栗瘿蜂虫瘿形成及发育与发生量关系研究

板栗瘿蜂是我国板栗主要害虫,虫瘿是该害虫危害产物．在自然状态下,虫瘿的形成和发育性状在个体间差异显著。本文对栗瘿蜂在直观上容易识别和观测的虫瘿的形成及其形态、生物学指标进行检测,并对其与虫室数和虫量的相互关系进行定量分析,结果表明,单瘿质量近似正态分布,变异系数为0.1712,峰度系数1．3853．个体质量最大和最小相差15．5倍,体积相差64倍。虫瘿质量(X1)、体积(X2)与瘿内虫室数和虫数(Y)呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为R1^2=0813,R2^2=0.874,达到显著水平。不同板栗品种对栗瘿蜂的抗性为处暑红>蜜蜂球>二水早。天敌主要是中华长尾小蜂,虫瘿寄生率72．7％,幼虫(虫室)寄生率24．06％。     

栗瘿蜂虫瘿形成及发育与发生量关系研究

板栗瘿蜂是我国板栗主要害虫,虫瘿是该害虫危害产物.在自然状态下,虫瘿的形成和发育性状在个体间差异显著.本文对栗瘿蜂在直观上容易识别和观测的虫瘿的形成及其形态、生物学指标进行检测,并对其与虫室数和虫量的相互关系进行定量分析,结果表明,单瘿质量近似正态分布,变异系数为0.1712,峰度系数1.3853,个体质量最大和最小相差15.5倍,体积相差6.4倍.虫瘿质量(X₁)、体积(X₂)与瘿内虫室数和虫数(Y)呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为R₁²=0.813,R₂²=0.874,达到显著水平.不同板栗品种对栗瘿蜂的抗性为处暑红>蜜蜂球>二水早.天敌主要是中华长尾小蜂,虫瘿寄生率72.7%,幼虫(虫室)寄生率24.06%.     

抗栗瘿蜂优良锥栗品种的初步选择研究

通过调查统计建瓯市水源乡,采穗圃中8个锥栗品种的每株虫瘿数和单株产量,以方差分析和多重比较法进行分析,初步筛选了抗栗瘿蜂的锥栗品种,研究结果显示,蔓榛和中榛子是抗栗瘿蜂的优良品种,生产上可作为栗瘿蜂综合治理的推广品种。     

栗瘿蜂在贵州的发生及相关生物学习性

本文首次报道栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu在贵州铜仁的发生为害情况,详细记述栗瘿蜂的生物学特性,特别是栗瘿蜂在瘿内的生活习性。2009年4月-2010年8月调查,在铜仁市桐木坪乡卜口村栽种的366.67hm2板栗中,株被害率达100%,当年新梢被害率达41%。该虫1年发生1代,3月底至4月初虫瘿出现,5月中旬虫瘿达最大,化蛹高峰期为5月下旬;成虫羽化高峰期为6月中旬,出瘿高峰期为6月15-22日。成虫孤雌生殖,产卵栗芽内,以幼龄幼虫在栗芽内虫室越冬。大龄幼虫有极强的耐饥性和耐旱性。用粘虫胶对成虫进行防治,有较好的防效,也使天敌得到了有效保护。     

栗瘿蜂生物学及其防治研究

栗瘿蜂的蛹可化分为前蛹、白蛹和黑蛹。生殖方式为孤雌生殖,平均单瘿内幼虫数与每米枝条瘿数为正相关关系。自然种群密度呈周期性猖獗发生,其主要原因是寄生天敌的作用,研究中查获我省寄生蜂28种,主要天敌有10种。发生期的预测可根据板粟的物候期进行。发生量的预测可用有效基数预测式的简式“(1-d)(1-M)”,进行种群数量变动趋势的估测。采用早春人工修剪,邻地助迁、枯瘿挂笼等保护利用寄生蜂的方法,并适当辅助以化学防治:涂环内吸防治瘿内幼虫及成虫期喷雾等综合防治措施。使防治区比对照区当年虫口减退率达95％以上。     

栗瘿蜂幼虫期虫瘿与寄主植物部分营养和防御物质含量或活性的比较

为验证营养假说,本研究首次利用分光光度计测定了栗瘿蜂(Dryocosmus kuriphilus)幼虫期虫瘿及其着生枝条的部分营养和防御物质的含量或活性。研究结果表明:虫瘿中单宁和类黄酮的含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶的活性显著低于枝条的含量或活性,符合营养假说;虫瘿蛋白质和还原糖含量显著低于枝条的含量,淀粉的含量与枝条的含量差异不显著,不符合营养假说。     

板栗上虫瘿和成瘿枝的代谢组与转录组联合分析

虫瘿是由昆虫取食或产卵刺激引起植物组织细胞异常增殖和分化,从而形成的突起或瘤状结构。栗瘿蜂(Dryocosmus kuriphilus)虫瘿为其幼虫提供食物来源并保护其生长。营养假说认为,虫瘿为致瘿昆虫提供了丰富的营养物质,因此其虫瘿组织中的营养物质含量应高于成瘿部位,而次生代谢产物的含量则相反。前期研究发现,栗瘿蜂虫瘿的糖类等营养物质高于其成瘿部位,而单宁等代谢物质的含量则相反,与营养假说一致。有研究分别利用代谢组和转录组分析发现,虫瘿的可溶性糖等营养物质含量高于成瘿部位,黄酮等次生代谢产物的含量则相反,同时与光合作用相关的基因表达下调。但是,目前尚无转录组和代谢组联合分析瘿蜂虫瘿与其成瘿部位差异的报道。本文首次联合代谢组和转录组,基于通路富集分析,更加全面地比较了板栗(Castanea mollissima)上栗瘿蜂虫瘿与成瘿部位之间的差异代谢物和差异表达基因。结果显示,栗瘿蜂虫瘿的氨基酸和多肽等含量上调,可能与其生长发育有关;而黄酮含量下调,可能是栗瘿蜂为了生存启动的防御机制,这二者均与营养假说相符。此外,通路富集分析显示,与光合作用相关的大部分基因在虫瘿中表达下调,抑制了寄主植物的光合作用。     

中国犁瘿蜂属(膜翅目,瘿蜂科,梨瘿蜂族)分类研究及三新种记述

记述中国瘿蜂科犁瘿蜂属Diplolepis Geoffroy 5种,其中包括3新种,即黄腹犁瘿蜂Diplolepis flaviabdomenis sp.nov.,湖南犁瘿蜂Diplolepis hunanensis sp.nov.和小腹犁瘿蜂Diplolepis mnoriabdomenis sp.nov..详细描述新种并附图,编制了中国犁瘿蜂属分种检索表.模式标本保存于浙江农林大学和美国东伊利诺伊大学生物系寄生蜂标本室.     

Isozyme differences between the developmental stages of the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae

The value of electrophoretic analysis of enzymes as an aid in connecting a morphologically deviating form to one of several possible species is dependent on the proportion of shared enzyme loci between the forms. In order to determine this proportion for the different instars of the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae, 16 different enzyme systems were analysed. Out of the 37 loci detected, 25 (68%) were active in all instars. The larvae, pupae, and imagines had two, one and five unique loci, respectively. Larvae and pupae shared four loci not expressed in the imagines. In the ten enzymes analysed for comparison of males and females a total of 22 loci were detected, 21 found in both sexes and one unique to the females. The difference in isozyme pattern was found to be much more pronounced between pupa and imago than between larva and pupa. The chance to find a locus in an instar when already detected in another was calculated to 87%. If this estimate is valid for other forms within species, differential activity should not present a problem when electrophoretic analysis is used in order to connect such forms.     

刺桐姬小蜂发生习性及其虫瘿形成分析

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinaeKim是新发现的重要入侵害虫,在广东省深圳地区普遍发生且危害严重,受害植株超过10000株。寄主按受害程度依次为:杂色刺桐Erythrina variegata、金脉刺桐E.variegatevar.orientialis、鸡冠刺桐E.cristagalli和龙牙花E.corallodendron。移栽2年内的刺桐树受害严重。根据虫瘿形状,将其分为球形虫瘿、卷叶形虫瘿、肥厚叶虫瘿、分散虫瘿、粗柄形虫瘿、嫩枝肿大虫瘿、花蕾肿大虫瘿并对其形成过程进行分析。首次报道了刺桐姬小蜂为害鸡冠刺桐花蕾。刺桐姬小蜂在深圳无休眠和滞育现象,常年发生。     

Comparative phylogeography across two trophic levels: the oak gall wasp Andricus kollari and its chalcid parasitoid Megastigmus stigmatizans

Insect parasitoids are important components of many terrestrial ecosystems. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms responsible for structuring their populations. Here we investigate the ability of Megastigmus stigmatizans, an oak gall wasp parasitoid, to track its host Andricus kollari over two different timescales, and examine its current population structure across a divide in host population structure. The divide represents a transition in gall wasp host-plant species and offers the opportunity to examine whether the split, which divides gall wasp populations, manifests itself in the next trophic level. Analysis of mitochondrial haplotype data for parasitoid and host reveals: (i) A similar phylogeographic population structure for both, with Iberian populations more derived with respect to more eastern populations. (ii) It is likely that the host colonized the Iberian refuge earlier than the parasitoid, probably by at least one glacial cycle. (iii) Recent range expansion of central European host populations northwards has resulted in pursuit by parasitoids from the same geographic origin. (iv) In addition, Iberian parasitoid populations have crossed a major divide in host population structure to invade northern Europe. Such human-facilitated escape from natural refugial distributions may have important implications for the composition and structure of northern European gall wasp communities.     

A nectar-secreting gall wasp and ant mutualism: selection and counter-selection shaping gall wasp phenology, fecundity and persistence

Abstract.

• 1 The natural history of a gall wasp including interactions with inquilines, parasites, and a mutualistic ant are examined. The stability of the system is described from the perspective of influences on gall wasp life history characteristics.
• 2 An exclusion experiment demonstrated that the nectar-secreting gall of Disholcaspis perniciosa mediates a mutualism with the tending ant, Formica obscuripes. Survivorship increased from 0% in the absence of ants to 25.3% in their presence, largely due to the exclusion of inquilines.
• 3 Specialized parasites, Eudecatoma spp., attacked before the ant-gall interaction began, when the developing gall was still beneath the host plant (Quercus gambellii) epidermis and ants were not in attendance. They may select for later developing gall wasps, which benefit by having fewer individuals parasitized. However, counter-selection for earlier development may result from decreased gall wasp size, decreased fecundity, and an increase in gall failures resulting from late development.
• 4 Local persistence of the gall wasp population despite increased pressure from inquilines and parasites was attributed to gall wasp escape in time due to polymorphic emergence resulting from diapause. Most individuals emerge at the end of the summer, but approximately 15% remain in the galls as prepupae for 1–5 years.

     

The role of phenolics in goldenrod ball gall resistance and formation

Some genotypes of Solidago altissima have been shown to exhibit a hypersensitive response to the tephritid ball gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis. When the gallmaker attempts to stimulate gall formation in these genotypes, necrotic tissue surrounds the larva and apparently causes larval death [Anderson, S. S., et al. (1989) Ecology 70, 1048]. Other genotypes have varying degrees of resistance or susceptibility [McCrea, K. D. and Abrahamson, W. G. (1987) Ecology 68, 822]. Studies of other host plants have shown that phenolic compounds can play an important role in this defensive reaction. To determine the role of phenolics in the resistance of S. altissima to ball gallmakers, weekly tissue samples were collected from two resistant and two susceptible clones, both with and without Eurosta attack. These samples were analysed for total phenolics using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure. Phenolic content increased over time in all clones. In unattacked ramets, phenolic levels were higher in susceptible clones than in resistant clones. No evidence of an increase in phenolics was seen with a hypersensitive response, but a significantly higher concentration was found in plants that had initiated normal gall development. A second study of rapidly growing galls in three additional susceptible clones confirmed this increase in phenolics, demontrated that the higher phenolic concentrations were restricted to gall tissue, and showed that phenolic levels increase as much as five-fold in galls near their peak growth period. Increases in total phenolic levels were clearly not responsible for the hypersensitive reaction for resistance, but phenols could potentially play a role in gall formation by influencing the hormonal control of growth and/or in protection of the gallmaker from its natural enemies.     

Polypheolic auxin protectors in buds of juvenile and adult chestnut

Both qualitative and quantitative estimates of the relative amounts of several poly-phenols in buds of juvenile and adult plants of chestnut ( Castanea sativa x C. crenata ) were carried out. In buds of both types of plants, chesnatin, crenatin, cretanin and (+)-catechin were identified. Crenatin and cretanin showed inhibitory activity of peroxidase-catalysed indoleacetic acid oxidation. Auxin protection capacity was greater in extracts of the juvenile tissues which also were richer in active phenols. The phenolic content and its possible relationship to the easier establishment in vitro of juvenile tissue is discussed.     

垂叶榕果内寄生瘿蚊的发生规律

在云南西双版纳热带地区,一种还未被描述属和种的瘿蚊寄生于垂叶榕果内的雌花子房里,并膨大形成虫瘿,靠取食花胚组织完成发育.通过2010年定时定点的系统观察和研究瘿蚊的发生规律,结果发现:该种瘿蚊在垂叶榕上发生频率较高,抽样的18批果有17批被瘿蚊寄生,其中有13批果的寄生比率超过了60％,部分甚至达到100％.瘿蚊寄生雌花的平均比率不超过6％,平均每个榕果内有瘿蚊1～40只不等.瘿蚊寄生不仅降低了垂叶榕的种子数,还致命性地影响着传粉榕小蜂的繁殖.在对瘿蚊的羽化、交配行为及其成虫的活动规律观察中,结果显示:寄生在一个榕果里瘿蚊需要5～7d才能羽化完,其羽化高峰期出现在第2～3天;一天内羽化的高峰出现在上午8:00-10:00及晚上20:00-0:00;而羽化后瘿蚊活动高峰期出现在上午8:00-11:00.雄蚊会帮助雌蚊离开榕果并优先获得交配权,雌蚊交配后飞离繁殖自身的榕树,去寻找适合产卵的榕果繁殖后代,雄蚊不离开羽化树,而死在繁殖自身的榕树附近.这些结果为深入研究瘿蚊的防治技术提供了科学依据.     

Sexually dimorphic gall structures correspond to differential phytohormone contents in male and female wasp larvae

Sexually dimorphic galls are rare among gall‐inducing insects and the reason for their occurrence is unknown. The pteromalid wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, which induces galls on Acacia longifolia, is one such species. In the present study, the anatomical and physiological attributes of male and female galls of T. acaciaelongifoliae are examined and compared. Histological preparations are used to characterize anatomical differences between male and female gall chambers. Bioassays, high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and an enzyme immunoassay are used to measure concentrations of auxin and cytokinin in normal buds, galled tissues, and larvae of both sexes. Female chambers are found to be 3.3‐fold larger, and are associated with 1.5‐fold more storage tissue and 3.5‐fold more vascular tissues than male chambers. Tissues from female chambers induce stronger cytokinin‐like bioactivity than tissues from male chambers. Female larvae have considerably higher concentrations of cytokinin free bases, ribosides, glucosides and monophosphates than male larvae; higher auxin‐like bioactivity than in normal or galled plant tissues; and almost twice the concentration of auxin than male larvae. Both male and female larvae contain much higher auxin concentrations than either galled or normal plant tissues. These findings suggest that differing levels of phytohormones are involved in the development of sexual dimorphism of gall structures in this species.