胎肺细胞肾包膜下种植模型--胎肺发育研究之新体内模型

肺是哺乳动物重要的呼吸器官,其发育的大部分过程发生于胚胎阶段,但由于研究手段的限制,对胎肺特别是后期胎肺发生机制的认识还十分有限.本文利用肾包膜下种植的方法建立了胎肺细胞肾包膜下种植模型.模型中上皮发育历经假腺体期、小管期和肺泡前体期等正常胎肺上皮组织发育的所有分化阶段,同时间充质形成广泛的毛细血管网络,与胎肺在子宫中的发育过程一致.更重要的是,消化处理后的单个胎肺细胞可有效地吸收反义寡核苷酸,并在种植组织中产生相应的表型效应.模型的建立为胎肺发生机制研究提供了一条新的途径.     

大鼠恒温能力和产热的胎后发育

本文通过胎后各龄大鼠急性暴露于不同试验温度时的体温动态变化,显示大鼠体温调节的胎后发育有阶段性。同时表明肝线粒体的呼吸速率、氧化磷酸化及呼吸控制率等功能在胎后也有个发育过程。肝线粒体发育成熟时期,正是机体恒温能力迅速发展的阶段。推测肝线粒体的成熟可能是体温调节发育的细胞机制之一。褐色脂肪细胞色素氧化酶和α-磷酸甘油氧化酶活力的变化,表明褐色脂肪在大鼠新生儿阶段的体温调节中具有重要作用。     

人胎肺发育过程中P53和Bax的表达及意义

目的检测P53、Bax在人胎肺中的表达特征,探讨两者在胎肺发育中的意义。方法16-35周人胎肺15例,中性福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,5μm厚切片,常规HE染色;免疫组化SP法检测P53和Bax在胎肺中的表达特征。结果P53和Bax的表达主要定位于各级支气管上皮和原始肺泡上皮细胞。其中,在发育晚期,P53主要在Ⅱ型肺泡细胞中阳性表达,胎肺间质中始终未见P53阳性表达细胞,而Bax在周围的间质细胞中有表达,且随着胎肺的发育逐渐减弱。结论在胎肺发育过程中,P53和Bax的激活和抑制遵循严格的时空性规律,通过调控凋亡的方式,参与胎肺发育和成熟。     

小鼠胎肺分支形态发生的分子机制

哺乳动物在早期胚胎发育过程中,肺发育经历了气管分支的形态发生、树样结构上皮管道的形成,并伴随着血管的发育而发生的气体通路和肺泡的分化等过程.肺发生涉及到许多复杂的分子机制.肺形态学的变化受到一系列持家基因、激素、核转录因子、生长因子及其他因素的综合调控.目前已经发现决定肺分支形态发生的许多重要因子.本文根据目前最新研究进展,阐述了小鼠胚胎肺在分支形态发生过程中,上皮与间充质之间诱导的信号通路之间的相互作用及其对呼吸树形态建成的调控机制.     

花背蟾蜍胎肺发育中表皮生长因子受体的表达和定位作用

取花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)363、7、38、39期蝌蚪肺组织和幼蟾肺组织,进行常规石蜡切片,用免疫组化SP两步法检测EGFR的表达。观察了表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在花背蟾蜍胎肺发育过程的表达特征,并探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)和转化生长因子α(TGF-α)通过与EGFR的作用,对花背蟾蜍胎肺形态发生和肺泡上皮成熟分化的作用。结果表明,36期,EGFR在肺网状隔膜上皮细胞处有表达;37期,肺网状隔膜处EGFR阳性表达很明显,在肺泡囊处表达呈弱阳性;38期,肺网状隔膜处EGFR的阳性表达变弱,在远端的肺泡囊上皮细胞处其阳性表达增强;39期,EGFR在肺泡囊上皮细胞处阳性表达最活跃,在网状隔膜处EGFR的表达很弱;幼蟾期,EGFR阳性反应主要定位在肺泡上皮细胞。结论是,在胎肺发育的不同时期,EGFR在上皮细胞的定位有迁移,免疫组化反应强弱也有差异,说明EGFR在胎肺不同发育阶段发挥不同的功能,它对肺泡上皮细胞的成熟分化有重要调节作用。     

人胎肾和人胎肺细胞对肠道病毒的易感性

猴肾细咆和人羊膜细胞虽然对大多数类型的肠道病毒易感,但由于猴肾细胞来源有限和人羊膜细胞制备的成功率较低,昕以需要寻求其他更合适的细胞来代替。为了确定人胎肾和人胎啼细胞在肠道病毒工作中的使用价值,本文较系统地比较了这两种细胞对晒遒病毒的易感性。实验证明,除了Co～ckie B2和H4型病毒,ECHO 9、18、20和2 7型病毒在人胎肾细胞及ECHO、22和23型病毒在人胎肺细胞的滴度不够理想外,这两种细胞对所研究的其余类型的病毒都较易感。大多数类型的肠道病毒不但能在人胎肾和人胎肺细胞中培养和传代,而且原有皿凝者仍能保持其血凝特性。用猴肾、人胎肾和人胎肺细胞从122份粪便标本分离病毒,结果共有64份标本阳性。其中用猴肾细胞分离得到阳性结果的有;4份,用人胎肾细胞有56份,用人胎肺细胞有51份。猴肾细胞对脊髓灰质炎病毒比人胎肾和人胎肺细胞易感,而人胎肾和人胎肺细胞对某些非脊髓灰质炎病毒比猴肾细胞易感。实验结果表明,在肠道病毒的工作中可以应用这两种细胞培养来代替猴肾细胞培养。     

经典WNT信号通路与哺乳动物肺器官发育

肺器官发育是上皮和问充质相互作用的过程,由多条信号通路共同调控。已知经典WNT信号通路对细胞的增殖、凋亡和分化起着重要的调控作用,在小鼠等模式生物上研究发现,它也参与了哺乳动物肺器官发育的调控过程。综述近年来经典WNT信号通路成员在哺乳动物肺器官发育过程中的表达变化、作用功能及表达异常可能诱发的肺部疾病,以期为研究经典WNT信号通路调控人类肺器官发育的分子机制及相关肺部疾病的诊治奠定基础。     

Parvalbumin和Calbindin－D28k负疫反应神经元在人胎视网膜中的分布和发育

本实验采用免疫细胞化学方法观察１９例人胎视网膜内Ｐａｒｖａｌｂｕｍｉｎ（ＰＶ）和Ｃａｌｂｉ－ｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ（ＣａＢＰ）免疫反应神经元的分布和发育,对它们在人胎视网膜发育中的演变规律进行了研究。结果显示,ＰＶ和ＣａＢＰ免疫反应神经元属于视网膜水平细胞,无长实细胞和节细胞的不同亚群,ＣａＢＰ免疫反应神经元还可能分属于视细胞。ＰＶ和ＣａＢＰ免疫反应神经元的发育主要是在胚胎中期,胎１４周时它们已分别出现于视网膜内的不同部位,其各自的演变规律不同,至胚胎２７周时初步建立了各自的分布模式。在整个发育过程,颞测机网膜内ＰＶ免疫反应神经元的密度及反应强度均高于鼻侧视网膜内的ＰＶ免疫反应神经元,ＰＶ和ＣａＢＰ免疫反应神经元的发育与视网膜的组织发生也有着密切的联系。本文结果提示,ＰＶ和ＣａＢＰ可能在视网膜神经元的分化、迁移及突触形成中分别起着重要的作用。     

单克隆来源的小鼠胎肝HPP-CFC肝上皮分化潜能的研究

为研究胎肝中造血和肝上皮发育的关系,建立了小鼠胎肝高增殖潜能集落形成细胞（HPP-CFC）培养体系,并进行了单克隆培养以及诱导分化实验.在造血和肝诱导因子的共同作用下,对单克隆来源的HPP集落细胞向造血和肝上皮细胞进行诱导分化,采用透射电镜(TEM)、巢式RT-PCR、细胞免疫荧光检测,从细胞形态、超微结构、上皮细胞分化标志等方面对分化后的细胞进行检测.检测结果显示诱导后的部分细胞具有肝细胞特异性的超微结构并不同程度的表达白蛋白（ALB）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）、细胞角蛋白（CK8,CK18）等肝上皮分化标志,同时还表达间质标志α-SMA和血管内皮细胞标志Flk-1.免疫磁珠分选表明：胎肝来源的HPP-CFC主要来自于CD45⁺细胞,CD45^-细胞不具有形成造血克隆的能力.在肝上皮细胞分化潜能上,流式分选获得的CD49f⁺/Sca-1⁺细胞与未分选细胞无明显差异.该模型的克隆源性通过细胞混合实验进行证明.研究结果表明,改进的胎肝来源的HPP-CFC可能代表了一个新的造血向肝上皮细胞分化的单克隆模型,为研究胎肝中造血和非造血细胞的发育关系提供了一个新的切入点.     

母-胎界面T细胞功能研究进展

母-胎界面免疫耐受是成功妊娠建立和维持的基础,T细胞是子宫蜕膜免疫细胞的重要组成细胞,既要介导抗感染免疫,保护胚胎免遭外来病原体攻击,同时又要参与母体接受同种异体胚胎的复杂免疫调节过程,在调控胚胎植入和维持妊娠过程中发挥重要作用,其功能失调可能会导致早期妊娠失败或中晚期妊娠并发症。本文就近年来关于妊娠期母-胎界面T细胞亚群的组成、表型特征及其功能进行介绍,并进一步阐述蜕膜CD4~+与CD8~+T细胞在母-胎免疫调节中的作用,以及异常调控致早期妊娠失败的分子机制,有助于深入理解母-胎免疫耐受机制,为妊娠相关疾病的防治提供新的线索。     

Potential role of RGD-binding integrins in mammalian lung branching morphogenesis.

Cell-matrix interactions are generally considered critical for normal lung development. This is particularly likely to be true during the glandular stage, when the primitive airways are formed through a process termed branching morphogenesis. Integrins, transmembrane receptors that bind to extracellular matrices, are likely to mediate important interactions between embryonic cells and their matrices during branching morphogenesis. In this report, we examine the role of integrin receptors in this process. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the integrins VLA 3, VLA 5 and integrin receptors to vitronectin are expressed in the epithelium and/or mesenchyme during the glandular stage of murine lung development. To correlate expression with function, an in vitro model of murine lung branching morphogenesis was utilized to examine branching in the presence of inhibitors of ligand binding to integrin receptors. One such reagent, a hexapeptide containing the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence, diminished branching and resulted in an abnormal morphology, whereas a control peptide RGESP (Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser-Pro) had no effect. These findings suggest a critical role for cell-matrix interactions mediated via integrin receptors in early stages of mammalian lung development.     

New insights into saccular development and vascular formation in lung allografts under the renal capsule

The study of distal lung morphogenesis and vascular development would be greatly facilitated by an in vitro or ex vivo experimental model. In this study we show that the growth of mouse embryonic day 12.5 lung rudiments implanted underneath the kidney capsules of syngeneic or immunodeficient hosts follows closely lung development in utero. The epithelium develops extensively with both proximal and distal differentiation to the saccular stage. The vasculature also develops extensively. Large blood vessels accompany large airways and capillaries develop within the saccular walls. Interestingly, vessels in the lung grafts develop from endothelial progenitor cells endogenous to the explants and host vessels do not vascularize the grafts independently. This suggests that embryonic lungs possess mechanisms to prevent the inappropriate ingrowth of surrounding vessels. However, vessels in the lung grafts do connect to host vessels, showing that embryonic lungs have the ability to stimulate host angiogenesis and recruit host vessel connections. These data support the hypothesis that the lung vasculature develops by both vasculogenic and angiogenic processes: a vascular network develops in situ in lung mesenchyme, which is then connected to angiogenic processes from central vessels. The lung renal capsule allograft is thus an excellent model to study the development of the pulmonary vasculature and of late fetal lung development that requires a functional blood supply.     

Angiogenesis and morphogenesis of murine fetal distal lung in an allograft model

Neovascularization is crucial to lung morphogenesis; however, factors determining vessel growth and formation are poorly understood. The goal of our study was to develop an allograft model that would include maturation of the distal lung, thereby ultimately allowing us to study alveolar development, including microvascular formation. We transplanted 14-day gestational age embryonic mouse lung primordia subcutaneously into the back of nude mice for 3.5-14 days. Lung morphogenesis and neovascularization were evaluated by light microscopy, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical techniques. Embryonic 14-day gestational age control lungs had immature structural features consistent with pseudoglandular stage of lung development. In contrast, 14 days after subcutaneous transplantation of a 14-day gestational age lung, the allograft underwent significant structural morphogenesis and neovascularization. This was demonstrated by continued neovascularization and cellular differentiation, resulting in mature alveoli similar to those noted in the 2-day postnatal neonatal lung. Confirmation of maturation of the allograft was provided by progressive type II epithelial cell differentiation as evidenced by enhanced local expression of mRNA for surfactant protein C and a threefold (P < 0.008) increase in vessel formation as determined by immunocytochemical detection of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Using the tyrosine kinase Flk-1 receptor (flk-1) LacZ transgene embryos, we determined that the neovascularization within the allograft was from the committed embryonic lung endothelium. Therefore, we have developed a defined murine allograft model that can be used to study distal lung development, including neovascularization. The model may be useful when used in conjunction with an altered genetic background (knockout or knock in) of the allograft and has the further decided advantage of bypassing placental barriers for introduction of pharmacological agents or DNA directly into the lung itself.     

Normal lung development and function after Sox9 inactivation in the respiratory epithelium

Heterozygous mutations in the human SOX9 gene cause campomelic dysplasia (CD), a skeletal malformation syndrome with various other organ defects. Severely affected CD patients usually die in the neonatal period due to respiratory distress. We analyzed the dynamic expression pattern of Sox9 in the developing mouse lung throughout morphogenesis. To determine a role of Sox9 in lung development and function, Sox9 was specifically inactivated in respiratory epithelial cells of the mouse lung using a doxycycline-inducible Cre/loxP system. Immunohistochemical and RNA analysis demonstrated extensive inactivation of Sox9 in the embryonic stage of lung development as early as embryonic day (E) 12.5. Lung morphogenesis and lung function after birth were not altered. Compensatory upregulation of Sox2, Sox4, Sox8, Sox10, Sox11, and Sox17 was not detected. Although Sox9 is expressed at high levels throughout lung morphogenesis, inactivation of Sox9 from the respiratory epithelial cells does not alter lung structure, postnatal survival, or repair following oxygen injury.     

Cellular events associated with lung branching morphogenesis including the deposition of collagen type IV

In this study mouse lung development was examined using an in vitro model system. The culture system permitted examination of a morphogenic process that eventually led to the formation of presumptive alveoli (terminal sacs). The observations included changes in epithelial cell morphology (transition from a columnar to a spindle shape), and evidence for motile activity on the part of primitive airway epithelial cells. The importance of Type IV collagen to the cellular events associated with branching morphogenesis was investigated by immunolocalization. In addition, we assessed the similarity of normal lung development to in vitro development by comparing cultured lungs with equivalent stages of embryonic and fetal mouse lungs. The results show that cultured embryonic lung explants proceed along a morphogenic pathway that parallels normal lung development; that primitive pulmonary epithelial cells engage in motile activity and transiently acquire an extended cell shape both in vitro and in vivo; that, as suggested by others, the pattern of late branching morphogenesis is not dichotomous, but irregular; and that short wisplike fibers of Type IV collagen are present in developing embryonic and fetal lung mesenchyme. Taken together, the results show that early and late lung branching patterns differ significantly, and suggest that later stages of lung branching involve distinct epithelial cell shape transitions. The immunofluorescence data suggest that fibrous Type IV collagen may be the extracellular matrix scaffold within which early epithelial cells accomplish lung branching morphogenesis.     

Time-lapse observation of branching morphogenesis of the lung bud epithelium in mesenchyme-free culture and its relationship with the localization of actin filaments

It has been shown that branching morphogenesis of the lung bud is mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal interaction via such molecules as FGF10, BMP4 and Shh. However, a recent study showed that the isolated lung epithelium still undergoes branching morphogenesis in vitro even in the absence of mesenchyme (Nogawa and Ito, 1995). In the present study, we observed in vitro the dynamic movement of the isolated lung epithelium of the fetal mouse using time-lapse recording, and investigatedthe roles of actinfilaments in branching of the lung bud. First, time-lapse observation of the initial phase of lung branching morphogenesis revealed that at the sites of cleft formation, the epithelial surface was retracted inward from its original position. From this observation we assumed that there should be some structures which exert a physical force on the epithelium, and the localization and arrangement of actin fibers in the cultured lung epithelium were examined at various stages of branching morphogenesis. At the prebudding (6 h) and onset-budding (24 h) stages, no specific localization of actin filaments was observed in the lung bud epithelium, but at the postbudding stage (48 h) they were localized densely in the cells at the tip of the branched lung epithelium. The cell density was not different between the tip and cleft regions of the lung bud epithelium. When cultured with FGF-soaked beads, an actin-rich region was induced at the tip of the lung bud which was growing toward an FGF-soaked bead. These results indicate that actin fibers do not play a significant part in cleft formation but can be secondarily induced by FGF in the surrounding matrix and play some roles at later shaping of the branch in lung morphogenesis.     

Single primary fetal lung cells generate alveolar structures in vitro

Organ morphogenesis, including lung morphogenesis, involves a series of cellular behaviors that are difficult to observe and document in vivo due to current limitations in imaging techniques. Therefore, in vitro models are necessary to study these cellular behaviors as well as basic developmental processes relevant to in vivo morphogenesis. Here, we describe a novel in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture system for assessing mouse lung alveolar morphogenesis using primary fetal mouse lung cells cultured in Matrigel supplemented with fibroblast growth factor 10 and hepatocyte growth factor. In our in vitro 3D culture system, single primary mouse fetal lung cells successfully grew, developed lumen, and formed multivesicular epithelial structures, resulting in a morphology that was highly similar to that of lung alveoli. This culture system is a useful tool for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in lung alveolar morphogenesis.