Availability of iodide and iodate to spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in relation to total iodine in soil solution

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to investigate the availability of iodide and iodate to soil-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in relation to total iodine concentration in soil solution. Four iodine concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg kg⁻¹) for iodide (I⁻) and iodate (IO₃⁻) were used. Results showed that the biomass productions of spinach were not significantly affected by the addition of iodate and iodide to the soil, and that iodine concentrations in spinach plants on the basis of fresh weights increased with increasing addition of iodine. Iodine concentrations in tissues were much greater for plants grown with iodate than with iodide. In contrast to the iodide treatments, in iodate treatment leaves accounted for a larger fraction of the total plant iodine. The soil-to-leaf transfer factors (TF_leaf) for plants grown with iodate were about tenfold higher than those grown with iodide. Iodine concentrations in soil solution increased with increasing iodine additions to the soil irrespective of iodine species. However, total iodine in soil solution was generally higher for iodate treatments than iodide both in pots with and without spinach. According to these results, iodate can be considered as potential iodine fertilizer to increase iodine content in vegetables.     

蔬菜吸收不同形态外源碘的动力学特性

采用水培法,研究了两种蔬菜(小白菜和芹菜)对两种不同形态碘源(I-,IO-3)的吸收和积累特性.结果表明:供试蔬菜吸收碘的速率表现为在短时间(＜60 min)内迅速增加,随着时间的延长蔬菜对碘的吸收速率逐渐下降;在低浓度范围内(0.01～0.50 mg/L)蔬菜对IO-3的吸收速率与碘浓度变化曲线符合饱和吸收动力学特征(表现为遵循酶学方程),进一步研究表明,解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)对低浓度(＜0.50 mg/L)下蔬菜IO-3吸收速率具有明显的抑制作用,说明两种蔬菜对低浓度的IO-3可能存在主动吸收,而在高浓度范围内(0.50～10.0 mg/L),蔬菜对碘的吸收速率随着碘浓度的提高呈现直线上升的趋势.两种蔬菜相比,在同样条件下芹菜对碘的吸收速率明显大于小白菜.蔬菜可食部分中碘的含量随着碘浓度的提高而增加,在一次加碘条件下表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而在持续加碘条件下蔬菜中碘的含量在整个处理期间表现为不断增加; Cl-的添加对低浓度下蔬菜碘的吸收具有明显的抑制作用,而随着碘浓度的提高Cl-的抑制作用逐渐减弱.供试蔬菜对碘的富集系数随碘浓度的提高而降低,碘在蔬菜不同器官的分配次序表现为根＞叶＞茎.     

Exploiting genotypic variation in plant nutrient accumulation to alleviate micronutrient deficiency in populations

More than 2 billion people consume diets that are less diverse than 30 years ago, leading to deficiencies in micronutrients, especially iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), and also vitamin A. A strategy that exploits genetic variability to breed staple crops with enhanced ability to fortify themselves with micronutrients (genetic biofortification) offers a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional supplementation and fortification programs. This is more likely to reach those most in need, has the added advantages of requiring no change in current consumer behaviour to be effective, and is transportable to a range of countries. Research by our group, along with studies elsewhere, has demonstrated conclusively that substantial genotypic variation exists in nutrient (e.g. Fe, Zn) and nutrient promotor (e.g. inulin) concentrations in wheat and other staple foods. A rapid screening technique has been developed for lutein content of wheat and triticale, and also for pro-vitamin A carotenoids in bread wheat. This will allow cost-effective screening of a wider range of genotypes that may reveal greater genotypic variation in these traits. Moreover, deeper understanding of genetic control mechanisms and development of molecular markers will facilitate breeding programs. We suggest that a combined strategy utilising plant breeding for higher micronutrient density; maximising the effects of nutritional promoters (e.g. inulin, vitamin C) by promoting favourable dietary combinations, as well as by plant breeding; and agronomic biofortification (e.g. adding iodide or iodate as fertiliser; applying selenate to cereal crops by spraying or adding to fertiliser) is likely to be the most effective way to improve the nutrition of populations. Furthermore, the importance of detecting and exploiting beneficial interactions is illustrated by our discovery that in Fe-deficient chickens, circulating Fe concentrations can be restored to normal levels by lutein supplementation. Further bioavailability/bioefficacy trials with animals and humans are needed, using varying dietary concentrations of Fe, Zn, carotenoids, inulin, Se and I to elucidate other important interactions in order to optimise delivery in biofortification programs.     

Speciation of iodine in high iodine groundwater in china associated with goitre and hypothyroidism

Iodine intake affects the occurrence of disease in a population. Excessive iodine intake may be caused by a high iodine content of drinking water. Tap water in few locations in Europe contains up to 139 μg/L mostly bound to humic substances, probably leaching from marine sediments in the aquifers. Even higher iodine contents have been found in Chinese waters, previously shown to associate with goitre and hypothyroidism. The aims were to elucidate speciation of high iodine groundwater from deep wells in China and to compare with high iodine waters from Europe. Water was sampled from eight wells in five villages along Bohai Bay, China. Macro-molecules and low molecular weight (MW) substances were separated by size exclusion chromatography (high performance liquid chromatography, Superose 12 HR 10/30, buffer 0.1 M Tris, pH 7.0). Organic material was evaluated by A280 and iodine in fractions measured by the Ce/As method after alkaline incineration. Iodine content of well water varied from 135 to 880 μg/L (median 287 μg/L). The amount of organic material in water was low with A280, <1–5 mAU. The chromatographic traces were similar between samples: One peak of iodine eluted around K _AV 0.65 corresponding to MW 5 kDa (humic substances) and one peak at V _total (iodide/low MW substances). The fraction of iodine in macro-molecules, suggested to be humic substances, varied from 8% to 70% (median 27%). Iodine and peak absorbance were associated (p = 0.006). In conclusion, iodine in iodine-rich deep well water in northern China may have marine origin and may associate with humic substances, comparable to shallow well iodine-rich water in Europe. High iodine intake from iodine-rich water suggests the cause of endemic goitre and hypothyroidism in some areas in China being iodine.     

外源碘在森林土壤中的残留及对山野菜植物的施用效果

以培育富碘山野菜为目标,在东北森林暗棕壤上进行了5种山野菜施碘试验。碘肥种类为碘化钾(KI),施碘剂量为1．00、3．33、10．00、16．67和50．00mg·kg^-1。结果表明,土壤施碘是培育富碘山野菜的有效途径,从低施用量到高施用量,不同山野菜植物的含碘量可达对照的2～40倍,但外源碘在土壤中的当年残留率并不高,仅有40％～5％残留,并且随着施入量增加而迅速降低;植物对碘的积累也并非总是随着施入量的增加而增加,施碘量达到10．00mg·kg^-1时,大部分植物的碘积累量趋于稳定。从施碘条件下外源碘的土壤残留率、植物碘积累特征及施用成本等方面综合考虑,适宜的施碘量上限大约为10mg·kg^-1．土壤因素显著影响施碘效果,栽培地应选择土质细腻、肥沃的中上坡地段,砂砾质土壤和易形成水分潜流的下坡土壤都不利于肥料碘的保持和植物吸收。     

The role of iodine in human growth and development

Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones, and therefore iodine, are essential for mammalian life. Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem; globally, it is estimated that two billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake. Although goiter is the most visible sequelae of iodine deficiency, the major impact of hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency is impaired neurodevelopment, particularly early in life. In the fetal brain, inadequate thyroid hormone impairs myelination, cell migration, differentiation and maturation. Moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases rates of spontaneous abortion, reduces birth weight, and increases infant mortality. Offspring of deficient mothers are at high risk for cognitive disability, with cretinism being the most severe manifestation. It remains unclear if development of the offspring is affected by mild maternal iodine deficiency. Moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth. Correction of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in primary school aged children improves cognitive and motor function. Iodine prophylaxis of deficient populations with periodic monitoring is an extremely cost effective approach to reduce the substantial adverse effects of iodine deficiency throughout the life cycle.     

Combating iodine deficiency disorders to achieve millennium development goal 4 in India: reduction in infant mortality rate

In severe iodine deficient areas, iodine deficiency has been documented to be an important etiological factor leading to poor fetal growth and development. Iodine is essential for physical growth and development of the central nervous system of the fetus. Iodine deficiency in pregnant mothers leads to increased incidence of infertility and abortions, perinatal mortality and infant child mortality. The clinical iodine supplementation trials have documented adverse health consequences due to iodine deficiency. Evidence from observational studies concludes that prevention of iodine deficiency can lead to reduction in infant mortality rate and facilitate to achieve millennium development goal-4.     

Effects of speciation on partitioning of iodine in aqueous biphasic systems and onto ABEC resins

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) and PEG-grafted aqueous biphasic extraction chromatographic (ABEC) resins have been shown to remove inorganic species from environmental and nuclear wastes. The partitioning behavior of several iodide species (iodide, iodine, triiodide, iodate, and 4-iodo-2,6-dimethylphenol (I-DMP)) have been studied for PEG (MW 2000)-salt systems and ABEC resins. Iodide partitioning to PEG-rich phases or onto ABEC resins can be enhanced by derivatization with 2,6-dimethylphenol to form 4-iodo-2,6-dimethylphenol or by addition of I(2) to form triiodide. Conversely, iodide partitioning to the PEG-rich phase or onto ABEC resins is reduced by oxidation of iodide to IO(3)(-). Partitioning studies of iodide, iodate, and iodine in a PEG-ABS are compared to results using ABEC resins.     

Maternal iodine supplementation improves motor coordination in offspring by modulating the mGluR1 signaling pathway in mild iodine deficiency-induced hypothyroxinemia rats

Iodine is an essential component for thyroid hormone synthesis. Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated that maternal mild iodine deficiency (ID)-induced hypothyroxinemia can affect intellectual and behavioral function in offspring. There is no definitive evidence demonstrating the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on neurobehavioral function in regional areas with mild ID. Thus, we aimed to clarify the effects of maternal mild ID and iodine supplementation on motor coordination in offspring and illuminate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Animal models of maternal mild ID and iodine supplementation were generated by providing Wistar rats an iodine-deficient diet and deionized water supplemented with potassium iodide during pregnancy and lactation. We found that mild ID-induced hypothyroxinemia led to a shorter latent time before falling down from the rotarod, a longer time to traverse the balance beam and poorer wire grip of the forelimbs, which imply motor coordination dysfunction. However, these impairments in the offspring were improved by iodine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. We further observed that the ultrastructure and dendritic tree morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells were altered in mild ID-induced hypothyroxinemia but that these changes could be reversed by iodine supplementation. Maternal mild ID and iodine supplementation also affected expression of the mGluR1 signaling pathway in offspring. Together, iodine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation can improve motor coordination in offspring by modulating the mGluR1 signaling pathway in mild ID-induced hypothyroxinemia rats.     

Reduction of iodate in iodated salt to iodide during cooking with iodine as measured by an improved HPLC/ICP–MS method

Background: Iodate is a strong oxidant, and some animal studies indicate that iodate intake may cause adverse effects. A key focus of the safety assessment of potassium iodate as a salt additive is determining whether iodate is safely reduced to iodide in food. Objective: To study the reduction of iodate in table salt to iodide and molecular iodine during cooking. Materials and Methods: Fifteen food samples cooked with and without iodated salt were prepared in duplicate. The iodine in the cooked food was extracted with deionized water. The iodine species in the extracts were determined by using an improved high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP–MS). The cooking temperature and the pH of the food were determined. Results: The conversion rate of iodate in iodated salt to iodide and molecular iodine was 96.4%±14.7% during cooking, with 86.8%±14.5% of the iodate converted to iodide ions and 9.6% ±6.2% converted to molecular iodine to lose. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, relative standard deviation and recovery rate of the method HPLC/ICP–MS were 0.70 μg/L for I⁻ (0.69 μg/L for IO₃⁻), 2.10 μg/L for I⁻ (2.06 μg/L for IO₃⁻), 2.6% and 101.6%±2.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Almost all iodate added to food was converted into iodide and molecular iodine during cooking. The improved HPLC/ICP–MS was reliable in the determination of iodine species in food extracts.     

Contribution of milk to iodine intake in France

A survey based on 838, samples of milk obtained from 537 dairies covering 70 of 95 districts in France was organized to assess iodine content of milk and its contribution to total intake. Iodine levels were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Very low iodine contents (<25 μg I/kg) were found in the eastern part of the country (the Vosges, Jura, and the Alpes) and the Massif Central. During milk processing, much of the iodine is lost in the whey. The other significant sources of dietary iodine are fish and eggs. Iodized salt is sold only to households and not to industry. Even if about 20% of the iodine is lost over the first 3 mo, salt remains the main source for this trace element. It is concluded that, if iodized salt is not provided systematically for both domestic and agro-industrial use, then milk may be the most important source of iodine. This key role may explain seasonal and geographical variations in the frequencies of goiter in France.     

Effects of lodine in Various Formulations on the Growth of Barley and Pea Plants in Nutrient Solution Culture

The forms of iodine added to cultures of barley were potassiumiodide, potassium iodate, potassium periodate, and iodoaceticacid at iodine concentrations of 1.0 ppm and 10.0 ppm. Withpea, only iodide and iodate at 1.0 ppm iodine concentrationwere used. For both species, comparisons were made with culturesto which no iodine was added. In barley, growth was increased by 1.0 ppm iodine, the relativeeffectiveness of the different formulations being in the order:iodoacetic acid > iodide > iodate > periodate. With10.0 ppm, iodide and iodoacetic acid treatments gave reducedgrowth, iodate was without effect, and periodate enhanced growth. In pea, 1.0 ppm iodine was inhibitory, iodide being more toxicthan iodate. Analysis of dry matter showed iodine content according to treatmentto be in the order: iodide > iodoacetic acid > iodate> periodate     

Bioavailability of seaweed iodine in human beings.

The major procedure used to correct iodine deficiency is the universal salt iodization by addition of iodide or iodate to salt with an iodine content varying from 7 to 100 mg/kg of salt depending on the country legislation. As an important fraction of consumers in the world prefers natural products over artificial ones, we investigated the industrial feasibility of naturally iodized salt using seaweed as source of iodine. We report the results of the iodine bioavailability in healthy subjects from two seaweeds: Laminaria hyperborea and Gracilaria verrucosa selected due to their high level in iodine as a mineral or an organic form and low levels of heavy metals. As a control we studied in a normal man the bioavailability of pure mineral iodine such as potassium iodide which was excellent i.e. 96.4% and of pure organic iodine such as monoiodotyrosine which was a little lower i.e. 80.0%. Iodine bioavailability from these two seaweeds was studied in nine normal subjects from Marseille (France) which is an iodine sufficient area based on a median urinary iodine level of 137 microg/day and innine normal subjects from Brussels (Belgium) who present a mild iodine deficiency with a value of 73 microg/day. The iodine bioavailability of Gracilaria verrucosa is better than for Laminaria hyperborea (101% versus 90% in Marseille, t=0.812, NS; 85% versus 61.5% in Brussels, t = 2.486, p = 0.024, S*). The urinary excretion of iodine is lower in Brussels than in Marseille for the same seaweed because part of the iodine is stored in the thyroid (101% versus 85% for Gracilaria verrucosa, t = 1.010, NS; 90% versus 61.5% for Laminaria hyperborea, t = 3.879, p= 0.001, S***).     

Thyrotoxicosis induced by iodine contamination of food--a common unrecognised condition?

The incidence of thyrotoxicosis in northern Tasmania rose significantly in 1964, two years before an epidemic of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis was precipitated by the addition of iodate to bread to prevent goitre. Each time older patients accounted for most of the increase. The 1964 increase was probably iodine-induced as the use of iodophor disinfectants on dairy farms, which causes iodine residues in milk, began in 1963 and a fall in the prevalence of goitre in young children suggested an increase in dietary iodine at about that time. A further small increase in thyrotoxicosis in 1971 may also have been iodine-induced as it followed an extension of the use of iodophors. Dietary iodine is rising substantially in many places because of high iodine levels in milk and the use of iodine compounds in automated bread making, and this may be causing unsuspected iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Dietary iodine should be monitored regularly and clinicans alerted to any rise. Contamination of common foods with iodine should be more strictly controlled.     

Iodine levels in different regions of the human brain

BackgroundIodine is a key component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are crucial for proper growth and development of the human body. In particular, a great body of literature has been published on the link between thyroid hormones and brain development and functioning. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the iodine levels in the human brain. The aim of this work was to determine the brain iodine levels and to contribute to the establishment of “reference” levels for iodine in the different anatomical and functional regions of normal (i.e., subjects without neurological or psychiatric diseases) human brain.MethodsThe iodine levels were determined in 14 brain regions of 52 dead subjects without evidence of neurological or psychiatric disease (n = 728 samples). Iodine was extracted from brain samples using a standard procedure and determined by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).ResultsFour subjects presented abnormally high brain iodine levels (26.0 ± 14.2 μg/g) and were excluded from the overall data analysis. The average brain iodine levels for the remaining 48 subjects was 0.14 ± 0.13 μg/g dry weight. Iodine showed very heterogeneous distribution across the different brain regions, with the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen showing the highest levels. Interestingly, these brain regions are closely related to cognitive function. Iodine levels also showed a tendency to increase with age. The high levels observed in four subjects seemed to be related to previous exposure to iodine-based contrast agents widely used in radiology and computed tomography exams.ConclusionsThis paper provides important data on iodine levels at different brain regions in “normal” people, which can be used to interpret eventual imbalances in subjects with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.     

Mass-transfer based modeling to investigate iodine staining effects for enhanced contrast X-ray computed tomography

Iodine staining combined with X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become a core approach in anatomy, offering three-dimensional and essentially non-destructive imaging of soft tissues. Although there have been rapid advances in methodologies and techniques, the mechanisms underlying diffusible iodine contrast-enhanced CT are not yet fully understood. The protocols for staining samples of differing sizes and tissue types have not yet been justified theoretically. Here we utilize mass transfer modeling to simulate iodine diffusion and predict iodine concentrations within distinct tissue types. We also undertake iodine staining experiments to visualize the detailed anatomy and contrast effects on whole-body avian specimens using different concentrations of iodine solution to compare with model simulation results. The simulations effectively explain most observed concentration changes in differently-sized samples over distinct iodine treatment durations. These results also provide insight into the mechanisms behind the efficacy of solution replenishment for enhancing staining effects. Both consistencies and inconsistencies between our simulation and experimental results regarding iodine concentration in tissues will inform further investigations to optimize iodine staining protocols.     

Increment of Iodine Content in Vegetable Plants by Applying Iodized Fertilizer and the Residual Characteristics of Iodine in Soil

As a new attempt to control iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), we explored a method of iodine supplementation by raising the iodine content in vegetables. When grown in the soil supplemented with iodized fertilizer, the three experimental plant species (cucumber, aubergine, and radish) show increasing iodine levels in both leaf and fruit/rhizome tissues as the iodine content added in soil increases. Excessive iodine added to soil can be toxic to plants, whereas the tolerance limit to excessive iodine varies in the three plant species tested. The migration and volatilization of iodine in soil is correlated with the properties of the soil used. The residual iodine in soil increases as the iodine added to soil increases. The diatomite in the iodized fertilizer helps to increase the durability of the iodized fertilizer. This study potentially provides a safe and organic iodine supplementation method to control IDD.     

Quantification of total iodine in intact granular starches of different botanical origin exposed to iodine vapor at various water activities

Iodine has been used as an effective tool for studying both the structure and composition of dispersed starch and starch granules. In addition to being employed to assess relative amylose contents for starch samples, it has been used to look at the molecular mobility of the glucose polymers within intact starch granules based on exposure to iodine vapor equilibrated at different water activities. Starches of different botanical origin including corn, high amylose corn, waxy corn, potato, waxy potato, tapioca, wheat, rice, waxy rice, chick pea and mung bean were equilibrated to 0.33, 0.75, 0.97 water activities, exposed to iodine vapor and then absorbance spectra and LAB color were determined. In addition, a new iodine quantification method sensitive to <0.1% iodine (w/w) was employed to measure bound iodine within intact granular starch. Amylose content, particle size distribution of granules, and the density of the starch were also determined to explore whether high levels of long linear glucose chains and the surface area-to-volume ratio were important factors relating to the granular iodine binding. Results showed, in all cases, starches complexed more iodine as water content increased and waxy starches bound less iodine than their normal starch counterparts. However, much more bound iodine could be measured chemically with waxy starches than was expected based on colorimetric determination. Surface area appeared to be a factor as smaller rice and waxy rice starch granules complexed more iodine, while the larger potato and waxy potato granules complexed less than would be expected based on measured amylose contents. Corn, high amylose corn, and wheat, known to have starch granules with extensive surface pores, bound higher levels of iodine suggesting pores and channels may be an important factor giving iodine vapor greater access to bind within the granules. Exposing iodine vapor to moisture-equilibrated native starches is an effective tool to explore starch granule architecture.     

Nutrient speciation and hydrography in two anchialine caves in Croatia: tools to understand iodine speciation

Despite iodine being one of the most abundant of the minor elements in oxic seawater, the principal processes controlling its interconversion from iodate to iodide and vice versa, are still either elusive or largely unknown. The two major hypotheses for iodate reduction involve either phytoplankton growth in primary production, or bacteria during regeneration. An earlier study intended to exploit the unusual nature of anchialine environments revealed that iodide is oxidised to iodate in the bottom of such caves, whereas reduction of iodate occurs in the shallower parts of the water column. This investigation was made on the hypothesis that study of the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient systems within the caves might offer a bridge between the iodine chemistry and the marine bacteria which are assumed to be the agent of change of the iodine in the caves. Accordingly, the hydrography, the nutrient chemistry, and some further iodine studies were made of two anchialine caves on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia. Iodate and iodide were determined by differential pulse voltammetry and cathodic stripping square-wave voltammetry, respectively. Total iodine was determined indirectly, as iodate, after oxidation of reduced iodine species with UV irradiation and strong chemical oxidants. Nutrient concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry. Nutrient profiles within the well stratified water columns indicate a relatively short-lived surface source of nitrate and phosphate to the caves, with a more conventional, mid-water, nutrient regeneration system. The latter involves nitrite and ammonium at the bottom of the halocline, suggestive of both autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial activity. High iodate/low iodide deep water, and conservative behaviour of total inorganic iodine were confirmed in both systems. Iodate is reduced to iodide in the hypoxic region where nutrient regeneration occurs. The concentrations of organic iodine were surprisingly high in both systems, generally increasing toward the surface, where it comprised almost 80% of total iodine. As with alkalinity and silica, the results suggest that this refractive iodine component is liberated during dissolution of the surrounding karst rock. A major, natural flushing of one of the caves with fresh water was confirmed, showing that the cave systems offer the opportunity to re-start investigations periodically.     

Iodine in plant-based dairy products is not sufficient in the UK: A market survey

BackgroundFollowing a well-balanced diet ensures that a person gets all the essential elements for health sustenance. However, in the United Kingdom an increasing proportion of people are transiting to become vegans who exclude animal-based products in their diets. Consequently, people may have a deficit of essential elements such as iodine which is not present in most plant-based meals, additionally iodide fortified table salt is not commonly used in the UK. Without iodine people consuming a vegan diet risk developing iodine deficiency and diseases like goiter.MethodsThe objective of this study is to determine the difference in iodine content and iodine speciation between plant-based and dairy products. More than 100 market samples of plant-based and dairy milk products were collected in Scotland, UK.ResultsIodine concentrations in dairy milk is ten times higher compared to plant-based milks. Similar differences were also apparent for butter, yogurt and cheese. A total of 20% of plant-based milk products were fortified with iodine, however these products had lower iodine concentrations compare to the equivalent dairy products. In this study we calculated that people with average diet have an iodine intake of 226 + /- 103 μg day⁻¹ from dairy products which satisfies the WHO recommended intake of adults and 90% of the recommend intake for pregnant and breast-feeding women. A diet from substituted dairy products gives only 21.8 µg day⁻¹ for the respective WHO guideline intake values, which accounts only 15% of the iodine intake for adults and 9% for pregnant and lactating women. Iodine fortified diet could increase the iodine intake to 55% or 33% of the WHO recommended daily intake respectively.ConclusionPlant-based dairy consumers are encouraged to use iodine fortified dairy products or use of iodized salt in the UK for home cooking, otherwise there are at risk to get iodine deficient.