安徽省繁殖鸟类分布格局和热点区分析

作者广泛收集了安徽省繁殖鸟类的分布资料,采用地理信息系统技术,通过生境适宜性分析,预测物种的分布范围,获得数字化的分布图。将安徽省划分为425个等面积栅格,以此作为基本地理单元,研究繁殖鸟类分布规律,并进行热点区分析。基于分布型物种数的地理单元聚类分析结果表明,安徽省鸟类地理分布区大致以大别山北缘-巢湖一线为界分为两大组,两组在区系成分上存在较大的区域分异：东洋型物种在整个安徽境内比例均占60％以上,同时呈现由北向南递增的格局。基于物种组成的相似性的地理单元聚类分析结果表明,安徽省繁殖鸟类地理分布单元也可以分成两组,与安徽省气候带的划分基本一致,进一步分析可以划分为7组,体现鸟类地理分布的区域分异与地形地貌等生态环境之间的密切联系。鸟类热点区分析表明,所有繁殖鸟类,以及列入《国家重点保护野生动物名录》和CITES附录Ⅰ、Ⅱ的繁殖鸟类物种丰富度高值区都集中在安徽省南部。由此可见,安徽省南部地区是鸟类多样性保护的重要区域。     

陕西蝗虫地理分布格局的聚类分析

以593个经纬网格单元(0.2°×0.2°)统计陕西蝗虫分布数据,根据陕西蝗虫分布范围将其分为全布种(593个网格单元中有分布)、多布种(9个以上网格单元有分布)和独布种(9个以下网格单元有分布)3类.以分布区域为性状作聚类分析,在相关性系数为0.153处,将多布种分布划分为12组,在此基础上运用GIS的空间叠加分析功能确定各组蝗虫的地理分布格局.结果表明:1)秦岭山脉对陕西蝗虫的阻限作用较明显,秦岭以南蝗虫物种以东洋型种为主,秦岭以北以古北型种为主;2)陕西蝗虫的地理分布格局与全国基本一致;3)太白山地区蝗虫物种多样化程度较高,是生物多样性研究的热点区域.     

中国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物的分布格局

系统收集并整理了我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物的地理分布资料,基于GIS技术,通过生境分析,确定了每个物种的分布范围,采用6470 km2的等面积栅格作为地理分布单元,系统研究我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物地理分布规律.我国湿润半湿润地区有啮类动物156种,隶属于2目、12科、62属,占我国啮类动物总数的71.23%.地理单元的物种丰富度分析结果表明,云南西部到四川中部的横断山区、陕西秦岭和甘肃南部山地的啮类动物丰富度较高;河北省东南部、山东、河南、江苏、安徽的长江以北地区及长江三角洲、湖南和湖北的沿江地区以及四川盆地等地物种丰富度较低.地理单元有无物种分布的层次聚类分析结果表明,我国湿润半湿润地区分为三大区域:东部季风区的南北两区(以长江下游-秦岭一线分界),以及青藏高原的半湿润区.     

云南横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的垂直分布格局

为探讨横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系垂直分布格局的基本规律以及影响它们分布的主要生态因子,本文以云南西部横断山区18个山峰为主体,对海拔高度在1000–5000m之间已知分布的9科43属142种(亚种)蚤类的垂直分布资料进行综合整理和统计分析。结果显示:(1)蚤类的属丰富度、物种丰富度、特有种丰富度和特有度以及不同区系成分物种丰富度的垂直分布都呈现随海拔先增高后降低的单峰分布格局,最大峰值出现在中山海拔2500–3800m之间;(2)东洋和古北两区系成分物种构成比的垂直分布格局截然不同,前者随着海拔梯度的升高基本递减,后者则随着海拔的升高递增,垂直分布格局反映了它们沿纬度梯度分布的一般规律;(3)聚类分析将横断山9个不同海拔带的蚤类归为6个生态类型,反映出海拔高度、气候环境和森林植被等重要因素对蚤类分布的影响以及蚤类群落的组成、分布沿海拔梯度变化的一般规律,表达了蚤类分布与环境条件的统一性;(4)β多样性沿海拔梯度呈现为双峰形分布格局,两高峰值都反映出蚤类的组成和分布在不同气候环境和植被带之间的过渡与转变,说明β多样性垂直分布格局与海拔梯度上的气候和生境的变化程度有关。研究认为,中山地段物种丰富度高峰的形成主要是由于两大动、植物区系过渡区的边缘效应和山地水湿条件的影响。影响该区域蚤类垂直分布格局的综合因素有山体海拔高度、动植物区系过渡区的边缘效应、山地雨量分配特征、气候环境条件以及人们的生产活动等。     

中国干旱地区啮齿动物物种分布的区域分异

搜集整理我国干旱地区啮齿动物地理分布数据,通过生境分析,确定啮齿动物分布区。基于GIS技术,以面积约为6470km^2的766个栅格收集我国干旱地区啮齿动物的二元分布数据,采用多元分析的分层聚类方法,依据欧氏距离平方值,将地理分布单元划分为若干个组。结果表明,当欧氏距离平方值分别为11．379,17．068,22．758和28．447时,766个地理分布单元依次可分为30,9,5和3个组。分布单元组的物种组成比较和生态型分析表明;（1）在我国干旱地区的海拔较低地带,景观自东向西由草原,荒漠草原过渡到荒漠,地理分布单元组亦呈现相应的分布格局,喜湿的物种逐渐减少,耐旱的种类增加;（2) 藏高原,帕米尔高原寒漠与蒙新温性和暖温性荒漠啮齿动物物种数和组成相近,物种多样性近;（3）阿尔泰山地及南麓平原啮齿动物组成较为特殊,寒湿啮齿动物成份最高;（4）东祁连山地及其北麓以及分犁谷地,额敏谷地,伊犁天山,准噶尔界山及东麓山前平均的啮齿动物成份较为复杂,物种多样性较高。我国干旱地区东部啮齿动物的物种密度和多样性高于西部,但在东部草原和西部荒漠之间的过渡区物种密度较高,表现出的种生态地理分布的边缘效应,体现干旱区啮齿动物物种分布与生物群落地带性分布以及山地和高原等特殊环境非地带性分布的适应关系。蒙新温性荒漠区和青藏高原寒漠区的啮齿动物在区系组成上有一定的历史渊源。     

青藏高原兽类分布格局及动物地理区划

通过文献资料检索,依据Wilson和Reeder(2005)主编的兽类分类系统,共收集青藏高原兽类250种,分别隶属10目30科.将青藏高原各自然地理单元作为基本单元,根据兽类分布特点,采用Ward's方法对各基本单元进行聚类,结合自然地理条件,对青藏高原兽类动物地理分布格局进行了研究.结果为:(1)青藏高原的兽类中,古北界物种主要分布在羌塘及高原北部地区,该地区的古北界物种占高原全部古北界物种的88.6%;东洋界物种主要分布在藏南及横断山地区,该地区东洋界物种占高原全部东洋界物种的97.7%.(2)根据聚类分析结果.当连接距离为0.6219-1.0738时,将青藏高原划分为2个动物地理I级区,当连接距离为0.5034-0.6219时,划分为4个动物地理Ⅱ级区,当连接距离为0.2236～0.2684时,划分为7个动物地理Ⅲ级区,当连接距离为0.0930～0.1245时,划分为16个动物地理Ⅳ级区.(3)依据青藏高原兽类地理分布格局特点,结合青藏高原隆升对物种分布和自然生态环境的影响,探讨了高原兽类分布格局成因.研究表明,青藏高原兽类分布格局的形成与高原的自身演化密切相关.     

长江流域兽类物种多样性的分布格局

共记录了长江流域内兽类280种,隶属于11目36科135属,特有种和受威胁物种分别有14种和154种。根据兽类分布特点,依据山系和水系将长江流域分为19个区域,除了江源区外,物种丰富度、G-F多样性指数和特有种比例,从上游到下游区域总体趋势是随海拔降低逐渐降低,形成以四川盆地和沅江为分界线的3个数量级;利用Jaccard物种相似性系数对长江流域内19个区域进行聚类分析,发现整个流域分成4部分:江源区;横断山区、川西高原、云南高原、四川盆地和秦巴山区;贵州高原、江南丘陵、鄱阳湖平原和长江三角洲;淮阳山地、两湖平原和长江下游平原,基本反映了流域内自然地理环境及我国大陆地势三级台阶变化的特点。     

基于GIS的陕西蝗虫地理分布及区划分析

运用GIS(地理信息系统)技术研究陕西蝗虫物种地理分布及区划。以593个(0．2°×0．2°)经纬网 格单元统计蝗虫物种数,并采用多元分析的分层聚类方法进行聚类分析。结果表明:陕南山地蝗虫物种丰富度 总体高于秦岭以北地区,陕西最北部的鄂尔多斯高原蝗虫丰富度高于陕北黄土高原。当相关性系数为0．538时, 593个蝗虫地理分布单元聚类为9个单元组,该聚类结果与陕西自然环境区划基本相似,但秦岭山地被聚为两 类,即秦岭南坡与秦岭北坡;商南丘陵从秦岭山地分出;安康地区与巴山山地聚为一类;巴山与米仓山被聚为 并列的两组。该聚类结果表明陕西蝗虫的地理分布与自然环境密切相关,其分布格局表现出明显的地带性,陕 西多样化的地貌特征和气候类型,是形成蝗虫物种多样化的主要原因。     

宁夏主要天然林区蛾类多样性及区系

对宁夏境内贺兰山、罗山和六盘山的蛾类进行了系统性调查和区系分析。结果表明,贺兰山共有蛾类18科146属190种,罗山共有蛾类21科130属164种,六盘山共有蛾类33科397属648种。贺兰山、罗山、六盘山蛾类的G指数分别为5.9590、4.7522、5.7538;F指数分别为20.5551、25.3831、43.3902;G-F指数分别为0.7101、0.8128、0.8674。贺兰山和罗山的物种以古北界型占优势,分别占总物种数的66.84%和52.44%,无东洋型的物种分布。六盘山的蛾类广布型物种所占比例比较高,达70.22%,古北型占25.93%,另外还有少量东洋型物种分布。各天然林区相似性系数为中等不相似水平。     

长江流域兽类物种多样性的分布格局

共记录了长江流域内兽类280种，隶属于11目36科135属，特有种和受威胁物种分别有14种和154种。根据兽类分布特点，依据山系和水系将长江流域分为19个区域，除了江源区外，物种丰富度、G-F多样性指数和特有种比例，从上游到下游区域总体趋势是随海拔降低逐渐降低，形成以四川盆地和沅江为分界线的3个数量级；利用Jaccard物种相似性系数对长江流域内19个区域进行聚类分析，发现整个流域分成4部分：江源区；横断山区、川西高原、云南高原、四川盆地和秦巴山区；贵州高原、江南丘陵、鄱阳湖平原和长江三角洲；淮阳山地、两湖平原和长江下游平原，基本反映了流域内自然地理环境及我国大陆地势三级台阶变化的特点。     

中国哺乳动物地理分布的多元相似性聚类分析

中国的地形复杂、地貌多样,动物的地理分布亦表现出明显的区域间差异。本研究通过新近文献调研,获知中国现生哺乳动物计692种（隶于13目56科246属）;进而建立物种及其地理分布数据库。采用多元相似性聚类分析（multivariate similarity clustering analysis, MSCA）方法,探讨了中国哺乳动物的地理分布特征。结果表明：（1）中国的现生哺乳动物可划分为176个调查地理单元（investigated geographical unit, IGU）,进而归并为63个基础地理单元（basic geographical unit, BGU）;（2）当相似性系数取0.31、0.25和0.15时,上述63个BGU可分别归并为10个、7个和2个基础地理单元群;据此可对中国的哺乳动物地理分布作出2界7区10亚区的3级区划。本文建议,世界动物地理区划中古北界与东洋界在中国境内的分界线走向为：南迦巴瓦峰西部-玛卿岗日-秦岭北部-黄土高原南缘-大别山-淮河南-长江中下游一线。     

The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate

Zoogeographical effects on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 487 mammal species were analyzed using conventional and phylogenetically independent ANCOVA. Minimal BMR variance occurred at a "constrained body mass" of 358 g, whereas maximum variance occurred at the smallest and largest body masses. Significant differences in BMR were identified for similar-sized mammals from the six terrestrial zoogeographical zones (Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Palearctic). Nearctic and Palearctic mammals had higher basal rates than their Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan, and Neotropical counterparts. Desert mammals had lower basal rates than mesic mammals. The patterns were interpreted with a conceptual model describing geographical BMR variance in terms of the influence of latitudinal and zonal climate variability. Low and high basal rates were explained in unpredictable and predictable environments, respectively, especially in small mammals. The BMR of large mammals may be influenced in addition by mobility and predation constraints. Highly mobile mammals tend to have high BMRs that may somehow facilitate fast running speeds, whereas less mobile mammals are generally dietary specialists and are often armored. The model thus integrates physiological and ecological criteria and makes predictions concerning body size and life-history evolution, island effects, and locomotor energetics.     

Species richness, rarity and endemicity of European mammals: a biogeographical approach

This paper investigates the distribution of species richness, rarity and endemicity of European land mammals (bats and introduced species excluded). The highest level of species richness was in Central Europe, while Southern areas had the highest rarity and endemicity scores. The distribution of richness was affected by the location of sampling points in islands and peninsulas. After excluding these sampling points, richness continued to decrease Westward suggesting the existence of a large-scale peninsular effect on mammal distribution. These patterns of continental distribution of richness, rarity and endemicity could be the result of the distribution of refuge areas in the southern Mediterranean peninsulas, and the Pleistocene advances and retreats of mammals throughout the Western Palearctic. Thus, European mammal distribution can be interpreted on the basis of two different patterns of abundance distribution in which Palearctic species reduce their abundance from central-Europe outwards, while endemic, rare species show a similar depletion in the North. It should be useful to evaluate the role of the different regions in Europe in conserving the demographic interactions between central and peripheral populations of mammal species. Given the restricted distribution and potential small size of population, these endemic species are most likely to be susceptible to anthropogenic environmental degradation.     

长江流域爬行动物物种多样性大尺度格局研究

本文研究了长江流域爬行动物物种多样性的大尺度格局。长江流域内共记录了爬行动物166种,隶属于3目18科68属,特有种和濒危物种分别有24种和54种。根据陆生爬行动物分布特点,依据山系和水系将长江流域分为19个区域,虽然物种数和G-F指数在各区域内变化不大(江源区较低),但特有种比例从上游到下游随海拔降低逐渐降低;利用Jaccard物种相似性系数对长江流域内19个区域进行聚类分析,可以将整个流域分成五部分:江源区,横断山区和云南高原区,四川盆地和秦巴山区,贵州高原、江南丘陵、两湖平原和长江三角洲,鄱阳湖平原、长江下游平原和淮阳山地(汉江—大别山),基本反映了流域内自然地理环境及我国大陆地势三级台阶变化的特点。     

The relationship between mammal faunas and climatic instability since the Last Glacial Maximum: A Nearctic vs. Western Palearctic comparison

Climate has played a key role in shaping the geographic patterns of biodiversity. The imprint of Quaternary climatic fluctuations is particularly evident on the geographic distribution of Holarctic faunas, which dramatically shifted their ranges following the alternation of glacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocene. Here, we evaluate the existence of differences between climatically stable and unstable regions – defined on the basis of climatic change velocity since the Last Glacial Maximum – in the geographic distribution of several biological attributes of extant terrestrial mammals of the Nearctic and Western Palearctic regions. Specifically, we use a macroecological approach to assess the dissimilarities in species richness, range size, body size, longevity and litter size of species that inhabit regions with contrasting histories of climatic stability. While several studies have documented how the distributional ranges of animals can be affected by long-term historic climatic fluctuations, there is less evidence on the species-specific traits that determine their responsiveness under such climatic instability. We find that climatically unstable areas have more widespread species and lower mammal richness than stable regions in both continents. We detected stronger signatures of historical climatic instability on the geographic distribution of body size in the Nearctic region, possibly reflecting lagged responses to recolonize deglaciated regions. However, the way that animals respond to climatic fluctuations varies widely among species and we were unable to find a relationship between climatic instability and other mammal life-history traits (longevity and litter size) in any of the two biogeographic regions. We, therefore, conclude that beyond some biological traits typical of macroecological analyses such as geographic range size and body size, it is difficult to infer the responsiveness of species distributions to climate change solely based on particular life-history traits.     

Flea (Siphonaptera) species richness in the Great Basin Desert and island biogeography theory

Numbers of flea (Siphonaptera) species (flea species richness) on individual mammals should be higher on large mammals, mammals with dense populations, and mammals with large geographic ranges, if mammals are islands for fleas. I tested the first two predictions with regressions of H. J. Egoscue's trapping data on flea species richness collected from individual mammals against mammal size and population density from the literature. Mammal size and population density did not correlate with flea species richness. Mammal geographic range did, in earlier studies. The intermediate‐sized (31 g), moderately dense (0.004 individuals/m²) Peromyscus truei (Shufeldt) had the highest richness with eight flea species on one individual. Overall, island biogeography theory does not describe the distribution of flea species on mammals in the Great Basin Desert, based on H. J. Egoscue's collections. Alternatively, epidemiological or metapopulation theories may explain flea species richness.     

基于在线数据库的鳞翅目刺蛾科昆虫物种多样性及其全球分布格局

鳞翅目刺蛾科昆虫在全球范围内广泛分布, 是重要经济林、行道林的主要害虫。本研究通过对在线数据库中刺蛾科昆虫分布数据进行整理分析, 阐明其在全球范围内的物种多样性及分布格局, 并初步探讨造成其物种分布不均的原因, 从而为物种多样性保护及害虫防治提供科学依据。通过检索生物条形码数据库(Barcode of Life Data System V4, BOLD V4)和全球生物多样性信息数据库(Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF)中记录的标本信息, 并结合部分地区鳞翅目昆虫名录及野外采集样本数据, 对刺蛾科昆虫的分布信息进行汇总分析并绘制分布图。统计得到具有明确地理坐标的刺蛾科昆虫分布信息61,947条, 共187属637种。结果表明, 在世界动物地理区系尺度上, 东洋区刺蛾科昆虫物种多样性最高, 共72属, 古北区31属, 澳新区及新热带区均为27属, 非洲热带区22属, 新北区19属。在国家尺度上, 中国存在刺蛾科昆虫123种, 越南116种, 其次为哥斯达黎加(75种)和澳大利亚(69种)。中低纬度地区具有较高的刺蛾科昆虫物种多样性和丰富度, 这有可能与该地区的气候历史条件及丰富的寄主植物资源有关。     

Continental and regional ranges of North American mammals: Rapoport's rule in real and null worlds

Aim To assess the relationship between species richness and distribution within regions arranged along a latitudinal gradient we use the North American mammalian fauna as a study case for testing theoretical models. Location North America. Methods We propose a conceptual framework based on a fully stochastic mid‐domain model to explore geographical patterns of range size and species richness that emerge when the size and position of species ranges along a one‐dimensional latitudinal gradient are randomly generated. We also analyse patterns for the mammal fauna of North America by comparing empirical results from a biogeographical data base with predictions based on randomization null models. Results We confirmed the validity of Rapoport's rule for the mammals of North America by documenting gradients in the size of the continental ranges of species. Additionally, we demonstrated gradients of mean regional range size that parallel those of continental range. Our data also demonstrated that mean range size, measured both as a continental or a regional variable, is significantly correlated with the geographical pattern in species richness. All these patterns deviated sharply from null models. Main conclusions Rapoport's statement of an areographic relationship between species distribution and richness is highly relevant in modern discussions about ecological patterns at the geographical scale.     

Biogeography of Great Basin butterflies: revisiting patterns, paradigms, and climate change scenarios

We used comprehensive data on butterfly distributions from six mountain ranges in the Great Basin to explore three connected biogeographic issues. First, we examined species richness and occurrence patterns both within and among mountain ranges. Only one range had a significant relationship between species richness and area. Relationships between species richness and elevation varied among mountain ranges. Species richness decreased as elevation increased in one range, increased as elevation increased in three ranges, and was not correlated in two ranges. In each range, distributional patterns were nested, but less vagile species did not always exhibit greater nestedness. Second, we compared our work with similar studies of montane mammals. Results from both taxonomic groups suggest that it may be appropriate to modify existing general paradigms of the biogeography of montane faunas in the Great Basin. Third, we revisited and refined previous predictions of how butterfly assemblages in the Great Basin may respond to climate change. The effects of climate change on species richness of montane butterflies may vary considerably among mountain ranges. In several ranges, few if any species apparently would be lost. Neither local species composition nor the potential order of species extirpations appears to be generalizable among ranges.