HCV RNA的检测方法简介

本文讨论了检测丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸（ＨＣＶＲＮＡ）的样本来源和处理,引物的设计,合成和选择等问题;重点介绍了蛋白酶Ｋ消化法,聚乙二醇沉淀法,异硫氰酸胍一步法,硅凝胶提取法和直接捕获法提取ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ的５种方法,以及一步ＰＣＲ法,常规ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,直接ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,化学修饰的ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,联合ＰＣＲ,双温ＰＣＲ和定量竞争性ＰＣＲ等７种ＰＣＲ方法检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ,用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ方法的标准化以及检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ具有非常重要的意义。本文还介绍了一种新型的定量方法－ｂＤＮＡ信号放大技术检测ＨｃＶＲＮＡ。     

RT—nested PCR检测肾综合征出血热患者血清病毒核酸

采用异硫氰酸胍－酚－氯仿（ＡＧＰＣ）一步法提取病毒ＲＮＡ,并依据肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）核蛋白（ＮＰ）编码基因保守区核苷酸序列合成两对巢式引物,建立了逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ）检测ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ方法,应用此法对ＨＦＲＳＶ感染的ＶｅｒｏＥ６细胞培养液及ＨＦＲＳ患者血清中的病毒ＲＮＡ进行检测。结果显示,感染细胞培养液及３５例ＨＦＲＳ患者血清均为阳性,正常的ＶｅｒｏＥ６     

丙型肝炎病毒RNA打点杂交检测方法同RT－PCR方法的比较

采用ＨＣＶ基因组结构区Ｃ区ｃＤＮＡ探针和非结构区ＮＳ３－４区ｃＤＮＡ探针,建立了用打点杂交（ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）检测血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的方法,同采用ＨＣＶ基因组５’端非编码区的一对寡核苷酸引物通过逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的方法相比较,发现两种方法都能快速早期和特异地检出血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ,但ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法敏感性优于ＲＮＡ打点杂交法。对于无血清学指标的慢性ＮＡＮＢ肝炎病人的诊断,可采用这两种方法。这两种方法的敏感性在很大程度上依赖于引物和探针的敏感性,以及ＲＮＡ提取方法。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法适用于诊断病毒血症和复制,打点杂交法适用于研究ＨＣＶＲＮＡ量的变化,对治疗的评价,以及为实验筛选较高滴度的ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性样本。     

逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术诊断丙型肝炎病毒感染

本文采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ-ＰＣＲ）技术对２１２例住院及门诊病人其中肝病患者９８例（慢性肝炎４３例、肝炎后肝硬化４７例、原发性肝细胞癌８例）进行ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ检测。结果９８例慢性肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性２７例（２７．６％）,１１４例非肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性９例（７．９％）,两组间差异非常显著（Ｐ（０．０１）,各种肝病患者的ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性率均高于非肝病组。６８例患者同时进行了ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ检测和抗－ＨＣＶ检测,２５例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性的患者中ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ,２１例阳性（８４％）,４３例抗－ＨＣＶ阴性的患者中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ,９例阳性（２０．１％）、有输血及血制品史者４８例,其中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性１６例（３３．３％）,１６４倒无输血史者中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性２０例（１２．２％）,两组间差异非常显著（Ｐ（０．０１）。结果表明：１．ＨＣＶ感染与慢性肝病有密切联系,说明ＨＣＶ感染是慢性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌的致病因素;２．ＨＣＶ-ＰＣＲ法具有特异性好、灵敏度高、简便快速等特点,弥补了抗－ＨＣＶ检测的不足之处,是目前确定ＨＣＶ感染的主要手段;３．ＨＣＶ感染与输血关系密切,因此对献血员进行常规ＨＣＶ检测对预防由输血所致ＨＣＶ感染有着极其重要的临床意义。     

逆转录——聚合酶链反应技术诊断丙型肝炎病毒感染

本文采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术对２１２例住院及门诊病人其中肝病患者９８例（慢性肝炎４３例、肝炎后肝硬化４７例、原发性肝细胞癌８例）进行ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ检测。结果９８例慢性肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ－ＰＣＲ阳性２７例（２７．６％）,１１４例非肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ－ＰＣＲ阳性９例（７．９％）,两组间差异非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,各种肝病患者的ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ－ＰＣＲ阳性率均高于     

应用循环逆转录PCR技术检测丙型肝炎病毒RNA

循环逆转录（ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｏｒｙ ｒｅｖｅｒｓｅ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ,ＣＲＴ）是线性增长逆转录ｃＤＮＡ产量的一种新技术。为了将该技术用于检测ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ,通过改变ＣＲＴ的循环次数,结合竞争ＰＣＲ,作出标准曲线。采用１６次ＣＲＴ加３４次循环ＰＣＲ检测了１３６例ＨＣＶ ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性、５４例ＨＣＶ ＥＬＩＳＡ阴性和１０８例临床可疑病人全血标本,并与逆转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）和巢式ＰＣＲ（     

HCV5＇端非编码区cDNA的体外转录

采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从广东省一例慢性丙型肝炎病人血清中获得丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）５＇端非编码区（５＇ＮＣＲ）３０２ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,经补齐和提纯后插入ｐＵＣ１９质粒,获得的重组体ｐＵＮ进行序列测定。将ｐＵＮ的目的基因亚克隆进体外转录载体ｐＳＰＯＲＴＩ多克隆位点的ＥｏｏＲＩ和ＰｓｔＩ切点之间,所得重组体ｐＳＮ线性化后由Ｔ＿７ＲＮＡ多聚酶及ＳＰ６ＲＮＡ多聚酶引导体外转录反应,产物经凝胶电泳及特异引物ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,证实ＳＰ６引导的是正义ＲＮＡ,Ｔ７合成的是反义ＲＮＡ,其大小分别力４２９ｂｐ和３６２ｂｐ。并证实所得ＲＮＡ力ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲｃＤＮＡ转录而来。获得的ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲｃＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ在常规逆转录和ＰＣＲ步骤中用于设立有效的模板对照,对消除假用性及评估试剂有重要意义。同时,ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲ体外转录载体的构建可用于制各ＲＮＡ探针和反义ＲＮＡ,改进后还可作为定量ＰＣＲ的竞争性模板。     

乙型肝炎病人重叠感染丙型肝炎的评价

应用ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＰＣＲ法检测５０２例乙肝病人血清,４０１例ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性血清中,有１１４例（２８．４％）抗－ＨＣＶ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ双项阳性,２５例（６．２％）ＨＣＶＲＮＡ单项阳性;２１例（５．２％）抗－ＨＣＶ单项阳性。将ＨＢｓＡｇ乙肝病人分成ＨＢＶＤＮＡ,ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性组和ＨＢＶＤＮＡ,ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性组。前者抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率为１１．６％～２０．５％,ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性率为１６．２％～２０．５％。后者抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率为２０．２％～５５．６％,ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性率为２３％～６０．３％。结果说明长期携带ＨＢＶ者和慢性乙肝病人均可重叠ＨＣＶ感染。ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性组抗－ＨＣＶ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性率明显高于ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性组     

湖北省不同地区汉坦病毒M片段的分析研究

参考汉坦病毒（ＨＶ）的基因文库软件设计Ｍ片段Ｇ－１区型特异性引物,以ＨＶ　７６／１１８、Ｈ－１１４、Ａ－９及Ｒ－｛２２｝株ＲＮＡ为阳性模板,建立ＨＶ的分型方法──逆转录一半巢式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ）,对湖北省不同地区分离的３０株ＨＶ进行分　型。结果显示：（１）建立的ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ分型方法对ＨＶ两型的代表株７６／１１８（ＨＴＮ）、Ａ－９（ＨＴＮ）、Ｈ－１１４（ＨＴＮ）及Ｒ－｛２２｝（ＳＥＯ）ＲＮＡ进行了特异性扩增,其大小与理论值一致;此　法只能检测ＨＶ　ＲＮＡ,不能检测其它病毒ＲＮＡ。（２）分离于湖北省不同地区的３０株ＨＶ的分型结果　为汉滩型２１株、汉城型９株,其中长江以南汉滩型１２株、汉城型２株;长江以北汉滩型９株、　汉城型７株。这表明建立的ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ用于ＨＶ的检测特异性好;分析湖北省不同　地区分离的３０株ＨＶ,显示湖北省ＨＦＲＳ流行为混合疫区;且在湖北地区具有一定的地理聚集性。     

乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒的同步PCR扩增

介绍了一种从人血清中同步扩增和检测ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ和ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ的方法。ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,这种ｃＤＮＡ和从ＨＢＶ中抽提出的ＤＮＡ一起,用根据ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ保守区序列设计的特异引物进行同步ＰＣＲ扩增,这种方法对于检测ＨＢＶ和ＨＣＶ重复感染很有用处     

Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)

We have quantitatively measured gene expression for the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and SGLT2) in 23 human tissues using the method of real time PCR. As predicted, our results revealed that the expression of SGLT1 was very high in the small intestine (1.2E + 6 molecules/microg total RNA) relative to that in the kidney (3E + 4 molecules/microg total RNA). Surprisingly, we observed that the expression of SGLT1 in human heart was unexpectedly high (3.4E + 5 molecules/microg total RNA), approximately 10-fold higher than that observed in kidney tissue. DNA sequencing confirmed that the PCR amplified fragment was indeed the human SGLT1 gene. Moreover, in situ hybridization studies using a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled antisense cRNA probe corresponding to human SGLT1 cDNA confirm that human cardiomyocytes express SGLT1 mRNA. In contrast, the expression of SGLT2 in human tissues appears to be ubiquitous, with levels ranging from 6.7E + 4 molecules/microg total RNA (in skeletal muscle) to 3.2E + 6 molecules/microg total RNA (in kidney), levels 10-100-fold higher than the expression of SGLT1 in the same tissues. Our finding that human cardiomyocytes express high levels of SGLT1 RNA suggests that SGLT1 may have a functional role in cardiac glucose transport. Since several SGLT inhibitors are currently in development as potential anti-diabetic agents, it may be important to assess the functional consequences of inhibition of SGLT1 in the heart.     

The polymerization mechanism of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ

Translin and Trax are components of an RNA binding complex initially detected in extracts of brain and testes. Although other tissues appear to contain much lower or negligible levels of the Translin/Trax gel-shift complex, we found, unexpectedly, that several of these peripheral tissues express Translin and Trax proteins at levels comparable to those present in brain. In this study, we demonstrate that the paradoxically low levels of the Translin/Trax complex in kidney and other peripheral tissues are due to masking of these sites by endogenous RNA. Thus, these findings indicate that the Translin/Trax complex is involved in RNA processing in a broader range of tissues than previously recognized.     

Acquisition of viral DNA sequences in target organs of chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus.

The distribution of oncornavirus DNA sequences in various tissues of normal chickens and of chickens with leukemia or kidney tumors induced by avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) was analyzed by DNA-RNA hybridization using 35S AMV RNA as a probe. All the tissues from normal chickens which were tested contained the same average cellular concentration of endogenous oncornavirus DNA. In contrast, different tissues from lekemic chickens and from chickens bearing kidney tumors contained different concentrations of AMV homologous DNA: in some tissues there was no increase whereas other tissues acquired additional AMV-specific DNA sequences. The increase was the greatest in tissues which can become neoplastic after infection, such as myeloblasts, erythrocytes, and kidney cells. It was directly demonstrated that DNA from AMV-induced kidney tumor contains AMV sequences which are absent in DNA from normal cells. A similar finding had been previously obtained with leukemic cells (15). 3H-labeled 35S RNA from purified AMV was exhaustively hybridized with an excess of normal chicken DNA to remove all the viral RNA sequences which are complementary to DNA from uninfected cells. The 3H-labeled RNA which failed to hybridize was isolated by hydroxylapatite column chromatography which separates DNA-RNA hybrids from single-stranded RNA. The residual RNA hybridized to chicken kidney tumor DNA but did not rehybridize with normal chicken DNA.     

Regulation of production of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase in tissues of chick embryos. Effects of porphyrogenic agents and of haem precursors.

Studies conducted by several groups have established that porphyrogenic agents which caused elevations in chick-embryo liver delta-aminolaevulinate (ALA) synthase activity also increased the concentrations of the enzyme's RNA, and that haemin inhibited these elevations. We have determined in this study, using immune-blot analyses, that administration in ovo of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) in combination with diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl,3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate (DDC) increased the mass of ALA synthase in intestine and kidney of chick embryos. Furthermore, the molecular mass of the subunit of the enzyme in those tissues appeared identical with that of liver ALA synthase. Using a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to ALA synthase mRNA, we determined by solution hybridization and Northern-blot analyses that AIA and DDC also increased the concentrations of ALA synthase mRNA in intestine and kidney and that testosterone elevated the concentration of the RNA in kidney. In analyses of RNA obtained from chick-embryo liver, intestine, kidney, heart, brain and lung, the probe bound primarily in each case to a single 2.3 kb RNA. Finally, the haem precursors ALA and FeCl3, when injected together into the fluid surrounding embryos, inhibited both the elevations in ALA synthase mass and RNA concentration brought about by porphyrogenic agents in liver, kidney and intestine. Thus the results indicated that: (1) certain porphyrogenic agents increased ALA synthase mass and RNA in chick-embryo intestine and kidney, in addition to liver; (2) ALA and FeCl3 inhibited the elevations; and (3) the sizes of ALA synthase's subunit as well as the enzyme's mRNA appeared identical, in each case, in all tissues examined.     

A model for the autosensitization autoantibody production associated with xenogeneic thymic RNA.

Normal C57BL/6 bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks with xenogeneic thymic RNA and syngeneic C57BL/6 antigens (immunoglobulin G or red blood cells) produced anti-immunoglobulin antibody or anti-mouse red blood cell antibody (hemolysin). Addition of both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens to bone marrow cultures was necessary to elicit autosensitization. Syngeneic thymic RNA would not substitute for xenogeneic RNA. Normal recipients inoculated with syngeneic kidney or spinal cord homogenates and xenogeneic thymic RNA developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies within 10 days. Histologic examination of tissues from these animals revealed immunoglobulin deposits on glomerular or tubular basement membranes or on myelin sheaths. These changes were not observed in tissues from control animals inoculated with only the organ homogenates. Normal mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow cells, which had been autosensitized in vitro against kidney or spinal cord homogenates, also developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies, respectively. These abnormalities were observed only if bone marrow cells had been cultured with both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens. Histologic examination of tissues from these mice also revealed immunoglobulin deposits in kidney or spinal cord tissues. These results demonstrate that xenogeneic thymic RNA can play important roles in the formation of autoantibodies.     

Induction of cytochrome P-450 RNA by porphyrogenic agents: on the nature of the coordinate induction with delta-aminolevulinate synthase in tissues of the chicken embryo.

1. We determined by cDNA-RNA solution hybridization analyses that in ovo administration of allylisopropylacetamide in combination with diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate increased the concentrations of cytochrome P-450 RNA in liver, kidney, and intestine of 18-day-old chicken embryos. 2. Similarly, the administration of testosterone to embryos caused elevations in the cytochrome P-450 RNA levels in liver and kidney. 3. The increases in cytochrome P-450 RNA concentrations occurred only in those tissues where elevations in delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase activity and mRNA content were measured (liver, kidney and intestine) but not in tissues where the activity and RNA levels of ALA synthase did not change (heart, brain, lung). 4. The increases in the concentrations of the cytochrome P-450 RNA were not affected by loading embryos with ALA and FeCl3 at the time of administration of the inducers.     

从动物组织提取高质量总RNA方法的改进

RNA提取技术是分子生物学研究中的重要实验技术。介绍一种高纯度、高产量的从动物组织中提取总RNA的改进的方法,该法实用性强、重复性好。提取的RNA无DNA等污染物,其产量、纯度完全能满足分子克隆和基因表达研究的需要。利用改进后的方法提取牛组织的总RNA,研究了NRDR基因在牛组织中的表达分布。     

A New Apparatus for Standardized Rat Kidney Biopsy

Survival biopsies are frequently applied in rat kidney disease models, but several drawbacks such as surgical kidney trauma, bleeding risk and variable loss of kidney tissue are still unsolved. Therefore, we developed an easy-to-use core biopsy instrument and evaluated whether two consecutive kidney biopsies within the same kidney can be carried out in a standardized manner. On day 0, 18 Lewis rats underwent a right nephrectomy and 9 of these rats a subsequent first biopsy of the left kidney (Bx group). 9 control rats had a sham biopsy of the left kidney (Ctrl group). On day 7, a second kidney biopsy/sham biopsy was performed. On day 42, all animals were sacrificed and their kidneys were removed for histology. Biopsy cylinders contained 57±28 glomeruli per transversal section, representing an adequate sample size. PAS staining showed that the biopsy depth was limited to the renal cortex whereas surgical tissue damage was limited to the area immediately adjacent to the taken biopsy cylinder. On day 42, the reduction of functional renal mass after two biopsies was only 5.2% and no differences of body weight, blood pressure, proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis or number of ED-1 positive macrophages were found between both groups. In summary, our apparatus offers a safe method to perform repetitive kidney biopsies with minimal trauma and sufficient sample size and quality even in experimental disease models restricted to one single kidney.