籼稻原生质体培养和植株再生

用籼稻IR52、IR8和IR45的幼花序和幼胚愈伤组织在LS培养基建立了稳定的悬浮培养物。悬浮系的建立经历三个阶段:褐变期,长根期,成熟期。建立了适合籼稻原生质体生长的Y8培养基,其植板率显著高于KPR和PCM培养基。悬浮细胞系间差异明显,只有部份系可以提供有分裂能力的原生质体或具看护活性。以上三个品种的原生质体均分裂良好,但只有IR52和IR8分化出苗,其中IR52分化率1.25%,得再生植株50余株,移至田间生长结实正常。     

超甜玉米原生质体培养和植株再生

以商用超甜玉米(SS7700)的单倍性悬浮细胞培养物为材料游离的原生质体,经培养再生成完整植株并移栽成活。用悬浮细胞作为滋养物比对照提高植板率130倍以上。有机附加物丰富的培养基比简单培养基植板率要高。孔径在0.22—8.0μm 的硝酸纤维素或醋酸纤维素滤膜作为支持膜,对原生质体培养都是合适的。和原生质体亲缘关系越近的物种作为滋养细胞的效果越好。在检查过的11植由原生质体再生的植株中,10株为单倍体,1株为二倍体。     

籼型水稻原生质体再生植株

以在MSB培养基(MS无机盐,B 5有机成份附加2mg／L 2．4－D)中继代一年的87－l籼型花粉愈伤组织和由籼型水稻株系81－3在改良的RY一2培养基中继代半年的悬浮培养物游离原生质体,分别在RY 2和KPR培养基中进行液体浅层培养或琼脂糖包埋培养,并在琼脂糖包埋培养时饲喂以粳型广亲和材料02428的悬浮培养细胞或除去}王胞的调渗悬浮液。原生质体植板率达8．7％－12．5％。将3—4周后形成的肉眼可见的小愈伤组织转移到台o．5mg／L 2．4－D的N6固体培养基上增殖,待愈伤组织长到直径达2—3mm大小时,分别或串换使用三种不同激素水平的分化培养基,最终由籼型株系81－3的原生质体再生了植株,而87－1籼型花粉胚性愈伤组织原生质体只再生了愈伤组织。     

水稻原生质体培养再生植株程序化的初步研究

从12个品种水稻成熟种子诱发愈伤组织并继代培养,通过MS培养基中2,4-D浓度的变换,研究了2,4-D对水稻愈伤组织生长的影响。用AA培养基建立适合原生质体培养的胚性细胞悬浮系仅需3个月。由悬浮细胞系游离的原生质体在改良的KPR培养基中进行液体浅层培养,有10个品种获得高植板率的细胞团。变换使用不同的分化培养基,从7个品种得到再生植株。实验重复性达到80%,初步实现了水稻原生质体培养的程序化。     

水稻原生质体培养再生植株程序化的初步研究

从１２个品种水稻成熟种子诱发愈伤组织并继代培养,通过ＭＳ培养基中２,４－Ｄ浓度的变换,研究了２,４－Ｄ对水稻愈伤组织生长的影响。用ＡＡ培养基建立适合原生质体培养的胚性细胞悬浮系仅需３个月。由悬浮细胞系游离的原和一质体在改良的ＫＰＲ培养基中进行液体浅层培养,有１０个品种获得高植板率的细胞团。变换使用不同的分化培养基,从７个品种得到再生植株。实验重复性达到８０％,初步实现了水稻原生质体培养的程序化。     

小偃麦原生质体培养及植株再生

硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.AABB)和中间偃麦革[Elytrigia intermedium(Host)Nevski BBEEFF]的杂种 F_1——小偃麦的幼穗诱导的胚性愈伤组织继代培养近两年后,转入修改的 MS 液体培养基建成胚性细胞悬浮系。从此悬浮系分离的原生质体在修改的 KM_(8p)培养基中培养48小时后出现第一次分裂。15天后,在液体浅层培养条件下的细胞分裂频率为2%;而用1.2%琼脂糖固化进行固体平板培养时,细胞的分裂频率则为12.14%。20—30天后,添加渗透压降低的原生质体培养液。当从原生质体再生的愈伤组织长至2—4mm 大小时,逐步转至生长及分化培养基上再生出完整植株。     

陆地棉原生质体高频率分裂及植株再生

取陆地棉品种（系）３１１８、９５５４和晋棉４号种子无菌苗的下胚轴诱导的愈伤组织,从中挑选具有分化能力的黄色颗粒状愈伤组织,建立胚性细胞悬浮培养系。以纤维素酶和离析软化酶组成的酶液,由细胞悬浮培养物游离原生质体。采用含低融点脂糖的Ｋ３基本培基包埋原生质体的培养方式,获得愈伤组织。以液体－固体－液体轮回培养法改良晋棉４号的细胞悬浮系,原生质体的植板率从２％左右提高到９％以上。在原生质体再生愈伤组织的继     

霞草原生质体培养和植株再生

用霞草胚性悬浮细胞分离原生质体,以含0.2%琼脂糖的KM 8p培养基薄层漂浮培养,原生质体培养密度6×10~3-1×10~4/ml。培养3天再生细胞开始分裂,7天统计分裂频率最高达25.4%,10天形成小细胞团,并加降低渗透压的稀释培养基,每周一次。20—25天形成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织,植板率达3.5%。原生质体衍生的愈伤组织在增殖培养时加入0.3%-0.4%活性炭有利于生长及分化。在含6-BA 3.5 mg/L,IBA 0.8 mg/L的培养基上,再生芽的分化频率可达85%。再生芽在添加NAA 0.5 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的1/2 MS生根培养基中2周内形成具根的再生小植株。     

影响花椰菜下胚轴原生质体培养和植株再生的因素

从花椰菜的无菌苗下胚轴游离原生质体经纯化后的得率为1.5～2×10~6/g FW。通过液体浅层培养、平板固体培养、双层培养和gelrlte包埋培养方法的比较,发现gelrite包埋培养法,最有利于花椰菜下胚轴的原生质体培养。纯化的原生质体用MS-1培养基培养,再生细胞的分裂频率为24％。再生的愈伤组织转到分化培养基MS-5A或MS-5B上迅速分化出苗。共获得再生植株78株,移栽到盆中生长正常,结出正常的菜花。     

亚麻原生质体培养及植株再生

试验分别采用四个纤维用亚麻(Linumusitatissimum)品种7309,948,Belinka和Viking的无菌苗的茎尖为材料游离原生质体。以萌发10天的无菌苗茎尖游离获得的原生质体得率和活性最高,分别达到1．8×106／gFW和85．5％。以V-KM为培养基,采用琼脂岛法培养的原生质体,可在培养3天后发生第一次分裂,10天后统计细胞分裂频率为36％,20天后统计植板率达到5．2％。品种7309和Belinka再生的愈伤组织接种在均附加o．6mg/L6-BA和0．1mg／LNAA的B5-1和MS3固体培养基上,都有芽苗分化,并分别获得再生植株。品种Viking和948分别仅分化获得了不定根或叶状体。     

A procedure for regenerating Japonica and Indica varieties of rice from protoplasts

Fertile rice plants have been regenerated from protoplasts of two japonica rice varieties (Radon and Baldo) using a protocol initially developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of an indica rice. Embryogenic calli were developed from immature embryos of Radon and Baldo rice on a callus induction medium, and then used to establish cell suspensions. Protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspensions, and cultured on a Millipore filter placed on a Kao/agarose medium that contained cell clusters from suspensions of IR52 or IR45. The protoplasts grew vigorously on Kao medium and developed into embryogenic calli within two to three weeks. Somatic embryo development occurred during a subsequent transfer of the calli to an LS medium for two to three weeks. The calli were then transferred to MS or N6 plant regeneration medium, and within one to three weeks, plants regenerated from 21 to 32% of the Radon calli, and 33 to 35% of the Baldo calli. Based upon these results and the previous success in regenerating an indica variety from protoplasts, this procedure has great promise for regenerating a range of rice varieties, and probably for regeneration of other monocotyledonous plants from protoplasts     

Plant regeneration from protoplast-derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Protoplasts isolated from cultured rice cells of an A-58 cytoplasmic male sterile line (A-58 MS)(Oryza sativa L.) were used to investigate the regeneration of rice plants. A cultured cell line (T₃) of A-58 MS with a high growth rate and dense cytoplasm was selected. About 10% of the protoplasts prepared from this established cell line plated in RY-2 (a new medium) formed colonies. The calli formed shoots and roots in the regeneration medium and developed into whole plants.Protoplasts also were prepared from suspension cultures of 25 other varieties of rice using the same methods. The protoplasts isolated from two of the 25 varieties, Fujiminori and Toyotama, had high rates of cell division in RY-2 medium. Only protoplastderived calli from Fujiminori, produced whole plants in the regeneration medium.Abbreviations LS Linsmaier and Skoog (1965) - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine - MES 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, monohydrate     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of a commercial Asian long-grain javanica rice

A reproducible plant regeneration system has been developed for protoplasts from embryogenic cell suspension cultures of the commercial Asian long-grain javanica rice, Oryza sativa cv. Azucena. Protoplasts were isolated routinely from cell suspensions with yields of 5.5–12.0 × 10⁶ g^-1 fresh weight. A membrane filter nurse-culture method was adopted and was essential to support sustained mitotic division of protoplast-derived cells, leading to cell colony formation. The protoplast plating efficiency was higher when suspension cells of Lolium multiflorum, rather than those of the japonica rice O. sativa L. cv. Taipei 309, were employed as nurse cells. A two-step shoot regeneration procedure, in which protoplast-derived calli were cultured initially on medium semi-solidified with 1% (w/v) agarose followed by culture on medium containing 0.4% (w/v) agarose, induced plant regeneration from protoplast-derived calli. Fifteen percent of protoplast-derived tissues regenerated shoots; tissues not subjected to this treatment failed to develop shoots.     

Plant regeneration of protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of Solanum lycopersicoides

A protocol was developed for the isolation, culture and plant regeneration of protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. (LA 1990). Protoplasts were isolated by an overnight enzyme digestion, further purified by washing in W5 salts solution, and plated in two modified MS protoplast culture media with and without type VII agarose. The addition of agarose to the two culture media did not enhance plating efficiencies and shoot regeneration percentages and in some cases was even inhibitory. Unlike the experience with some other solanaceous species, the deletion of ammonium from the protoplast culture medium was not found to be beneficial. Protoplasts sustained continuous division in the modified MS media and up to 70% of the protoplast-derived calli readily regenerated shoots on MS salts and vitamins medium containing zeatin and GA.     

Factors influencing plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from long-term cell suspension culture of recalcitrant Indica rice cultivar IR36

Summary Factors influencing successful establishment of embryogenic cell-suspension cultures and plant regeneration from longterm cell suspension-derived protoplasts of the recalcitrant Indica rice cultivar IR36 were studied. The factors included cell and protoplast culture medium, protoplast culture procedure, the source of nurse cells, and the regeneration procedure. Embryogenic cell suspension cultures could only be established from mature seed-derived callus of IR36 in AA-based medium (Müller and Grafe, 1978). Protoplast-derived colonies could be obtained only using the filter-membrane nurse-culture procedure when Lolium multiflorum suspension cells served as nurse, rather than wild rice (Oryza ridleyi) and Japonica rice (Oryza sativa cv. Taipei 309) cells. The utilization of a two-step regeneration procedure led to regeneration of fertile plants from protoplasts isolated from 2-yr-old cell suspensions of IR36, one of the most important but recalcitrant rice cultivars.     

Gallus Regeneration from Protoplasts of Sugar Beet(Beta vulgaris)

Conditions appropriate for isolation and culture of protoplasts from cell suspension cultures of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) were investigated. Protoplasts with high yields and high quality were obtained by treating cells with a mixture of cellulase, macerozyme R-10 and driselase, or other enzyme combinations. Protoplasts were cultured in MS liquid medium or solid agar medium. Callus was obtained from the cultured protoplasts.     

Plant regeneration from indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) protoplasts

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants of the indica cultivar IR54 were regenerated from protoplasts. Conditions were developed for isolating and purifying protoplasts from suspension cultures with protoplast yields ranging from 1·10⁶ to 15·10⁶ viable protoplasts/1 g fresh weight. Protoplast viability after purification was generally over 90%. Protoplasts were cultured in a slightly modified Kao medium in a Petri plate by placing them onto a Millipore filter positioned on top of a feeder (nurse) culture containing cells from a suspension culture of the japonica rice, Calrose 76. Plating efficiencies of protoplasts ranged from 0.5 to 3.0%; it was zero in the absence of the nurse culture. Protoplast preparations usually contained no contaminating cells, and when present, the number of cells never exceeded 0.1% of the protoplasts. After three weeks the Millipore filter with callus colonies were transferred off feeder cells and onto a Linsmaier and Skoog-type medium for an additional three weeks. Selected callus colonies that had embryo-like structures were then transferred to regeneration medium containing cytokinins, and regeneration frequencies up to 80% were obtained. Small shoots emerged and were transferred to jars for root development prior to transferring to pots of soil and growing the plants to maturity in growth chambers. Of the cytokinins evaluated, N⁶-benzylaminopurine was the most effective in promoting shoot formation; however, kinetin was also somewhat effective. Regeneration medium could be either an N₆ or Murashige and Skoog basal medium. Of 76 plants grown to maturity, 62 were fertile, and the plant heights averaged about three-fourths the height of seed-grown plants.Two other suspension cultures of IR54, one developed from the protoplast callus of the initial IR54 line, and the other developed from callus produced by mature seeds, have yielded protoplasts capable of regenerating plants when using cells of the Calrose 76 suspension as a nurse culture. In addition, protoplasts obtained from three-week-old primary callus of immature embryos of IR54 were capable of regenerating plants when using the same culture conditions.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - pcy packed cell volume - BAP N⁶-benzylaminopurine - FDA fluorescein diacetate - FW fresh weight - IAA indole-3-acetic acid Media AA Muller and Grafe (1978) - CPW Frearson et al. (1973) - Kao^* Kao (1977) - LS Linsmaier and Skoog (1965) - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) - N₆ Chu et al. (1975) - PCM Ludwig et al. (1985)     

Establishment of embryogenic callus and high protoplast yielding suspension cultures of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids)

For 18 sugarcane cultivars, four distinct callus types developed on leaf explant tissue cultured on modified MS medium, but only Type 3 (embryogenic) and Type 4 (organogenic) were capable of plant regeneration. Cell suspension cultures were initiated from embryogenic callus incubated in a liquid medium. In stage one the callus adapted to the liquid medium. In stage two a heterogeneous cell suspension culture formed in 14 cultivars after five to eight weeks of culture. In stage three a homogeneous cell suspension culture was developed in six cultivars after 10 to 14 weeks by selective subculturing to increase the proportion of actively dividing cells from the heterogeneous cell suspension culture. Plants were regenerated from cell aggregates in heterogeneous cell suspension cultures for up to 148 days of culture but plants could not be regenerated from homogeneous cell suspension cultures. High yields of protoplasts were obtained from homogeneous cell suspension cultures (3.4 to 5.2 × 10⁶ protoplasts per gram fresh weight of cells [gfwt^-1]) compared to heterogeneous cell suspension cultures (0.1 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1). Higher yields of protoplasts were obtained from homogeneous cell suspension cultures for cultivars Q63 and Q96 after regenerating callus from the cell suspension cultures, then recycling this callus to liquid medium (S-cell suspension cultures). This process increased protoplast yield to 9.4 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1. Protoplasts isolated from S-cell suspension cultures were regenerated to callus and recycled to produce SP-cell suspension cultures yielding 6.4 to 13.2 × 10⁶ protoplasts gfwt^-1. This recycling of callus to produce S-cell suspension cultures allowed protoplasts to be isolated for the first time from cell lines of cultivars Q110 and Q138.     

A simple,versatile feeder layer system for Brassica oleracea protoplast culture

Protoplasts from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea ssp. botrytis) and broccoli (ssp. italica) leaves and hypocotyls were successfully cultured on membrane filters over a feeder layer of cells from a B. campestris suspension culture. Cells from rice, tomato and tobacco suspensions were not as effective as the B. campestris cells. Plants were recovered from protoplasts of previously recalcitrant Brassica genotypes. Protoplasts cultured in low numbers (10–100) on the feeder layer divided and formed colonies capable of plant regeneration, as did fused protoplasts.Abbreviations BA 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PCV packed cell volume     

Embryogenic Suspension Culture and Plant Regeneration from Suspension-Derived Proto-plasts of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Fast growing embryogenic cell suspension culture was established when embryogenic callus derived from cotyledon protoplasts of cucumber was transferred into a liquid culture. So far the cell line has been subcultured for two years and retained the ability of embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Experimental data showed that the concentration of ABA or sucrose had a dramatic effect on embryogenesis and synchronization of embryoid development. Low level of sucrose concentration (1%) facilitated the precocious germination of the embryoids while 1 mg/l of ABA or 7–9% of sucrose was found to be effective for reducing callusing of the cultures and synchronisticly controlling the embryoids at globular or late globular stage. Embryogenic cells taken from 3–5 days after subculture were enzymatically digested. A large amount of viable protoplasts was isolated. Protoplasts were cultured in a DPDK1 medium either by means of drop or thin layer liquid culture or by means of sodium alginate encapsulation culture. Actively dividing cells formed cell colonies and globular embryoids which were transferred onto a solidified agar medium or directly into a liquid medium to form a shaken culture. The embryoids would proliferated continuously. Embryoids eventually developed into plantlets when they were transferred onto a 1/2 MSO medium devoid of phytohormones.