limit laid down in the Codex Alimentarius, attributing to these flours a satisfactory microbiological quality.     

Analysis of microorganisms isolated from febrile neutropenic children with neoplastic disease

The microbiological evaluation of the blood was carried out as a continued monitoring of the microorganism culture using the colourmetric system VITAL 200 (bio-Mérieux). There have been analysed 4660 bacteriological research results of the peripheral blood, blood from Broviac and from Broviac liquid of the children suffering from cancer treated in the years 1997-2000 in the Pediatric, Hematology and Oncology Clinique of the State Clinical Hospital in Bydgoszcz. There have been gained 1032 positive cultures from KZZ, KZB, PZB. There have been recognized 259 bacteremia and 22 fungemia by the children with fever in the neutropenia period. In the analysed four years in the blood dominated Gram-positive bacteria. Among Gram-positive bacteria there were mostly Staphylococcus spp. (42.5%), mostly CNS, fewer numerous were Streptococcus spp. (14.5%) and Corynebacterium spp. (5.9%). Among Gram-negative bacteria mostly were isolated Acinetobacter spp. (25.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.7%), E. coli (13.8%), Enterobacter spp. (13.9%), Klebsiella spp. (9.2%). There were observed few infections by strains resistant to many antibiotics, S. maltophilia, B. cepacia, E. faecium, S. haemolyticus. All strains Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to vancomycin. There have not been found Enterococcus spp. resistant to glycopeptides. Most active against Gram-positive rods were carbapenems and aminoglycosides.     

Temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and bacteria

Galleria mellonella L. larvae were infected with three species (seven strains) of Steinernema spp. or three species (three strains) of Heterorhabditis spp. Infected larvae were incubated at 22, 27, and 32 degrees C. Larvae were dorsally dissected every 6h over a 48-h period. Hemolymph was collected and streaked on tryptic soy agar plates. Several non-symbiotic bacterial species were identified from infected insect cadavers: Enterobacter gergoviae, Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens type C, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia proteomaculans. At 18-24 h incubation, the nematode-associated symbiont occurred almost exclusively. Bacterial associates generally appeared outside the 18-24 h window. Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (27), Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston (Oscar), or Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Kapow) were left untreated, or surface sterilized using thimerosal, then pipetted under sterile conditions onto tryptic soy agar plates. Several additional species of associated bacteria were identified using this method compared with the less extensive range of species isolated from infected G. mellonella. There was no difference in bacterial species identified from non-sterile or surface sterilized nematodes, suggesting that the bacteria identified originated from either inside the nematode or between second and third stage juvenile cuticles. Infective juveniles of S. feltiae (Cowles), S. carpocapsae (Cowles), and H. bacteriophora Poinar (Cowles) were isolated from field samples. Nematodes were surface-sterilized using sodium hypochlorite, mixed with G. mellonella hemolymph, and pipetted onto Biolog BUG (with blood) agar. Only the relevant symbionts were isolated from the limited number of samples available. The nematodes were then cultured in the laboratory for 14 months (sub-cultured in G. mellonella 7-times). Other Enterobacteriaceae could then be isolated from the steinernematid nematodes including S. marcescens, Salmonella sp., and E. gergoviae, indicating the ability of the nematodes to associate with other bacteria in laboratory culture.     

Persistense of mono- and associated cultures of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria

The comparative study of adhesive, hemolytic, DNA-ase, lecithinase, antilysozymic, anticomplementary activities of mono- and associated cultures of 57 Enterobacter spp., 61 Citrobacter spp. and 55 Serratia spp. strains, isolated from patients with pyoinflammatory, intestinal and urological diseases is carried out. Different variations of cocultivated bacteria including Enterobacter and Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Serratia, Citrobacter and Serratia are used. It was shown, that cocultivated Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Serratia bacteria increased the persistent properties of mixt cultures.     

Application of antimicrobial-producing lactic acid bacteria to control pathogens in ready-to-use vegetables

Five psychrotrophic strains of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Lact. plantarum and Pediococcus spp.) were isolated from 22 samples of commercial salads. These strains were shown to inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on MRS agar, in salads and in juice prepared from vegetable salads. Lactobacillus casei IMPCLC34 was most effective in reducing total mesophilic bacteria and the coliform group; Aer. hydrophila, Salm. typhimurium and Staph. aureus disappeared after 6 d of storage, while the counts for L. monocytogenes remained constant. The potential application of antimicrobial-producing lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives of ready-to-use vegetables is suggested.     

Development and evaluation of a PCR method for diagnosis of Salmonella enteric fever, based on DNA sequences of the hilA gene

Typically, diagnosis of enteric fever due to Salmonella spp. is by bacterial isolation from blood culture; however, the blood culture method is slow, not always available, and not informative in patients with antibiotic treatment. Salmonella spp. uses the hilA gene (component of the pathogenicity island I) to invade epithelial cells and produce infection. Using the hilA gene sequence a PCR test was designed to detect Salmonella in blood samples. The sensitivity (S), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the PCR method were obtained by testing the blood samples from 34 patients with suspected of enteric fever. Presence of S. typhi was confirmed by blood culture. Blood samples were also tested from 35 patients with infections due to other non-Salmonella pathogens, again corroborated by blood culture (Klebsiella pneumoniae, 9; Serratia marcescens, 5; Escherichia coli, 4; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9; Providencia alcalifaciens, 4; Enterobacter cloacae, 4). Control samples were obtained from 150 healthy volunteers. The S, SP, PPV and NPV for the PCR method were all 100%. The lowest number of colony forming units/ml detected by PCR in blood samples was 10.     

A note on the microbiology of retail packs of prepared salad vegetables

Retail packs of mixed, prepared salad vegetables from two different manufacturers were stored at 7 degrees C until the end of storage-life (sell-by date plus 1 d), when the microbial flora was examined. The quality of the salads was acceptable at the end of storage life. The oxygen concentrations in packs were lower, and the carbon dioxide concentrations were higher, than those in air. High numbers of bacteria were present, with Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter agglomerans predominating in packs of both salads, together with lactic acid bacteria in one of the salads. Significant numbers of pectolytic bacteria including Pseudomonas spp. and Erwinia carotovora were detected. Despite the presence of high numbers of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli was not detected in batches of one salad, and was detected in relatively low numbers in batches of the other. Yersinia spp., predominantly environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, were isolated by enrichment from all samples tested; Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci were not detected.     

A note on the microbiology of retail packs of prepared salad vegetables

Retail packs of mixed, prepared salad vegetables from two different manufacturers were stored at 7°C until the end of storage-life (sell-by date plus 1 d), when the microbial flora was examined. The quality of the salads was acceptable at the end of storage-life. The oxygen concentrations in packs were lower, and the carbon dioxide concentrations were higher, than those in air. High numbers of bacteria were present, with Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter agglomerans predominating in packs of both salads, together with lactic acid bacteria in one of the salads. Significant numbers of pectolytic bacteria including Pseudomonas spp. and Erwinia carotovora were detected. Despite the presence of high numbers of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli was not detected in batches of one salad, and was detected in relatively low numbers in batches of the other. Yersinia spp., predominantly environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica , were isolated by enrichment from all samples tested; Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci were not detected.     

Treatment of sanitary-important bacteria by bacteriocin substance V24 in cattle dung water

Quantification of sanitary-important bacteria (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae), as well as indicators of environmental contamination, was assessed in samples of cattle dung from 25 cattle farms in 15 north-eastern Slovakia districts. The inhibitory effect of crude bacteriocin extract CBE V24 from Enterococcus faecalis V24 against Listeria monocytogenes Ohio and Yersinia enterocolitica YE85 was examined in cattle dung water with the aim of finding a new way of eliminating the health risk of the animal slurry. The following bacterial groups were quantified: Salmonella spp., Shigella-like spp. , Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. , Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci (the average count ranged from 102 up to 104 cfu ml-1). Antagonistic effect of the crude bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecalis V24 in the range of 100-600 Arbitrary units per ml (AU ml-1) was shown against the following bacteria: Enterobacter cloacae, Ent. asburiae, Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter lwoffi, L. monocytogenes as well as Y. enterocolitica YE85. During tests performed to study the inhibitory effect of the crude bacteriocin CBE V24 (concentration 800, 1600 AU ml-1) against L. monocytogenes Ohio and Y. enterocolitica YE85 in experimentally contaminated cattle dung, a reduction of 2.03 and 1.44 log cfu ml-1, respectively, was already noted after 1 h after crude bacteriocin CBE V24 addition.     

The spectrum of pathogenic bacteria in positive blood cultures

There is compelling evidence to suggest that the profiles of pathogenic bacteria which cause septicaemia shock vary from one region to another due to differences in the source of contamination. Blood cultures were prepared from 3,481 patients with symptoms of systemic bacterial contamination. The blood cultures of 558 (16.02%) patients showed at least one kind of bacterial infection. This rate was markedly higher than that reported in Germany (12.8%) and Japan (12.3%). Systemic bacterial infection was significantly higher in males than in females (82% versus 18%). Most of the patients surveyed (62%) were adults and the rest were either infants (19%) or neonates (19%). When blood samples of these patients were cultured, and isolated bacteria were characterized by a variety of diagnostic tests, over twenty different strains of bacteria were identified and characterized. More than 29% of positive cultures were Enterobacter spp. while Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and Brucella spp. (8%) ranked second and third highest among the infections. The results suggest that agents which cause infections vary with respect to region and that knowledge of local risk factors may aid in patient diagnosis and treatment.