Book reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
BICKEL, P. J. and DOKSUM, K. A. Mathematical Statistics: Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, Volume I, 2nd edition.
BALDI, P. and BRUNAK, S. Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach, 2nd edition.
GATSONIS, C., KASS, R. E., CARLIN, B., CARRIQUIRY, A., GELMAN, A., VERDINELLI, I. and WEST, M. (editors). Case Studies in Bayesian Statistics: Volume V.
LAWSON, A. B. and WILLIAMS, F. L. R. An Introductory Guide to Disease Mapping.
MACLEOD, N. and FOREY, P. L. (editors). Morphology, Shape, and Phylogeny.
FINKELSTEIN, M. O. and LEVIN, B. Statistics for Lawyers, 2nd edition.
ZWILLINGER, D. and KOKOSKA, S. CRC Standard Probability and Statistics Tables and Formulae.
WILSON, R. and CROUCH, E. A. C. Risk-Benefit Analysis.
IBRAHIM, J. G., CHEN, M.-H. and SINHA, D. Bayesian Survival Analysis.     

Comparative Evaluation of Trace Metal Distribution and Correlation in Human Malignant and Benign Breast Tissues

Selected trace metals were analyzed in human malignant and nonmalignant (benign) breast tissue samples by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. In malignant tissues, dominant mean concentrations were revealed by Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Al at 927, 552, 231, 61.7, 36.5, 18.3, and 8.94 microg/g, respectively, while the mean metal levels in benign tissues were 903, 435, 183, 63.3, 24.7, 14.5, and 10.1 microg/g, respectively. Average concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Ca, and Zn were noted to be significantly higher in the malignant tissues compared with the benign tissues. Significantly strong correlations (r > 0.50) in malignant tissues were observed between Mn and Co, Mn and Cd, Cd and Cr, Fe and Mn, Cd and Co, Fe and Co, Mg and Pb, Cd and Fe, Mg and Ni, Pb and Ni, Ni and Sr, and Fe and Pb, whereas, Cd and Co, Cd and Mn, Co and Mg, Co and Mn, Cu and Mn, Co and Ni, Mg and Ni, Cd and Cu, Cd and Ni, Ca and Mg, Mn and Pb, Cu and Ni, Fe and Ni, Cd and Mg, Co and Cu, Cr and Na, and Cd and Cr revealed strong and significant relationships in benign tissues at p < 0.001. Principal component analysis of the metals data yielded six principal components for malignant tissues and five principal components for benign tissues, with considerably different loadings, duly supported by cluster analysis. The study revealed a considerably different pattern of distribution and mutual correlations of trace metals in the breast tissues of benign and cancerous patients.     

中国14个特殊旁系族群的头面部特征比较

头面部特征是人类学各人种进行分类的重要依据,在人类学的研究中被用作亲缘关系的证据。2006-2016年在四川、云南、西藏、贵州、海南、新疆、内蒙古共调查14个族群成人2989人(男性1434人,女性1555人)的16项头面部指标,比较这些族群头面部特征差异。研究结果如下:1)在男性族群中木雅人、尔苏人、临高人、白马人的面宽、头宽均较大。图瓦人、布里亚特人、摩梭人的面宽、头宽、形态面高、鼻高值均较大。僜人、革家人、莽人的面宽、头宽较小,而形态面高、鼻高值较大。空格人的面宽、头宽、形态面高、鼻高值均较小。2)在女性族群中图瓦人、布里亚特人的头宽、面宽、鼻高、耳上头高均较大。革家人、空格人的头宽、面宽、鼻高、耳上头高均较小。木雅人、尔苏人、八甲人、白马人、夏尔巴人的头宽、面宽较大,鼻高、耳上头高较小。僜人、克木人、莽人的头宽、面宽较小,而鼻高、耳上头高较大。3)头宽、容貌耳长跟纬度、年平均气温、年降雨量等环境因子相关性较高。4)通过聚类分析和主成分分析木雅人、尔苏人、白马人与羌族头面部特征比较接近。克木人与佤族头面部特征最为接近。革家人、僜人、莽人头面部特征比较接近。图瓦人、布里亚特人头面部...     

Book Reviews

McCONWAY, K. J., JONES, M. C., and TAYLOR, P. C. Statistical Modelling using Genstat. SCHINAZI, R. B. Classical and Spatial Point Processes. PERRY, J. E., SMITH, R. H., WOIWOD, I. P., and MORSE, D. R. (editors). Chaos in Real Data: The Analysis of Non‐linear Dynamics from Short Ecological Time Series. BURTON, R. F. Physiology by Numbers, 2nd edition. BERLINER, L. M., NYCHKA, D., and HOAR, T. (editors). Studies in the Atmospheric Sciences. PRAKASA RAO, B. L. S. Statistical Inference for Diffusion Type Processes. DONNER, A. and KLAR, N. Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. MATIS, J. H. and KIFFE, T. R. Stochastic Population Models: A Compartmental Perspective. LINDSEY, J. K. Models for Repeated Measurements, 2nd edition. FORD, E. D. Scientific Method for Ecological Research. BURNHAM, K. P. and ANDERSON, D. R. Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information‐Theoretic Approach. COX, D. R. and REID, N. The Theory of the Design of Experiments. PINHEIRO, J. C. and BATES, D. M. Mixed‐effects models in S and S‐PLUS. VENABLES, W. N. and RIPLEY, B. D. S Programming. KRAUSE, A. and OLSON, M. The Basics of S and S‐PLUS. CHEN, M.‐H., SHAO, Q.‐M., and IBRAHIM, J. G. Monte Carlo Methods in Bayesian Computation. SAHAI, H. and AGEEL, M. L. The Analysis of Variance: Fixed, Random, and Mixed Models. EVERITT, B. S. and DUNN, G. Statistical Analysis of Medical Data: New Developments. MUKHOPADHYAY, N. Probability and Statistical Inference. KNIGHT, K. Mathematical Statistics. Brief reports by the editor MILLER, R. E. Optimization: Foundations and Applications. BLAND, M. An Introduction to Medical Statistics, 3rd edition. RABE‐HESKETH, S. and EVERITT, B. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using Stata, 2nd edition. KOO, J. O. (editor). American Series in Mathematical and Management Sciences Volume 42. Modern Mathematical, Management, and Statistical Sciences, The Index to the 20th Century, Prologue to the 21st Century. MISHRA, S. N. and SHARMA, B. D. (editors). American Series in Mathematical and Management Sciences Volume 43. FIM‐I, Forum for Interdisciplinary Mathematics Proceedings on Statistical Inference, Combinatorics and Related Areas, Volume I of Proceedings of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Conference (Varanasi, India, December 1997). VENABLES, W. N. and RIPLEY, B. D. Modern Applied Statistics with S‐PLUS, 3rd edition.     

Quantification and characterisation of cyclo-oxygenase and lipid peroxidation inhibitory anthocyanins in fruits of Amelanchier

The levels of bioactive anthocyanins in the fruits of Amelanchier alnifolia, A. arborea and A. canadensis have been determined by HPLC. Cyanidin 3-galactoside (1) was present in the fresh fruit of the three species at concentrations of 155, 390 and 165 mg/100 g, respectively. Cyanidin 3-glucoside (2) was present only in A. alnifolia and A. canadensis at concentrations of 54 and 48 mg/100 g, respectively. The anthocyanins were confirmed by LC-ESI/MS and NMR studies. At 100 ppm, anthocyanin mixtures from the three species inhibited cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 enzymes at 66 and 67%, 60 and 72%, and 51 and 76%, respectively. The positive controls used in the COX assays were aspirin, Celebrex and Vioxx at 180, 1.67 and 1.67 ppm, respectively, and showed 74 and 69%, 5 and 82% and 0 and 85% COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 and cyanidin (3) inhibited COX-1 enzyme 50.5, 45.62 and 96.36%, respectively, at 100 ppm, whereas COX-2 inhibition was the highest for 3 at 75%. In the lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, anthocyanin mixtures at 10 ppm from the three species showed activities of 72, 73 and 68%, respectively, compared with 89, 87 and 98% for commercial anti-oxidants butylated hydoxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tert-butylhydroxyquinone at 1.67, 2.2 and 1.67 ppm, respectively. At 10 ppm, compounds 1-3 inhibited lipid peroxidation by 70, 75 and 78%, respectively.     

Book Reviews

OWEN, A. B. Empirical Likelihood. GORE, A. and PARANJPE, S. A Course in Mathematical and Statistical Ecology. PAWITAN, Y. In All Likelihood: Statistical Modelling and Inference Using Likelihood. GASTWIRTH, J. L. (editor). Statistical Science in the Courtroom. MUKHOPADHYAY, P. Topics in Survey Sampling. RASHIDI, H. H. and BUEHLER, L. K. Bioinformatics Basics: Applications in Biological Science and Medicine. MUELLER, L. D. and JOSHI, A. Stability in Model Populations. DUFFY, S. W., HILL, C. and ESTEVE, J. (editors). Quantitative Methods for the Evaluation of Cancer Screening. FERNHOLZ, L. T., MORGENTHALER, S. and STAHEL, W. Statistics in Genetics and in the Environmental Sciences. RAYNER, J. C. W. and BEST, D. J. A Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. GOLYANDINA, N., NEKRUTKIN, V. and ZHIGLJAVSKY, A. Analysis of Time Series Structure: SSA and Related Techniques. MARI, D. D. and KOTZ, S. Correlation and Dependence. SALSBURG, D. The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. W. FAHRMEIR, L. and TUTZ, G. Multivariate Statistical Modelling Based on Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edition. WILCOX, R. R. Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods: Substantially Improving Power and Accuracy. DAVID, H. A. and EDWARDS, A. W. F. Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics. ELLIOTT, P., WAKEFIELD, J. C., BEST, N. G. and BRIGGS, D. J. (editors). Spatial Epidemiology: Methods and Applications. Brief reports by the editor BARNDORFF‐NIELSEN, O. E., MIKOSCH, T. and RESNICK, S. I. (editors) LéAvy Processes: Theory and Applications. MACARTHUR, R. H. and WILSON, E. O. The Theory of Island Biogeography. ROGERS, L. Sexing the Brain.     

中国丝孢酵母属的几个新种和新记录

作者从中国的北京、湖北等地的鸟粪,霉变柿子以及酒药中分离到了三株未描述的丝孢酵母菌。本文描述了这三个新种:板仓丝孢酵母(Trichosporon bancangense),北京丝孢酵母(Tr.beijingense)和中国丝孢酵母(Tr.sinense)并讨论了它们与属中近似种的差别。本文还发现了丝孢酵母属的4个新记录:皮刺丝孢酵母(Tr.aculeatum),埃利丝孢酵母(Tr.eriense),斐氏丝孢酵母(Tr.figueriae)和蜜二糖丝孢酵母(Tr.melibiosaceam)。     

藏中矿区珠芽蓼和尼泊尔酸模中重金属含量分析

西藏中部主要是指雅鲁藏布江河谷地带,包括拉萨、日喀则和泽当等地市,是西藏自治区的主要农区和工业矿区。西藏中部矿产资源丰富,其中cu的远景储量居全国第2位[1]。矿产的开发给当地居民带来巨大的经济效益,但同时也排放大量含有重金属的废渣、废水和废气,导致土壤重金属污染严重。土壤是中草药中重金属的主要来源之一,中草药中的重金属含量与地质背景有密切的关系,土壤中重金属元素的多寡在药用植物中都有所表现[2];土壤重金属污染对中草药品质有影响甚至危及人类健康[3]。近年来植物药在国际市场逐渐升温,传统医药在日益受到人们青睐的同时其质量与安全性也成为公众关注的焦点[4-6]。     

Microbial reclamation of shellfish wastes for the production of chitinases

Shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP), prepared by treating shellfish processing waste with boiling and crushing, was used as a substrate for isolating chitinolytic microorganisms. Three potential strains (E1, J1, and J1-1) were isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus, B. alvei, and B. sphaericus, respectively. Three extracellular chitinases (FB1, FB2, and FB3) were purified from the culture supernatants of Bacillus cereus E1, B. alvei J1, and B. sphaericus J1-1, respectively. The molecular weights of FB1, FB2, and FB3 were 71,000, 71,000, and 65,000, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. The pIs for FB1, FB2, and FB3 were 7.1, 7.2, and 7.4, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of FB1 were pH 9, 50 degrees C, pH 7 to 10, and 70 degrees C; those of FB2 were pH 9, 60 degrees C, pH 5 to 9, and 70 degrees C; and those of FB3 were pH 7, 50 degrees C, pH 5 to 9, and 60 degrees C. The activities of all enzymes were strongly inhibited by Hg(2+) and completely inhibited by glutathione, dithiothreitol, and 2-mercaptoethanol.     

白背飞虱若虫和雄雌成虫唾液腺蛋白鉴定

【目的】对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera唾液腺蛋白进行鉴定及功能注释分类,探究不同发育阶段和不同性别的白背飞虱唾液腺蛋白之间的区别与联系。【方法】麻醉白背飞虱若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫,解剖收集唾液腺组织,提取蛋白,还原烷基化和酶解,利用液相色谱串联质谱技术鉴定蛋白。与Unigene蛋白数据库进行比对,并通过KOG分析,对唾液腺蛋白进行功能注释分类。【结果】白背飞虱若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫特有的唾液腺蛋白分别为385, 168和82个,若虫与雄成虫、若虫与雌成虫及雄成虫与雌成虫共有的唾液腺蛋白分别为319, 60和60个。KOG功能注释显示与细胞过程和信号传导相关的蛋白数量最多,若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫特有以及若虫与雄成虫、若虫与雌成虫及雄成虫与雌成虫共有的这类蛋白数量分别为81, 22, 70, 19, 21和12个,这些蛋白主要发挥着翻译后修饰、蛋白质更新、伴侣蛋白,细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输及信号转导作用。【结论】白背飞虱唾液腺蛋白在参与信号转导机制方面表现较为活跃,这可能与其刺吸危害有一定的关系。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
BERNARDO, J. M., BERGER, J. O., DAWID, A. P., and SMITH, A. F. M. (editors). Bayesian Statistics 6.
VAN DER VAART, A. W. Asymptotic Statistics.
NOLAN, D. and SPEED, T. StatLabs: Mathematical Statistics Through Applications.
BINNS, M. R., NYROP, J. P., and VAN DER WERF, W. Sampling and Monitoring in Crop Protection: The Theoretical Basis for Developing Practical Decision Guides.
DIECKMANN, U., LAW, R., and METZ, J. A. J. (editors). The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity.
LAWSON, A., BIGGERI, A., BOHNING, D., LESAFFRE, E., VIEL, 3.-F., and BERTOLLINI, R. Disease Mapping and Risk Assessment for Public Health.
BLAND, M. and PEACOCK, J. Statistical Questions in Evidence Based Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
MANLY, B. F. J. Statistics for Environmental Science and Management.
RÍOS INSUA, D. and RUGGERI, F. (editors) Robust Bayesian Analysis.
BARNDORFF-NIELSEN, 0. E., COX, D. R., and KLUP-PELBERG, C. Complex Stochastic Systems.
PETRIE, A. and SABIN, C. Medical Statistics at a Glance.
THERNEAU, T. M. and GRAMBSCH, P. M. Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model.
TAN, W.-Y. Stochastic Modeling of AIDS Epidemiology and HIV Pathogenesis.
CHATFIELD, C. Time-Series Forecasting.
MATTHEWS, J. N. S. An Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.
CLARK, I. and HARPER, W. V. Practical Geostatistics 2000.
TANIGUCHI, M. and KAKIZAWA, Y. Asymptotic Theory of Statistical Inference for Time Series.
KARIAN, Z. A. and DUDEWICZ, E. J. Fitting Statistical Distributions: The Generalized Lambda Distribution and Generalized Bootstrap Methods.     

Fingernails as biological indices of metal exposure

Metal determination in human tissues is the most common application of biological monitoring for screening, diagnosis and assessment of metal exposures and their risks. Various biopsy-materials may be used. This paper deals with the quantitative determination of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentrations in nails of male subjects exposed to these metals alongwith their respective controls, while working in locomotive, carriage and roadways workshops, and lead battery factories. The levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn in fingernails, assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, were compared with their respective controls by student ‘t’ test. All the obtained values were correlated to the personal and medical history of the subjects under study. Significantly high levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn were present in smokers, compared to nonsmokers. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn and Fe were not significantly high in vegetarian subjects. It was also observed that there is no contribution of liquor towards nail-metal concentration. Significant correlations were observed between skin disease and Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu; hypertension and Cd, Mn, Cu; mental stress and Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn; diabetes and Cr, Mn, Ni; chest pain and Pb; respiratory trouble and Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn; tuberculosis and Zn; acidity and Cd; and ophthalmic problems and Mn, Fe, Ni, and Zn     

A survey of tissue-specific isozyme expressions during chicken ontogeny

The ontogenetic trends in the expression of 25 isozymes in liver, gizzard, heart, and pectoralis muscle of White Leghorn chickens were examined using starch gel electrophoresis. Little change in expression during development was evident in liver S-AAT-A, GPI-A, S-ICDH-A, S-MDH-A and M-MDH-A, in gizzard S-ACON-A, ADH-A, GPI-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A PEP-1, and PGM-A, in heart ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, PGM-A, and LDH-A, in pectoralis M-ACON-A, S-ACON-A, ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, and PGM-A, and in liver, gizzard, and heart M-ACON-A, ALD-A, CK-A, G3PDH-A, HK-1, and PGDH-A. Increasing levels of activity were demonstrated in liver ADH-A, ME-A, and PEP-2, in heart M-MDH-A, S-ICDH-A, M-ICDH, and M-AAT-A, and in pectoralis LDH-A, LDH-B, G3PDH-3, ALD-A, CK-A, HK-2, and PGM-B. There was a decrease in the activity of HK-1 in liver and in PEP-1 and PGDH-A in pectoralis muscle throughout development. While CK-C is active in the embryonic pectoralis, CK-A is restricted to later developmental stages. Isozyme expressions in regions of the pectoralis containing fast and slow muscle fibers in 7-month-posthatch individuals were noted and found to be identical. The results underscore the need to use similar developmental stages and tissue samples in comparative electrophoretic studies of birds.This study was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant A9866 to J.P.B.     

铁线莲属菝葜叶铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科Ranunculaceae铁线莲属Clematis的菝葜叶铁线莲组sect. Naraveliopsis进行了全面修订, 确定此组共含21种1亚种和1变种; 写出此组的分类学简史和地理分布, 并讨论了此组在铁线莲属中的系统位置; 将此组划分为3亚组, 写出分亚组、分种检索表, 以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等, 并附有多数种的墨线图。根据对此组植物形态特征的分析, 观察到以下重要演化趋势: (1)叶从单叶演变到二回羽状复叶或二回三出复叶; (2)花从两性到单性, 从无退化雄蕊到有退化雄蕊; (3)雄蕊从无毛到有毛; (4)药隔突起从短(0.5-0.7 mm)到长(8.5-10 mm)。根据上述演化趋势,花两性、雄蕊被毛、退化雄蕊存在的荔波铁线莲亚组subsect. Liboenses(1种,特产贵州荔波)和花由两性变为单性的亚组subsect. Macgregorianae(2种,特产菲律宾)被认为是菝葜叶铁线莲组的进化群。在原始的菝葜叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Smilacifoliae(花两性,雄蕊无毛; 18种,广布亚洲热带地区)中,具单叶,花无退化雄蕊,药隔突起较短的菝葜叶铁线莲C. smilacifolia和滇南铁线莲C. fulvicoma被认为是较原始的种,而具三出复叶和退化雄蕊的C. vietnamensis和丝铁线莲C. loureiriana,以及具羽状复叶和长药隔突起(长达10 mm)的C. papillosa等3种则被认为是此亚组的进化种。自中南半岛北部山地向西经云贵高原南部至喜马拉雅东部山区集中分布有菝葜叶铁线莲组的13种植物,这一山区地带被认为是此组的分布中心。在此山区地带中,菝葜叶铁线莲的分布区和滇南铁线莲的分布区重叠部分的山区可能是此组的起源中心。     

太湖梅梁湾漫衰减系数季节性差异及其主导因素

利用2006-08-16、2007-3-28和2007-11-12三次在太湖梅梁湾15个样点的观测数据,对漫衰减系数(Kd)及其影响因素的时空差异性进行分析,发现:梅梁湾地区Kd的主要决定因素是总吸收系数,后向散射作用对Kd具有一定的影响作用,但非主导作用;梅梁湾地区水体Kd影响因素的主次关系并非固定不变,而是随着水体组分的季节性变化而变化,3月份Kd的主导影响因素是非色素物质,其次是有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、色素物质和后向散射作用,而8月份的主导影响因素是色素物质,其次是非色素物质、CDOM和后向散射作用,而11月份相对较为复杂,在440nm处主导影响因素是非色素物质,其次是色素物质、CDOM和后向散射作用,595nm处主导影响因素是非色素物质吸收作用,其次是色素物质吸收作用、后向散射作用、CDOM吸收作用,675nm处主导影响因素是色素物质,其次是非色素物质、后向散射作用和CDOM.     

Palynofloristical investigation on the late Cretaceous and Paleocene of China

As late cretaceous and Paleocene was an important stage in the evolution of angiosperms, so studies on flora of this periiod are of great significance. In recent years many palynological data of late Cretaceous and Paleocene have been recorded from different parts of China, especially the Southeastern China. An attempt is made here to allow deductions regarding the problem of existence of some palynological provinces during this period in China. Three provinces may be divided as follows. I. The wet subtropical and warm-temperate palynofioristical province of northeastern China. During late Cretaceous, this palynoflora was marked by occurrence of Aquilapollenites, Mancieorpus, Fibrapollis and Wodehouseia. Aquilapollenites amplus, A. crassus, A. megaprojeetus, A. asper, A. affenatus A. alatus, Mancieorpus andaensis, FiburapaUis mirifieus and Wodehouseia oeulata ...... are noted. Besides these eharacteriestic elements, there are many species of Proteaeiites and some species of Beaupreaidites, Loranthacites, Quereoidites, Salixipollenites, Gothanipollis, Plicapollis, Utmoideipites, Cranwellia, Alnipollenites and Trieolporopollenites. Gymnosperms pollen comprise Abietineaepollenites, Pinuspollenites, Cedripites, Taxodiaceaepollenites and Araueariacites. Sehizaeoisporites are very rich in species and numbers. Polypodiaceoisporites, Osmundacidites and Cyathidites are rarely Maud. Paleocene palynoflora is characterized by scantiness or absence of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia. Paraalnipollenites eonfusus, P. orthoeostatus, BetulaepoUenites pli eoides and some species of Myricipites, Comptonia and Momipites are predominant. These pollen may be related to Betulaceae, Juglandaceae and Myricaseae. Taxodiaceaepollenites, Cedripites and Podoearpidites are commen, It reflects that during late Cretaceous the flora was wet and subtropical, but in Paleocene, it turned to be wet and warm-temperate. According to the abundanee of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia, this palynoflora may belong to the Eastern AsianWestern North American Paly-nofioristical Province. II. Arid subtropical palynofioristieal province of South China. During late-Cretaceous this palynofiora comprises Morinopollenites Wang & Zhao (M. normalis, M. minor, M. polyprojeetus, M. rhombiformis) and Janhangpollis Wang & Zhao (J. radiatus, J. arciformis, J. sayaxngensis, J. ringes, J. mikros). Besides this, species of Proteacidites, Beaupreaidites, Myoporumpollenites, Crassimarginpollenites, Cranwellia, Magnolipollis, Rutaceoipollenites, Ilexpollenites, Symplocospollenites, Nyssapollenites, Palmaepollenites and Chenopodipollis were recorded. Classopollis, Exessipollenites and Rugubivesieulites were abundant in this assemblage. Aquilapollenites is rarely recorded, except along the coast region of eastern China. In paleocene some species of Nanlingpollis Sun & He, Pentapollenites jiangsiensis, Tricolporopollenites rombicus and Sapotaceoidaepollenitess trieoloporatus are recorded, but Morinopollenites and Janhanpollis were unknown. Ulmoideipites, Ulmipollenites, Ephedripites and some verrucate spores (Pterisispora) were very abundant. According to the feature of the pouch assemblages, the flora of South China during that time was of arid subtropical in nature. It seems to be nothing to do with other palynofloristical provinces in the world. III. Arid subtropical palynofloristical province of Northwestern China. Palynofiora of this period has been recorded from a few localities throughout this area. Normapolles group (Atlantopollis, Pseudoatlantopollis, Chaonopollenites, BasopoUis and ExtratriporopoUenites), Proteacigites microverrucatus, Eehitriporites magnus and Triatriapollenites echinatus were present. Besides that, Beaupreaidites, Rutaceoipollenites, Lonicerapollis and Engelhardtioipollenits were also occurred. In gymnosperms Ephedripites and some disaccate pollen were abundant. The percentage of Normapolles is increasing from east to west, while Proteaeidites is decreasing. In Paleocene Nudopollis and Trudopollis of Normapolles group were present, while Proteacidites 8issappeared. The palynoflora of this province was of an arid and subtropical in nature, which is somewhat in connection with the European-Eastern American Palynofloristical Province by the presence of Normapolles.     

Targeted delivery of therapeutics to endothelium

The endothelium is a target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in a plethora of human disease conditions including ischemia, inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, thrombosis and hemorrhage, and metabolic and oncological diseases. Unfortunately, drugs have no affinity to the endothelium, thereby limiting the localization, timing, specificity, safety, and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular determinants on the surface of resting and pathologically altered endothelial cells, including cell adhesion molecules, peptidases, and receptors involved in endocytosis, can be used for drug delivery to the endothelial surface and into intracellular compartments. Drug delivery platforms such as protein conjugates, recombinant fusion constructs, targeted liposomes, and stealth polymer carriers have been designed to target drugs and imaging agents to these determinants. We review endothelial target determinants and drug delivery systems, describe parameters that control the binding of drug carriers to the endothelium, and provide examples of the endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes designed for the treatment of acute vascular disorders including ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis. This work was supported by NIH grants HL71175, HL078785, HL087036, and HL73940 and by a pilot grant from TAPITMAT/PENN to V.M. and also by NIH HL007954 to E.S. and by AHA fellowships to E.S. and B.D.     

柏科分类和分布：亚科,族和属

柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxodiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他属的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity-aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres-soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括:柏术属Cupressus、杂交柏属×Cupressocyparis、扁柏属Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括:崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属Platycladus)、圆柏族Junipereae(包括:圆柏属Juniperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括:翠柏属Calocedrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括:西澳柏属Actinostuobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdring-toneae(包括:白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括:甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏属Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即:(     

落叶松人工林施肥对土壤酶和微生物的影响

以落叶松(Larix gmelinii)二代1年、一代14年和34年人工林为研究对象,对林地进行了不同施肥实验处理．结果表明,施肥能不同程度地促进或抑制土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,尤其是对根际土壤生理活性影响效果更为明显．相同处理对不同发育阶段土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响效果不同．二代1年生幼林地最佳施肥方案是处理9,其土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、放线菌数量和真菌数量分别比对照提高413.49％、22．10％、20．56％、220．00％、49．46％、238．88％、247．24％、106．70％和366．67％;一代34年生最佳施肥方案是处理5。根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照提高30．44％、16．91％、0．22％、43．06％、124．18％、119．92％、87．66％、17．57％、24．55％、77．01％、168．62％、251．85％、183.33％、250．0％、38．24％和128．57％;一代14年生幼龄林需要适量的氮肥和有机无机混合肥,较理想的施肥方案为处理2和处理9,处理2根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性分别比对照提高44．39％、94．83％、4．62％、13.98％、10．70％和129．76％．处理9根际与非根际土壤微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照增加176．49％、266．63％、198．04％、275．56％、66.67％和143．75％．