Host-specificity of AM fungal population growth rates can generate feedback on plant growth

While the mutualistic interaction between plants and AM fungi is of obvious importance to ecosystem processes, the factors influencing the ecological and evolutionary dynamics within this interaction are poorly understood. The mutual interdependence of plant and AM fungal relative growth rates could generate complex dynamics in which the composition of the AM fungal community changes due to association with host and this change in fungal composition then differentially feeds back on plant growth. I first review evidence for feedback dynamics and then present an approach to evaluating such complex dynamics. I specifically present evidence of host-specific differences in the population growth rates of AM fungi. Pure cultures of AM fungi were mixed to produce the initial fungal community. This community was then distributed into replicate pots and grown with one of four co-occurring plant species. Distinct compositions of AM fungal spores were produced on different host species. The AM fungal communities were then inoculated back onto their own host species and grown for a second growing season. The differentiation observed in the first generation was enhanced during this second generation, verifying that the measure of spore composition reflects host-specific differences in AM fungal population growth rates. In further work on this system, I have found evidence of negative feedback through two pairs of plant species. The dynamic within the AM fungal community can thereby contribute to the coexistence of plant species.     

Malaria model with periodic mosquito birth and death rates

In this paper, we introduce a model of malaria, a disease that involves a complex life cycle of parasites, requiring both human and mosquito hosts. The novelty of the model is the introduction of periodic coefficients into the system of one-dimensional equations, which account for the seasonal variations (wet and dry seasons) in the mosquito birth and death rates. We define a basic reproduction number R ₀ that depends on the periodic coefficients and prove that if R ₀<1 then the disease becomes extinct, whereas if R ₀>1 then the disease is endemic and may even be periodic.     

甘肃祁连山青海云杉种群数量动态的初步研究

用生存分析和静态生命表研究方法,在祁连山国家级自然保护区调查了16个(20 m×20 m)样地,分析青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)种群数量动态和年龄结构.结果表明,不同种群年龄结构不同,属顶级群落的苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林表现为衰退型种群;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林为增长型种群.1～5龄级存活曲线较陡,种群死亡率较高;5龄级以后存活曲线相对平缓,死亡率较低.采用指数方程和幂函数对生存曲线的类型进行检验,苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林和标准化青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅢ型曲线;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅡ型曲线.种群数量变化的回归分析和青海云杉生态寿命与环境因子相关性分析表明,青海云杉种群存活数变化和生态寿命与种群密度有关.     

荔枝蝽的实验种群生命表

通过田间笼罩试验 ,排除天敌等生物因子的作用 ,建立了荔枝蝽实验种群生命表 ,分析结果表明 ,荔枝蝽产卵期可持续 1 8周 ,产卵概率呈明显的偏态分布 ,且出现 2个产卵高峰 ;各虫态自然存活率很高 ,均在 95 %以上 ,其实验种群趋势的指数约为 84 0。     

Plasticity of death rates in stationary phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

For the species that have been most carefully studied, mortality rises with age and then plateaus or declines at advanced ages, except for yeast. Remarkably, mortality for yeast can rise, fall and rise again. In the present study we investigated (i) if this complicated shape could be modulated by environmental conditions by measuring mortality with different food media and temperature; (ii) if it is triggered by biological heterogeneity by measuring mortality in stationary phase in populations fractionated into subpopulations of young, virgin cells, and replicatively older, non-virgin cells. We also discussed the results of a staining method to measure viability instead of measuring the number of cells able to exit stationary phase and form a colony. We showed that different shapes of age-specific death rates were observed and that their appearance depended on the environmental conditions. Furthermore, biological heterogeneity explained the shapes of mortality with homogeneous populations of young, virgin cells exhibiting a simple shape of mortality in conditions under which more heterogeneous populations of older cells or unfractionated populations displayed complicated death rates. Finally, the staining method suggested that cells lost the capacity to exit stationary phase and to divide long before they died in stationary phase. These results explain a phenomenon that was puzzling because it appeared to reflect a radical departure from mortality patterns observed for other species.     

山东赤松种群的数量动态

通过静态生命表分析赤松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）种群的生命结构与数量动态。结果表明,赤松种群具有不同年龄等级结构,死亡高峰出现在５～１５年,此时正是幼龄期向成年期的过渡阶段,度过此阶段的赤松个体大多能达到生理寿命。由此看出,赤松种群静态生命表能较精确地反映赤松种群的数量动态规律。     

麻黄蚜实验种群的生命表

麻黄蚜虫EphedraphisgobicaSzelegiewicz是危害中药材———草麻黄的重要害虫之一。通过室内饲养 ,构建了该蚜虫的实验种群生命表。结果表明 :该蚜虫的内禀增长率 (rm)、周限增长率 (λ)、净增殖率 (R0 )、种群世代平均周期 (T)和种群加倍时间 (t)分别是 :0 2 60 ,1 2 98,1 9 2 48,1 1 3 5 4和 2 661。     

暗黑齿爪鳃金龟室内种群生命表

组建了室内自然温湿条件下暗黑齿爪鳃金龟的生命期望表和生殖力表。室温下测得该虫的内禀增长率（rm）为0．0106,周限增长率（λ）为1．0107,净增殖率（R_0）为2．2277。模拟了该虫世代种群存活率曲线为Weibull分布曲线I型:Sp（t）＝exP[－（t／2．7082）~(4.6827],种群自然增长过程符合二次三项式,logy＝a＋bx＋cx~2。经验曲线方程：logy＝0．6689＋0．3264。－0．0243x~2。     

THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF NORTHERN SEA LIONS, 1975-1985

Abstract: Populations of northern sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in the vicinity of Marmot Island, Alaska declined during 1975–1985 at about 5% per year (Merrick et al. 1987). The cause of this decline is not known. A life table for the northern sea lion was calculated assuming that life spans follow a Weibull distribution. Samples of northern sea lions taken in the vicinity of Marmot Island, Alaska during 1975–1978 and 1985–1986 indicate that the average age of females older than 3 yr increased about 1.55 yr (SD = 0.35 yr) while the population was declining at about 5% per year. Fecundity rates decreased by 10% over the same period, but the decrease was not statistically significant (Calkins and Goodwin 1988). Possible causes of the population decline and the change in age structure were examined by writing the Leslie matrix population equation in terms of changes in juvenile and adult survival rates and fecundity, and examining the short–term behavior of the trajectories of the average age of adult females, total number of females, and total number of pups with respect to those changes in the vital parameters. From the observed rate of declines of adults and the changes in average age of adult females and fecundity, estimates of the changes in adult and juvenile survival were calculated; estimates of the standard deviations of these changes were estimated via a bootstrap procedure. One purpose of this exercise is to aid in setting priorities for research for determining the cause of the decline. An explanation for the observed declines in numbers of adult sea lions consistent with the observed fecundity rates, a rate of decrease of 5% in the number of adults, and the corresponding increase in average age (of females age 3 yr and older) was a 10%–20% decrease in the survival of juveniles (age 0-3 yr) coupled with an insignificant change in adult survival (0.03%, SD = 1%).     

Using elasticity analysis of demographic models to link toxicant effects on individuals to the population level: an example

1. A simple two-stage population model was applied to data from a previously published life-table response experiment (LTRE), which examined the toxicity of 4- n -nonylphenol to life-history traits of the polychaete Capitella sp. I. Population growth rates ( λ ) and the relative sensitivities (= elasticities) of λ to changes in each of the individual life-history traits were calculated.
2. In the present study, the life-history parameters measured in laboratory-reared individuals were manipulated to simulate potential effects of competition and predation on fecundity, time to reproductive maturity and juvenile survival to explore how such factors might influence the sensitivity of population growth rate to toxicant-caused changes in individual life-history traits.
3. Dramatic changes in elasticity patterns among simulations indicate that population growth rates may respond very differently to toxicant exposure depending on the extent to which other demographically limiting factors (e.g. competitors and/or predators) are operating on the population.
4. Effectively predicting the population-level consequences arising from toxicant effects measured on individuals can be improved by exploring the elasticity pattern of λ for the population over a range of realistic ecological situations.     

华山松木蠹象自然种群的生命表

华山松木蠹象Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang在云南分布广泛,在曲靖市国营海寨林场对华山松的危害面积达6670hm2。在该林场连续6年对该虫的自然种群消长规律进行研究,将华山松木蠹象的生长发育过程分为卵期、1期幼虫期、2期幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期5个阶段。通过林间观察及室内饲养,得到该虫自然种群生命表。并通过回归分析,得到该虫消亡的关键因子主要为2期幼虫和蛹期的白僵菌,其次为2期幼虫和蛹期寄生蜂。     

The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti

Life table studies were conducted to assess the effect of constant temperature on the rate of population growth of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Four temperatures, between 20 and 30.5°C, were tested. An inverse relationship was observed between temperature and most demographic parameters.The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) increased from 0.1 at 20°C to 0.2 at 27°C and 30.5°C. The net reproductive rate varied between 426.3 at 30.5°C and 584.7 at 20°C. The mealybug population reached 50% mortality after 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 and 19.0 days respectively at 20, 23.5, 27 and 30.5°C. The results indicate that P. manihoti can persist and increase in numbers within the range between 20 and 30.5°C.

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Influence de températures constantes sur les taux de croissance de populations de la cochenille du manioc Phenococcus manihoti

Résumé Des tables de vie ont été établies pour déterminer l'effet de températures constantes sur les taux de croissance de populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., et ainsi comprendre les changements au sein des populations du ravageur dans les champs et mener à bien le programme de lutte biologique organisé à l'I.I.T.A. contre cette cochenille. P. manihoti, introduit à partir de l'Amérique latine en Afrique, y menace la production du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz).Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement natural (r_m) a augmenté de 0.114 à 20°C, à 0.185 à 27°C, avant de descendre à 0.182 à 30.5°C. Le taux net de reproduction (R_o) a été relativement élevé (426–584 oeufs femelles/génération). Dans nos conditions expérimentales, la mortalité a atteint 50% au bout de 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 jours respectivement à 20, 23.5, 27 et 30.5°C. La durée du cycle et le coefficient d'accroissement () étaient inversement liés à la température. Le ravageur possède la capacité de doubler sa population en 6.08 jours à 20°C alors que 3.81 jours seulement suffisent pour doubler la population à 30.5°C.Ces résultats nous ont permis de comprendre et d'expliquer l'énorme pouvoir de pullulation de la cochenille observé dans les champs pendant la saison sèche; il s'ensuit que les lâchers des entomophages produits en élevages doivent se faire très tôt au début de la saison sèche, afin de contrecarrer la grande fertilité et la capacité d'augmentation rapide des populations de P. manihoti.

     

不同温度下多异瓢虫实验种群生命表

完成多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)在13,17,21,25,29和33℃6个温度处理下的繁殖特征生命表。结果表明:各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在13℃下世代的发育历期最长为62.23d,而33℃时仅为10.92d;成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,13℃时最长,为71.39d,33℃时最短,为11.95d;各温度下净生殖率25℃时最大为31.42,13℃时最小为1.40;内禀增长力33℃时最高为0.21,13℃时最小为3.87×10-3;各温度下的稳定年龄组配29℃下最稳定,具体分布为:卵,36.54%;1龄,22.95%;2龄,7.56%;3龄,11.05%;4龄,10.11%;蛹,5.65%;成虫,6.13%。     

苹果全爪螨在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

在5种不同温度和16h/d光照长度的条件下组建苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi(Koch)实验种群生命表,在此基础上进行该实验种群的一些特征和生命参数分析。结果表明,适于苹果全爪螨实验种群增长的温度在26~30℃。     

温度对褐飞虱抗/感吡虫啉品系种群生长的影响

与敏感性品系相比 ,经过连续 1 4代筛选的褐飞虱抗性品系对吡虫啉具有 48.5倍的抗性。通过构建不同温度下敏感品系和抗性品系的实验种群生命表 ,发现不适温度对 2个品系的生长发育和繁殖都有明显的影响 ,而且这种影响在 2个品系间存在差异。高温 ( 3 2℃ )和低温 ( 1 8℃ )导致 2个品系若虫存活率、羽化率、交配率、产卵量和孵化率明显下降。在 2 5℃ ,3 2℃和 1 8℃下 ,敏感品系的种群趋势指数分别为 1 64 3 ,2 6 7和 5 8 5 ,抗性品系的相应值分别为 81 4,9 5和 2 3 0。     

INSTAR,a discrete event model for simulating zooplankton population dynamics

In this paper we discuss the basic principles of discrete event, individual oriented, data based modelling in ecology, and we present an application of this modelling strategy. The strategy is contrasted with some more conventional modelling strategies with respect to its purpose, its basic units and its heuristic properties.INSTAR applies this modelling strategy to the simulation of the fluctuations of the population structure and density of microcrustaceans through the year. The model encompasses one microcrustacean species at a time, and its interface with the rest of the ecosystem; it has been applied to several Cladocera and Copepoda species in a shallow eutrophic lake in the Netherlands (Vijverberg & Richter 1982a, b). Possibilities for extending the model are discussed.