肉毒神经毒素抑制剂的研究进展

肉毒神经毒素(botulinum neurotoxins,BoNTs)是由梭状芽孢杆菌属分泌的外毒素,是目前已知毒性最强的生物类毒素.BoNTs共分为7种血清型(A-G),其中A型导致的肉毒中毒最为常见.由于肉毒毒素的强毒性及易于制备,其已被列为A类生物恐怖制剂.目前,针对肉毒中毒的有效治疗手段为早期注射抗毒素血清.但...     

不同血清型肉毒毒素受体结合域研究进展

肉毒毒素(botulinum neurotoxin, BoNT)是人类已知毒性最强的蛋白质之一,可以引起肌肉松弛麻痹,严重时可导致死亡。肉毒毒素共分为7种血清型(BoNT/A-BoNT/G),根据氨基酸序列差异可进一步分为40多种亚型。肉毒毒素分子结构由3个基本结构域组成：重链羧基端细胞受体结合域、氨基端的易位域和轻链催化域。在运动神经元表面,受体结合域首先与聚唾液酸神经节苷脂结合,随后与突触囊泡蛋白2或突触囊泡结合蛋白结合形成双受体复合物。每种血清型的受体结合域都必须与其相应受体结合才能发挥作用。肉毒毒素的结构功能及其对宿主的作用一直都是研究热点。近年来,因受体结合域可以促进肉毒毒素与运动神经元膜特异性结合,而成为新的研究方向。本综述将概述不同血清型肉毒毒素与受体结合过程中受体结合域结构变化和结合位点差异。通过分析不同血清型及亚型的序列以及受体结合域结构特征,可以更好地了解细胞受体结合域的序列差异和功能,并为肉毒毒素的治疗策略提供新思路。     

肉毒神经毒素序列变异的研究进展

肉毒神经毒素是引起肉毒中毒的强烈毒素。肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌产生7种血清型的神经毒素(A~G)。随着分子生物学技术和计算机技术的发展和应用,对肉毒神经毒素的基因和蛋白序列变异的研究已经相当深入。基于这些变异,在各血清型中尚可被划分为不同的亚型。众多证据表明肉毒神经毒素亚型的变异可以影响单克隆抗体的亲和力和对毒素的中和能力。领会并应用这一理论对于肉毒神经毒素免疫学检测、临床治疗和疫苗研发是十分重要的。     

肉毒神经毒素轻链的结构与功能

肉毒神经毒素(BoNT)是由肉毒梭菌产生的一类外毒素,它是目前自然界所发现的生物毒素中毒性最强的物质。近年来,BoNT制剂在临床治疗上呈现出广阔的应用前景。具有生物活性的BoNT由50kD的轻链(LC)和100kD的重链(HC)组成双链结构：LC具有锌内肽酶活性;HC为细胞结合和转位结构域。本文综述了BoNT的LC在一级结构、高级结构与功能的关系方面研究的新进展。     

肉毒杆菌神经毒素作用机制的研究进展

肉毒杆菌神经毒素(BoNT)作用机制的研究近年取得的主要进展是：a.证明BoNT是通过降低神经递质释放系统对Ca²⁺的敏感性阻遏突触传递;直接将BoNT导入胞内不显示胆碱能专一性.b.BoNT与细胞表面的结合包括低亲和与高亲和相继两步,有不同的受体.c.BoNT的作用包括毒素与受体的结合,内吞和导入,变构、易位以及毒素作为酶在胞内酶裂与胞吐有关的蛋白质等过程.毒素重链的C端半段、N端半段及轻链分别是与上述过程有关的功能域.     

肉毒毒素研究进展

肉毒毒素是肉毒梭菌产生的一种神经毒素,能够通过抑制神经肌肉接头处的乙酰胆碱释放而引起肌肉麻痹.肉毒毒素在培养液中以复合物形式存在,其中的毒性组分由3个非同源性结构域组成,是一种新型的金属蛋白酶.不同血清型的肉毒毒素能够特异性地作用于不同底物,这些底物在神经细胞的胞外分泌过程中发挥重要作用.肉毒毒素在胞吞胞吐机制的研究以及临床医学应用方面具有宝贵的价值.     

肉毒毒素和其它微生物神经毒素的性质及其在医学上的应用

引言 1989年12月,美国FDA批准A型肉毒毒素作为新药投产,以治疗12岁以上人的肌肉紊乱性斜视、偏侧面肌痉挛和眼睑痉挛。还可用于许多其它肌张力障碍和运动失调等疾病的实验性治疗。此举为毒素应用于人的神经和肌肉组织开辟了一个新领域。     

抗A型肉毒神经毒素中和抗体间接ELISA的建立

目的建立间接ELISA,检测血清中抗A型肉毒神经毒素(botulinum neurotoxin type A, BoNT-A)中和抗体。方法以纯化的BoNT-A作为包被抗原,抗BoNT-A兔血清作为一抗,辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)标记的金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(Staphylococal Protein A, SPA)作为二抗,结合实验设计,建立检测血清中抗BoNT-A中和抗体的间接ELISA,验证该方法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性,并与经典动物中和试验法检测抗BoNT-A中和抗体的结果进行比较。结果①间接ELISA条件的建立与优化,使用2.50μg/mL纯化的BoNT-A抗原包被,4℃过夜;1%明胶作为封闭剂,37℃封闭2 h;确定一抗优化条件:反应条件为1∶5 000稀释,37℃孵育90 min;二抗优化条件:反应条件为1∶10 000稀释,37℃孵育90 min;加入底物37℃显色10 min,加终止液终止后,用酶标仪测定A_(450 nm)值;②经过验证该方法特异性好,所包被抗原与抗伤寒杆菌兔血清、抗破伤风毒素兔血清、抗B型肉毒毒素兔血清、抗E型肉毒毒素兔血清、抗F型肉毒毒素兔血清均无交叉反应;灵敏度高,当抗BoNT-A兔血清按照1∶320 000稀释时,检测结果依然呈阳性;重复性良好,批内重复性验证CV分别为2.62%、1.40%、2.14%,变异系数均小于3%,批间差异无统计学意义(P=0.103,P>0.05);该方法检测抗BoNT-A中和抗体检出限为抗-0.03 LD_(50)/mL,大约是经典动物中和试验法的1/30,显著地提高了检测灵敏度。结论建立了一种可用于检测血清中抗BoNT-A中和抗体的间接ELISA。     

肉毒毒素作用机制的研究进展

肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin,BTX)是肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的一种外毒素,其通过抑制神经递质的释放而引起肌肉松弛型麻痹。在世界范围内,肉毒中毒的案例时有发生,病情严重的患者最终因呼吸衰竭而死亡。肉毒毒素相关产品在临床痉挛性疾病、腺体分泌过度、神经性疼痛的治疗及美容除皱等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。因而,肉毒毒素作用机制的研究在肉毒中毒的治疗以及临床新适应症的开发等方面具有重要意义。就肉毒毒素跨越小肠上皮细胞屏障的吸收及神经毒性作用机制的研究现状作一概述。     

A型肉毒神经毒素理化及生物学特性研究

目的探究A型肉毒神经毒素的理化及生物学特性,为A型肉毒神经毒素制品的研制提供依据。方法采用SDS-PAGE、HPLC测定A型肉毒神经毒素的纯度;采用毛细管凝胶电泳分析其在非还原条件及还原条件下各组分的相对分子质量;采用等电点聚焦电泳测定其等电点;对其N-末端氨基酸序列进行测序,并将测序结果与NCBI blast数据库中A型肉毒梭菌Hall株的氨基酸序列作比对,确证其各组分的成分;对A型肉毒毒素复合物及A型肉毒神经毒素进行口服毒性分析,并对3批A型肉毒神经毒素原液和其半成品进行生物学稳定性研究。结果 A型肉毒神经毒素纯度99.00%;非还原条件下其相对分子质量约为152 000,N-末端氨基酸序列ALNDLQINVN,为完整的A型肉毒神经毒素;还原条件下,由相对分子质量约为101 000、N-末端氨基酸序列为ALNDLQINVN的重链和相对分子质量约为101 000、N-末端氨基酸序列为PFVNKQFNYK的轻链组成;等电点为4.91;口服A型肉毒神经毒素的小鼠LD50为1.50×107U/kg,是其复合物的7.9倍;3批A型肉毒神经毒素原液在2~8℃放置28 d生物学活性无下降,平均比活性为2.13×108U/mg,是其复合物的7.1倍;3批半成品在18~26℃放置28 d生物学活性无下降。结论 A型肉毒神经毒素纯度较高,非还原条件下为单链,还原条件下裂解为轻链和重链,其原液及其半成品的生物学稳定性较好。     

重组肉毒神经毒素A轻链(BoNT/A LC)突变体的构建、表达与活性分析

A型肉毒神经毒素的轻链(BoNT/A LC)是一种锌依赖性的金属内肽酶.通过X射线分析其结构并结合一些文献报道表明,轻链上的Arg362和Tyr365直接参与了酶的催化作用,而Glu350则处于其活性位点的中心位置.采用定点突变技术,对编码这3个关键性的氨基酸位点的碱基进行突变(Arg362Ala、Tyr365Phe、Glu350Ala),获得了BoNT/A LC突变体.突变体蛋白与BoNT/A的底物蛋白SNAP-25进行切割反应,结果表明,未经突变的BoNT/A轻链蛋白能够特异性地识别SNAP-25蛋白上的Q197-R198位点,而突变体蛋白则完全无法识别该位点,不具有金属内肽酶活性,成功地去除了肉毒神经毒素的毒力,为下一步的全长肉毒神经毒素重组疫苗的研究打下了基础.     

Structural Insights into Rational Design of Single-Domain Antibody-Based Antitoxins against Botulinum Neurotoxins

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Botulinum neurotoxins C, E and F bind gangliosides via a conserved binding site prior to stimulation-dependent uptake with botulinum neurotoxin F utilising the three isoforms of SV2 as second receptor

The high toxicity of clostridial neurotoxins primarily results from their specific binding and uptake into neurons. At motor neurons, the seven botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A–G (BoNT/A–G) inhibit acetylcholine release, leading to flaccid paralysis, while tetanus neurotoxin blocks neurotransmitter release in inhibitory neurons, resulting in spastic paralysis. Uptake of BoNT/A, B, E and G requires a dual interaction with gangliosides and the synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins synaptotagmin or SV2, whereas little is known about the entry mechanisms of the remaining serotypes. Here, we demonstrate that BoNT/F as wells depends on the presence of gangliosides, by employing phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations derived from mice expressing GM3, GM2, GM1 and GD1a or only GM3. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis based on homology models identified the ganglioside binding site at a conserved location in BoNT/E and F. Using the mice phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay as a physiological model system, cross-competition of full-length neurotoxin binding by recombinant binding fragments, plus accelerated neurotoxin uptake upon increased electrical stimulation, indicate that BoNT/F employs SV2 as protein receptor, whereas BoNT/C and D utilise different SV receptor structures. The co-precipitation of SV2A, B and C from Triton-solubilised SVs by BoNT/F underlines this conclusion.     

肉毒毒素中和抗体的研究进展

肉毒毒素是目前已知毒性最强的细菌蛋白质,极少量便可以致人死亡,我国每年都有散发病例出现,并且它极有可能被用于恐怖行动或被一些国家用作生物战剂。肉毒毒素中和抗体是肉毒毒素中毒后惟一有效的药物。与马源的抗毒素血清相比,重组基因工程中和抗体具有很多优势,是目前肉毒毒素预防和治疗研究的主要方向。简要综述了肉毒毒素基因工程中和抗体研究现状、保护性抗原选择、体内外中和活性检测方法及研发难点、解决方法等。     

Electric dipole reorientation in the interaction of botulinum neurotoxins with neuronal membranes

Botulinum neurotoxins are highly potent toxins capable of rapid and specific interaction with the presynaptic membrane. We have hypothesised that: (1) these neurotoxins possess an electric dipole with the positive pole on receptor binding domain Hc-C and that (2) on approaching the negatively charged presynaptic membrane, they reorient themselves and hit the membrane surface with Hc-C; this electrostatic effect would contribute efficient binding. Electrostatic calculations confirm these hypotheses and strongly indicate that electrostatics effects can play an important role in the unique presynaptic membrane binding properties of these neurotoxins and generally on the interaction of other plasma membrane protein ligands.     

Binding of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins to Ganglioside GT1b and Derivatives Thereof

The ability of fragments derived from botulinum neurotoxin (BTx) serotype A to bind to GT1b-coated plastic wells was investigated and compared with the binding characteristics of the parent approximately 150-kDa protein. Although the approximately 50-kDa light chain of BTxA had a marginal binding capacity, the predominant adherence to GT1b-coated wells was exhibited by the approximately 50-kDa carboxy-terminal half of the approximately 100-kDa heavy chain of BTxA; the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain lacked the ability to bind. Binding to GT1b by BTxA and its fragments was compared with that of tetanus neurotoxin (TTx) and the carboxy-terminal half of its heavy chain. Binding of BTxA and the C-terminal half of the heavy chain was optimal in buffers of low ionic strength (mu less than or equal to 0.04 and 0.06, respectively), whereas the heavy chain bound GT1b best at mu greater than or equal to 0.10. TTx and the approximately 50-kDa C-terminal half of its approximately 100-kDa heavy chain bound GT1b at ionic strengths similar to those of BTxA. Comparison of the binding of BTx serotypes A, B, and E to GT1b (using conditions that were found to be optimal for binding by BTxA) indicated differences in the interaction of the three serotypes with GT1b. Compared with BTxA, adherence to GT1b by serotypes B and E was reduced by approximately 60 and approximately 90%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肉毒毒素结构及其重组疫苗的相关研究进展

肉毒毒素是肉毒梭状杆菌产生的外毒素,有7种血清型(A～G).肉毒毒素属神经强毒,是目前已知的毒性最强的细菌蛋白质.作为重要的生物战剂之一,对肉毒毒素的研究已经相当深入,基本明确了各型肉毒毒素的基因序列、同源性和三维结构及毒素作用的本质和机理.随着国际恐怖活动的日益猖獗,针对肉毒毒素的检测和预防也备受关注,对其疫苗的探索已成为研究的焦点.本扼要介绍了肉毒毒素的结构、作用机制及其疫苗的相关研究进展.     

肉毒毒素抑制剂的研究进展

肉毒毒素(BoNT)是目前已知的毒性最强的生物毒素,肉毒毒素中毒的抗毒素治疗只对未进入神经细胞的毒素有效,而对中毒时间较长、轻链已进入神经系统者无效。近10年来,随着肉毒毒素晶体结构的测定、中毒机理的深入研究,以及体外高通量评价模型的建立,对小分子肉毒毒素抑制剂的研究取得了显著进展。从肉毒毒素中毒机理、结构特征出发,简要综述了肉毒毒素抑制剂的研究进展。     

Crystal Structure of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Type G Binding Domain: Insight into Cell Surface Binding

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) typically bind the neuronal cell surface via dual interactions with both protein receptors and gangliosides. We present here the 1.9-Å X-ray structure of the BoNT serotype G (BoNT/G) receptor binding domain (residues 868-1297) and a detailed view of protein receptor and ganglioside binding regions. The ganglioside binding motif (SxWY) has a conserved structure compared to the corresponding regions in BoNT serotype A and BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B), but several features of interactions with the hydrophilic face of the ganglioside are absent at the opposite side of the motif in the BoNT/G ganglioside binding cleft. This may significantly reduce the affinity between BoNT/G and gangliosides. BoNT/G and BoNT/B share the protein receptor synaptotagmin (Syt) I/II. The Syt binding site has a conserved hydrophobic plateau located centrally in the proposed protein receptor binding interface (Tyr1189, Phe1202, Ala1204, Pro1205, and Phe1212). Interestingly, only 5 of 14 residues that are important for binding between Syt-II and BoNT/B are conserved in BoNT/G, suggesting that the means by which BoNT/G and BoNT/B bind Syt diverges more than previously appreciated. Indeed, substitution of Syt-II Phe47 and Phe55 with alanine residues had little effect on the binding of BoNT/G, but strongly reduced the binding of BoNT/B. Furthermore, an extended solvent-exposed hydrophobic loop, located between the Syt binding site and the ganglioside binding cleft, may serve as a third membrane association and binding element to contribute to high-affinity binding to the neuronal membrane. While BoNT/G and BoNT/B are homologous to each other and both utilize Syt-I/Syt-II as their protein receptor, the precise means by which these two toxin serotypes bind to Syt appears surprisingly divergent.