Use of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in increasing the fertilizer value of phospate rock

Thirty-two glass jars (3 L each) in the laboratory and outdoor tanks (300 L) were used to examine the influence of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L. ) in increasing the fertilizer value of phoshate rock in eight treatment combinations in quadruplicate. Input of water soluble hosphate was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of orthophosphate in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.1 to 0.114 mg. L^-1 of orthophosphate attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 72 to 100 % influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 7 to 8 % in the absence of phosphate rock.

Zusammenfassung

Die Bedeutung eingesetzter Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) zur Steigerung des Düngerwertes von Phosphatgestein
32 Glasgefäße (3 L Volumen) wurden im Labor und 4 Behälter (300 L) im Freien aufgestellt urn den Einfluß zunehmender Düngung durch Phosphatgestein auf Karpfen ( Cyprinus carpio L. ) in 8 unterschiedlichen Applikationen mit jeweils 4 Replikaten zu testen. Der Eintrag wasserloslichen Phosphats wurde bestimmt, urn die Wirkung von Bioturbation, Fischexkrementen und Bodensubstrat zu prüfen. Die Konzentration an Orthophosphat war in den Kontrollen am niedrigsten. Das Einsetzen von Karpfen-Jungfischen erhöhte die Nertozunahme des Orrhophosphats auf 0,1 bis 0,114 mg. ^-1 und diese Zunahme muß den Ausscheidungen der Fische zugeschrieben werden. Die durch die Karpfen verursachte Bioturbation resultiene in einer 72 bis 100% igen Zunahme des Influx des Phosphats aus dem Bodensubstrat wenn Phosphatgestein dem Boden zugegeben wurde, wahrend dieser Wert nur 7–8%) ohne Phosphatgestein betrug.     

Induced Gynogenesis in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Using Irradiated Sperm of Allotetraploid Hybrids

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) eggs were activated by UV-irradiated diploid sperm of allotetraploid hybrids derived from red crucian carp (♀)?×?common carp (♂) and then duplicated by cold shock in 4-6°C water for 10-12 min. Different cold shock initiation times resulted in two types of diploid gynogenetic grass carp: meiotic gynogenetic (meiG) and mitotic gynogenetic (mitG). Over a 5-year period, a total of 17,170 meiG and 1,080 mitG fry were produced and 6,862 meiG and 372 mitG grass carp survived. The gynogenetic fish were confirmed by morphological characteristics, chromosome examination, and microsatellite DNA analysis. The morphological traits of the gynogenetic grass carp were similar to those of wild diploid grass carp. Normal gynogenetic fish were identified as diploid with 48 chromosomes by chromosomal metaphases examination, while nonviable abnormal embryos were detected as haploid with 24 chromosomes. Microsatellite DNA analysis indicated that after one generation of gynogenesis, the genetic purity of meiG and mitG grass carp was significantly increased over that of wild grass carp. In addition, both meiG and mitG grass carp groups were 100% female, and 88% of these showed normal ovary development. Thus, the sex determination mechanism in female grass carp was homogamety. The ability to establish pure all-female groups of meiG and mitG grass carp should be a valuable contribution to both fish genetics and grass carp breeding.     

Effects of crowding and availability of food on growth rate of fry in the European and Chinese races of the common carp

Fry of the European and Chinese races of the common carp and interracial crossbred fry were grown together in a series of ponds for 28 days after hatching. The degree of crowding and the amount of available natural food were intentionally varied in these experimental ponds. This resulted in a large variation in mean growth between ponds, ranging from 0·1 to 5·2 g per fish during the 28 days growth period. Under conditions of very slow growth, resulting from severe crowding and lack of natural food, fry of the Chinese carp grew several times faster than European carp. At lower densities and when natural food was more abundant, resulting in a faster rate of growth, this difference between the two races disappeared. Crossbred fry between the Chinese and European carp grew faster than either of their parents under all conditions tested.     

Feeding behavior of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) on fry of other fish species and trematode transmitting snail species

Fish raised in aquaculture ponds may get infected with fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) during the nursing stage. Freshwater snails serve as intermediate hosts for FZT and we wanted to explore the possibility of controlling snails by stocking nursery ponds with a few juvenile specimens of the mollusc-eating fish, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). Obviously, the risk that black carp might also prey on the juvenile fishes in nursery ponds should first be assessed. Laboratory trials showed that all size classes of juvenile black carp consumed fry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) even when offered snails as food; the odds of survival of fry from tanks with medium sized and large black carp was 5.6% and 39.9%, respectively of that of fry in tanks with small sized black carp. Since the large black carp also consumed fewer snails than medium sized fish, we believe that large specimens were stressed in the experimental aquaria. Under semi-field conditions, presence of the black carp had no effect on survival of fry of Oreochromis niloticus and C. carpio both in the absence and presence of snails as alternative food. The black carp consumed most snails offered with the exception of some of the large snails. We conclude that under field conditions, predation by black carp on fish fry is minimal and field trials in nursery ponds are warranted. Due to the risks that black carp pose to native imperiled snails and other molluscs, trials should be restricted to ponds within the fish’s native or existing range.     

Toxicity assessment of insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields

Toxicity of four insecticides commonly used in rice pest management, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, carbaryl and carbosulfan, to the fry of common carp was assessed through median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) and in vivo inhibition of the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme at sublethal concentrations. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values for these four insecticides were determined to be 0.008, 26.11, 7.85 and 0.60 mg L^?1 respectively. Exposure of fish to a series of sublethal concentrations (0.5–5% LC₅₀) of each insecticide for 14 days resulted in concentration‐dependent inhibition in AChE activity in comparison with the controls. AChE activity was greatly inhibited in the fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Upon transfer to insecticide‐free water, AChE activities in fry exposed to 0.5 and 1% LC₅₀ concentrations of carbaryl and carbosulfan were restored to the control level within 7–21 days whereas the fish exposed to chlorpyrifos or dimethoate did not fully recover from the insecticide‐induced anticholinesterase action. Of the four insecticides tested, chlorpyrifos was the most toxic for the fry of common carp. Although dimethoate was least toxic for the fish under acute exposure, the restoration level of normal AChE activity was slower under chronic exposure in comparison with carbaryl and carbosulfan. Hence, the use of carbamates, especially carbaryl, to control insect pests of rice in rice‐cum‐carp culture systems is recommended when considering survival, restoration of the normal AChE activity and stamina of the cultured fish.     

不同日照时数对鲤,鲢,鳙鱼苗生长和存活的影响

不同日照时数对鲤、鲢、鳙鱼苗生长和存活的影响王吉桥,赵德树,张景全（大连水产学院养殖系,１１６０２３）（大连市碧流河水库渔场,１１６４２８）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＰｈｏｌｏｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｎｔｈｅＧｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄＳｕｒｖｉｖａｌｏｆＳｉｌｖｅｒＣａｒｐ,Ｂ...     

Introducing foreign genes into fish eggs with electroporated sperm as a carrier.

A new method has been developed for introduction of foreign genes into fish eggs. The procedure is based on the incubation of fish sperm cells suspended in dilute citrate solution with plasmid DNA, followed by application of high-field-strength electrical pulses (electroporation) to increase DNA binding., uptake, or both. Tissue homogenates and genomic DNA extracts of free swimming fry developed from eggs fertilized with treated sperm was tested to evaluate the efficiency of gene transfer. Dot blot hybridization and gene expression assay demonstrated the presence and expression of the reporter genes introduced in 2.6 to 4.2% of several hundreds of tested larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). No transgene has been found in the fry resulting from parallel experiments without sperm electroporation. This is the first report on successful application of electroporated sperm cells for production of transgenic fish.     

Carotenoids in fish. XXII. Changes in carotenoids in Cyprinus carpio L.

The author investigated the presence of various carotenoids in the different parts of the body of Cyprinus carpio L. by means of columnar and thinlayer chromatography.The material in the form of the fertilized eggs, week-old fry, month-old fry, four-months old fry, one-year old fry and marketable carp were investigated.Yugoslavian carp brought to Poland as fry, and hybrid the wild carp crossed with of the cultivation carp, were also taken for analysis. The carotenoid content of Cyprinus carpio bred in waters polluted by municipal wastes and specimens suffering from diseases of the airbladder was also determined.The content of carotenoids, the provitamin of vitamin A, in Cyprinus carpio depends of many factors existing during the cultivation of these fish.     

A quantitative study of testicular germ cell populations in masculinized neomale common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone treatment upon the testicular germ cells of gynogenetic masculinized neomale common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in comparison with diploid carp. Gynogenetic common carp progeny (mean body weight, BW, 2.6+/-0.3g; mean total length, 10.4+/-0.5 cm) were treated for a period of 40 days with 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) at a dose of 100mg kg(-1). The oral administration of MT resulted in 61.5-100% of fish exhibiting male gonads. The masculinized neomales exhibited reduced (P<0.05) body weight (BW=22.9+/-0.8) but significantly increased (P<0.05) mean testis weight (2.1+/-0.3) and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI=9.5+/-0.2%) in comparison with fish not treated with MT (BW 54.8+/-1.3; GSI=0.61%). Furthermore, treatment with MT also resulted in an increased number of fish exhibiting abnormal gonads. However, neomales did not exhibit abnormalities in the development of sperm ducts. MT treatment significantly increased germ cell volume, nuclear diameter, nuclear volume and cyst volume (P<0.01 in all cases) in MT-treated fish compared to untreated fish. The area occupied by seminiferous tubules, the number of Sertoli cells and germ cells per cyst, and the number of Leydig cells were significantly (P<0.05) greater in fish treated with MT. The carp neomales exhibited approximately 20-60% more Sertoli cells per cyst (P<0.05). Leydig cell nuclear volume and Leydig cell individual volume were significantly reduced in MT-treated groups (P<0.05) compared with untreated groups. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that the abnormal gonadal structure evident in masculinized neomales could be explained by a combination of MT-induced genetic (homozygosity) and anabolic effects (upon germ and somatic cells).     

Studies on the role of exogenous proteolytic enzymes in digestion processes in fish

Studies were carried out on the proteolytic activity of the fry of common carp, rainbow trout, grass carp, and whitefish, as well as on the activity of digestive organs of adult common carp and rainbow trout. Activity of exogenous enzymes in relation to endogenous ones was assessed on the basis of the proteolytic value of fish food and the activity of digestive organs. It was found that the share of proteolytic enzymes of natural food in the digestion process in fish was high. Beginning from a weight of 50–100 g for common carp and 10 g for rainbow trout, the relation between the daily enzymatic ration and the weight of fish indicates the cooperation of an approximately constant amount of exogenous enzymes.     

酸性水和投加铝、钙对鲢鱼早期发育和鳃超微结构的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了酸性水和投加铝、钙对鲢鱼胚胎孵化和鱼苗存活以及幼鱼鳃超微结构的影响。pH4.0引起所有胚胎在24小时内死亡,暴露于pH4.5-6.0的胚胎孵化率和暴露于pH4.0-6.0的5-15日龄鱼苗存活率随pH值上升而增高。投加0.5mgAl³⁺/L使在酸性pH暴露条件下的胚胎孵化率和鱼苗存活率进一步降低。投加3.0mgCa²⁺/L可显著提高暴露于pH4.5和5.0的胚胎孵化率;投加2.0mgCa²⁺/L可在一定程度上提高暴露于pH4.5和5.0的鱼苗存活率。幼苗经pH4.5暴露8小时后出现严重的鳃超微结构损害;投加1.0mgAl³⁺/L使鳃结构损害加剧;投加5.0mgCa²⁺/L可明显缓解酸性水对鳃的损害。     

鱼类精子携带的外源基因导入

将鲤鱼（或泥鳅）精子在保存液内与人生长激素（ｈＧＨ）重组质粒ＤＮＡ保温,再与鲤（或泥鳅）卵受精。由此发育的鱼苗经ＤＮＡ分子杂交和ＰＣＲ检测证明,３３．３％（或３７．０％）的个体带ｈＧＨ基因,其拷贝数在４—１５０／细胞之间。在一定条件下,精子可作为携带外源基因的载体,通过受精作用产生转基因鱼。     

Impact of Juvenile Stocking Size on the Major Carp Production in a Minor Reservoir,Bibinagar, India

The present study deals with the impact of juvenile stocking sizes of the major carp on production in a minor reservoir, Bibinagar, Nalgonda, India. Reservoir surface area equaled over 23.8 ha and water from the reservoir was used for irrigation and fisheries. Four experiments were conducted for 4 years from 2000–2001 to 2003–2004. The experiments were planned in such a way that every year juvenile stocking size was held constant and subsequent fish production analyzed. During the first year’s experiment (2000–2001) a stocking size of 25–30 mm (fry) was maintained. Similarly 50–55 (advanced fry), 75–80 mm (fingerling) and 100–105 mm (advanced fingerling) were stocked during 2001–2002, 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 respectively. Uniform yearly stocking densities (2000/ha) were established in each experiment in the month of July and fish were harvested in June of the subsequent year. Major carp production was enhanced with larger stocking size. Yearly productions equaled 144.00, 231.48, 632.91 and 1005.03 kg/ha/year with the above stocking sizes. Variation in stocking sizes had significant (P<0.05) effects on fish production. The number of fish per kg production decreased gradually with increases in stocking size with an average value of 3.97. Reservoir production of catla was the most abundant species, followed by rohu, common carp, mrigal and grass carp. These results show that stocking size has a great impact on fish production and the stocking of advanced fingerlings will provide maximum carp production in minor reservoirs in India.     

Studies on Pattern of Producing Transgenic Fish I.Production and Detection of All fish TRansgenic Common Carp With cMT sGH Gene

转基因鱼工作的开展被用于水产科学基础与应用研究的各个领域。应用方面的一项重要研究就是利用转生长激素基因来提高鱼的增长速度。需要解决两个问题：一是转基因鱼所使用的基因元件;二是外源基因的高整和率与高表达。已有许多报道认为：不同种动物的生长激素不一定相互促进生长。我们通过显微注射,将鲤鱼金属硫蛋白启动子（ｃＭＴ）与大马哈鱼生长激素基因（ｓＧＨ）的融合基因（ｃＭＴｓＧＨ）导入鲤鱼单细胞后期的早期胚胎,构建了全鱼转基因鲤鱼。通过斑点杂交、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ结合ＰＣＲＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ,对外源ｓＧＨ的整和进行了精确的检测和分析。实验选取性成熟鲤鱼,收集卵子和精子,湿法受精获得受精卵。经过基因注射,孵化后的鱼苗放入水族箱。待鱼苗平游,提取总ＤＮＡ进行检测。以ＰｓｔＩ酶切质粒ｐｃＭＴｃＧＨ（Ｆｉｇ．４）分离３．４ＫｂｓＧＨ片段,用随机引物标记,作为杂交探针。同时,设计并合成ｓＧＨ基因的ＰＣＲ特异引物。Ｆｉｇ．１的斑点杂交结果与Ｆｉｇ．２的ＰＣＲＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ结果相比较（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）,说明斑点杂交存在着高的假阳性。而ＰＣＲＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ将ＰＣＲ的快速、方便与Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ的准确性相结合,排除了Ｐ     

Structural conservation and food habit-related liver expression of uncoupling protein 2 gene in five major Chinese carps

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be 149.4 +/- 15.6 (common carp), 127.4 +/- 22.1(mud carp), 96.7 +/- 12.7 (silver carp), 94.1 +/- 26.8 (bighead carp) and 63.7 +/- 16.2 (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detritus-eating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorous fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.     

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda) in the endangered fish Profundulus hildebrandi (Cyprinodontiformes), Mexico

The Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, has been considered one of the most dangerous parasites for cultured carp and a risk for native freshwater fish populations worldwide. This cestode is highly pathogenic for fishes especially fry. In this paper we record B. acheilognathi parasitizing the endangered and endemic freshwater fish Profundulus hildebrandi from the endorheic basin of San Crist6bal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. B. acheilognathi was recorded from 10 of the 11 sampled localities, with high values of prevalence (> 60%) and mean abundance (> 4.50). The infection was persistent all through the year; gravid cestodes were recorded in all samples. It is assumed that B. acheilognathi entered to this area through the introduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio, for aquacultural purposes. The data presented in this paper document the successful introduction, colonization and establishment of this alien species into the endangered P. hildebrandi.     

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后对青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖生态效应的研究

本文分析了葛洲坝枢纽截流后,大坝上、下游草、青、鲢、鳙的繁殖条件,产卵场位置,产卵规模,鱼卵、鱼苗成色以及4种鱼的群体组成等。指出除原宜昌产卵场发生变化外,其余产卵场基本存在,并在上游新发现了几处产卵场。讨论了大坝对4种鱼的影响程度和上游存在草鱼地方性群体,论证了4种鱼不必过坝产卵的理由。       

几种鲤鲫鳞片色素细胞和体色发生的观察

通过普通鲫、红鲫、水晶彩鲫、普通鲤、蓝鲤、荷包红鲤和锦鲤的不同色彩鳞片色素细胞和体色发生过程观察,确定组成鳞片的色素细胞有4种:红色素、黄色素、黑色素和鸟粪素细胞,分布在鳞片的上层和下层,由于组合不同、大小不同和形状不同,就形成了多种多样的不同体色。本研究描述了不同品种鲤、鲫鱼从出苗到体色形成的发生过程,总结和归纳了不同时期体色变化的异同点,以期为鱼类的体色研究提供理论依据。     

一种优良淡水鱼——团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)的繁殖和饲养

团头鲂原是一种野生的草食性淡水鱼类,从1960年起对它进行了一系列的观察试验,肯定它有以下六个优点:(1)在池养条件下,性腺能发育成熟;(2)以各种草类为主要食料;(3)抗病力强、成活率高;(4)容易捕捞、起水率高;(5)含肉量高,脂多、味美;(6)一年半可长至商品规格。试验结果证明团头鲂可以作为新的养殖对象,同时也提供了一套繁殖、饲养管理方法。1964年到1973年已有二十一个省市先后进行移殖饲养,有的已就地繁殖、推广。本文系历年试验和部分移殖经验的总结。       

Isolation of a rhabdovirus during outbreaks of disease in cyprinid fish species at fishery sites in England

A virus was isolated during disease outbreaks in bream Abramis brama, tench Tinca tinca, roach Rutilis rutilis and crucian carp Carassius carassius populations at 6 fishery sites in England in 1999. Mortalities at the sites were primarily among recently introduced fish and the predominant fish species affected was bream. The bream stocked at 5 of the 6 English fishery sites were found to have originated from the River Bann, Northern Ireland. Most fish presented few consistent external signs of disease but some exhibited clinical signs similar to those of spring viraemia of carp (SVC), with extensive skin haemorrhages, ulceration on the flanks and internal signs including ascites and petechial haemorrhages. The most prominent histopathological changes were hepatocellular necrosis, interstitial nephritis and splenitis. The virus induced a cytopathic effect in tissue cultures (Epithelioma papulosum cyprini [EPC] cells) at 20 degrees C and produced moderate signals in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of SVC virus. The virus showed a close serological relationship to pike fry rhabdovirus in both EIA and serum neutralisation assays and to a rhabdovirus isolated during a disease outbreak in a bream population in the River Bann in 1998. A high degree of sequence similarity (> or = 99.5% nucleotide identity) was observed between the English isolates and those from the River Bann. Experimental infection of juvenile bream, tench and carp with EPC cell-grown rhabdovirus by bath and intraperitoneal injection resulted in a 40% mortality of bream in the injection group only. The virus was re-isolated from pooled kidney, liver and spleen tissue samples from moribund bream. The field observations together with the experimental results indicate that this rhabdovirus is of low virulence but may have the potential to cause significant mortality in fishes under stress.