Morphological,karyological and palynological investigation of endemic Centaurea kurdica Reichardt from Turkey

The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological, morphometrical, karyological and palynological features of the endemic Centaurea kurdica Reichardt species from East Anatolian region. Some morphological features of the species like morphology of capitula, involucra, involucral leaves (phyllaries) and achene have been investigated. The chromosome number of Centaurea kurdica was found as 2n = 18 and haploid karyotype formula 6m+2sm+1M. Metaphase chromosome length ranged from 5.81 to 3.91 μm and the total haploid chromosome length was 41.09 μm. The results of the light microscope investigation of pollen revealed that it is radially symmetrical, isopolar tricolporate and has spheroid-type pollen, and exine ornamentation was also determined as scabrate.     

黄芩的花粉母细胞减数分裂及核型分析

采用压片法,对黄芩花粉母细胞减数分裂及核型进行了研究。结果表明:黄芩的大多数花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体的行为正常,在终变期同源染色体配对后可形成9个二价体,后期Ⅰ染色体以9∶9的方式向细胞两极分离,其减数分裂为同时型;在少数花粉母细胞减数分裂中观察到落后染色体、染色体桥等异常行为;其花粉粒育性为76.49%。黄芩的染色体数目为2n=2X=18,核型公式为K(2n)=2X=18=16m+2 sm,染色体相对长度组成为2n=1 s+4M1+3M2+1L,其核型为"1A"型。     

山东10种植物的核型分析

对山东１０ 种植物进行了核型分析。茴茴蒜（ Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｂｇｅ－） 染色体数目２ｎ ＝１６ , 核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ ＝ １６ ＝ ２ Ｍ ＋ ２ｍ ＋ ２ｓｍ ＋ １０ｓｔ, “３Ａ”类型; 五脉地椒（ Ｔｈｙｍｕｓｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｃｏｓｔａｔｕｓ Ｃｅｌａｋ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ２６ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ２６ ＝ ８ Ｍ ＋ １８ｍ , “１Ａ”类型; 蛇床（ Ｃｎｉｄｉｕｍ ｍｏｎｎｉｅｒｉ（Ｌ－） Ｃｕｓｓ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ２０ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ２０ ＝ ２Ｍ＋ １６ｍ ＋ ２ｓｍ , “２Ｂ”类型; 波斯菊（ Ｃｏｓｍｏｓ ｂｉｐｉｎｎａｔｕｓ Ｃａｖ－） 染色体数目２ｎ ＝ ２４ , 核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ ＝ ２４ ＝ １６ｍ ＋ ２ｍ （ｓａｔ） ＋ ６ｓｍ , “２Ａ”类型; 白车轴草（ Ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ ｒｅｐｅｎｓ Ｌ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ３２ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ４ｘ ＝ ３２ ＝ ３２ｍ , “１Ａ”类型; 铁苋菜（ Ａｃａｌｙｐｈａ ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉｓ Ｌ－）染色体数目２ｎ ＝ ３２ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ３２ ＝ ３２ｍ , “１Ｂ”类型; 地构叶（ Ｓｐｅｒａｎｓｋｉａ ｔ?     

Nuclear DNA content and chromosome number in some diploid and tetraploid Centaurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae) from the Dalmatia region

Given the paucity of information about genome size in the genus Centaurea, nuclear DNA content of 15 Centaurea taxa, belonging to four subgenera and six different sections, has been investigated for the first time. The sample concerns 21 populations from the Dalmatia region of Croatia. The 2C DNA content and GC percentage were assessed by flow cytometry and chromosome number was determined using standard methods. Genome size of studied Centaurea ranged from 2C=1.67 to 3.72 pg. These results were in accordance with chromosome number and especially with ploidy level that varies throughout this group; 2C DNA values ranged from 1.67 to 3.43 pg for diploid, and from 3.19 to 3.72 for polyploid taxa. No significant intraspecific variations of DNA amount were found between two subspecies of C. visiani and C. ragusina, nor between two varieties of C. gloriosa. However, some populations of C. glaberrima and C. cuspidata showed a significant difference in DNA amount. Three different basic chromosome numbers were observed in studied species (x=9, 10, and 11). The most frequent basic number was x=9. C. rupestris, C. ragusina ssp. ragusina, and C. r. ssp. lungensis possessed x=10 and C. tuberosa x=11. The species with a basic chromosome number of x=9 had a small genome size and the smallest chromosomes (on average 0.09 to 0.12 pg/chromosome) but frequently present polyploidy. Centaurea ragusina ssp. ragusina and C. r. ssp. lungensis had a mean base composition 41.3% GC.     

核桃属部分种的小孢子发生及核型研究

本试验采用常规压片法,观察了核桃属(Juglans L.)四个种花粉母细胞(PMC)的减数分裂过程和花粉形态,检测了两个种的花粉生活力,分析研究了七个种的核型。结果表明,普通核桃(J.regia)核桃楸(J.mandskurica Maxim.)和黑核桃(J.nigra L.)的PMC减数分裂基本正常,但河北核桃PMC的减数分裂过程都极不正常,供试的七个种,除普通核桃为2C核型外,其余均为2B核型,仅黑核桃一种带有随体染色体。根据核型特点把七个种分成三组,并探讨了组间与组内种间的亲缘演化关系。作者认为,河北核桃应为一种独立的种,核桃科在系统发育上可能来源于染色体基数为8的两群)不同植物。     

开普芦荟和木立芦荟的染色体核型分析

对盆栽开普卢荟(Aloe ferox Miller)和木立卢荟(Aloe arborescens Miller)植物根尖细胞的染色体进行了观察分析。结果表明开普芦荟和木立芦荟的染色体数与已见报导的百合科(Liliaceae)中国芦荟(Alov vera var.chinensis)植物染色体数相同, 2n=14。染色体类型按Levan 方法分类, 没有近端部染色体和随体。开普芦荟和木立芦荟的染色体核型分析结果均为K(2n)=2x=4sm+10st。根据Stebbins 的核型分类标准, 开普芦荟的核型为"4C"型, 而木立芦荟的核型为"3C"型。两种芦荟染色体相对长度组成均为2n=14=6L+2M2+6S。根据核型研究, 可以确定百合科开普芦荟和木立芦荟的染色体基数为X=7。     

金花茶组培苗的核型分析

本文对金花茶(Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama)组培苗的染色体核型进行了研究。结果表明:金花茶组培苗不仅染色体数目与其野生种相同,2n=30,而且核型也基本一致,核型公式均为2n=2x=30=22m+8sm(2SAT)。这些数据为利用组织培养方法保存和繁殖金花茶的可行性提供了细胞学方面的依据。     

蓟属两种植物的染色体研究

本文对蓟属（Ｃｉｒｓｉｕｍ）的两个形态相似的近缘种大刺儿菜和小刺儿菜进行了染色体研究,其中后者为首次报道。观察结果表明：两个种的染色体数目均为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３４：它们的核型是：大刺儿菜．２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３４＝２０ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ：小刺儿菜．２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３４＝２２ｍ＋１０ｋｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ。通过核型比较,认为它们是两个独立的种．而且后者比前者进化。     

7种铁线莲的染色体研究

本文描述了我国产毛茛科铁线莲属的7个种的染色体数目和形态。其核型公式分别为:芹叶铁线莲和宽芹叶铁线莲为2n(2x)=16=10m+6st(2SAT);黄花铁线莲和棉团铁线莲及山木通为2n(2x)=10m+4st+2t(2SAT);圆锥铁线莲为2n(2x)=32=20m+8st(2SAT)+4t(2SAT);吴兴铁线莲为2n(4x)=32=20m+6st(4SAT)+6t(4SAT);本文还讨论了一些种的分类问题。     

四种风毛菊属植物的核型研究

本文首次报道产于我国华北地区风毛菊属（ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａＤＣ．）４种植物的染色体数目和核型。四个种的染色体数目均是２ｎ＝２６,都是２倍体。它们的核型是：糠风毛菊（Ｓ．Ｐａｌｅａｔａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型,华北风毛菊（Ｓ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１４ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋８ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型;狭苞凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｄｉｅｌｓｉａｎａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝８ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ,属２Ｃ型;银背凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｎｉｖｅａ）２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ａ型。染色体中均未发现随体。     

First report of chromosome numbers and karyotypes of two monotypic genera endemic to eastern Asia: Brachystemma (Caryophyllaceae) and Craspedolobium (Fabaceae)

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Brachystemma and Craspedolobium, two monotypic genera endemic to eastern Asia, are reported here for the first time. The somatic chromosome numbers are 2n=40 for Brachystemma calycinum and 2n=22 for Craspedolobium unijugum. A karyotype of 2n=2x=40=28m+12sm was found in B. calycinum and that of 2n=2x=22=12m+10sm in C. unijugum, both of them have a moderately symmetrical karyotype type 2B and small‐sized chromosomes. Brachystemma has a unique basic chromosome number in Alsinoideae, which may support its isolated taxonomic position. As do some morphological characters, the basic chromosome number x=11 suggests that Craspedolobium belongs in the Millettioid clade.     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

Karyotype Analysis of Hydrilla

The present paper reports the chromosome number and karyotype of the genus Hydrilla. H. verticillate was found to have 2n=16. The karyotype is 2n=16=6m+6sm+ 4st. No difference between the male and the female was found in the work. H. verticillata var. roxburghii Casp. has the somatic chromosome number 2n=24, and its karyotype is 2n= 3x=24=9m+9sm+6st. The variety may be a autotriploid. The karyotype of the genus isobviously bimodal, with No. 1-5 in the first group and 6-8 in the second group.     

中国山茶属4种2变种核型研究

本文采用去壁低渗法研究了我国山茶属植物4种2变种的核型。根据Levan等的命名系统,各个种的核型可简式为大理茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+8sm;勐腊茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+6sm+2sm(SAT);德宏茶2n=20m+8sm+2sm(SAT);苦茶2n=20m+9sm+1sm(SAT);茶2n=18m+2m(SAT)+12sm;白毛茶2n=18m十2m(SAT)+9sm+1sm(SAT)。这些种都是二倍体种(2n=2x=30),未发现多倍体。在勐腊茶核型中发现2个超数染色体(B-chromosome)。核型的不对称性表明,这些种均属于Stebbins核型分类的2A型核型。这些种在“随体数目和位置,最长染色体与最短染色体之比,臂比大于2:1的染色体比例,着丝点端化值,染色体绝对长度”方面的变异是清楚易见的。核型的变异表明,这些种的染色体进化顺序为大理茶—→勐腊茶—→德宏茶—→普洱茶—→白毛茶—→苦茶—→茶。这一结果与张宏达提出的山茶属植物的分类系统基木吻合。本文还讨论了山茶属植物核型的杂合性和多态性。本文中勐腊茶、德宏茶、苦茶的染色体数目和核型及大理茶的核型为首次报道。     

大血藤科植物的分类学研究

作者对大血藤科植物的花性、叶片内部结构形态、花粉形态、染色体核型及过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶进行了比较研究,结果表明：１）大血藤科植物外形上的两性花,其雄蕊的形态退化、花药始终不开裂,为功能上的雌花,因此其花为单性,同株,同序或异序;１２）首次指出大血藤属植物的染色体数为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２２,属小型染色体,与木通科植物２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３２、３０、２８的染色体数明显不同,支持Ｓｔａｐｆ（１９２６）将其从木通科分出另立为科的观点;３）单叶和复叶可出现于同一植株上,而且在叶片内部结构、花粉形态、染色体核型、过氧化物酶及脂酶同工酶等性状上,大血藤与单叶血滕间均无实质性的差异,因此将单叶血藤归并于大血藤中。     

Saussurea pseudograminea sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau,China

Morphological characteristics, as well as ultrastructure of pollen grains, chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis have been used to establish a new species of Saussurea from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. The new species, Saussurea pseudograminea Y. F. Wang, G. Z. Du et Y. S. Lian is easily distinguished from the similar S. graminea Dunn by having 2–3 capitula, involucre 0.7–1.2 cm in diameter, smaller pollen grains, pollen surface with larger and denser spines, achenes 4.0–5.5 mm long, 32 chromosomes, and a karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 32 = 18m + 10sm + 4st, whereas S. graminea has solitary capitula, involucre 1.2–2.0 cm in diameter, larger pollen grains, pollen surface with smaller and sparser spines, achenes 3–4 mm long, 28 chromosomes and a karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 28 = 6m + 20sm + 2st. The new species is distributed in Dianzhangou, Awanchang, and Gamaliang mountain regions of Maqu county in Gansu province.     

入侵物种飞机草和紫茎泽兰的核型研究

报道了菊科（Asteraceae）原泽兰属（Eupatorium）2种植物的核型,飞机草(Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King &; H. Robinson）2n=60,核型公式为2n=60=32 m+28 sm,核型属于“2A”型,紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. King &; H. Robinson）2n=51,核型公式为2n=51=30 m+21 sm,核型属于“2B”型。飞机草的染色体数目变化较大,紫茎泽兰染色体数目较稳定。紫茎泽兰不能产生正常的花粉。飞机草有性生殖产生的种子发芽率低,紫茎泽兰无融合生殖产生的种子发芽率高,但2种植物入侵能力都很强,种子数量与2种植物的入侵性关系不大。     

Karyotype morphology and cytogeography in Brunnera and Cynoglottis (Boraginaceae)

A comparative study of karyotype morphology and heterochromatin patterns in Brunnera and Cynoglottis (Boraginaceae) was carried out with traditional methods and Giemsa C-banding. Two polymorphic species of Cynoglottis , each with two subspecies, and two of Brunnera were investigated using native population samples from the central-eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Pollen size of these samples was measured to investigate relationships with ploidy level. C. barrelieri subsp. barrelieri and subsp. serpentinicola are characterized by In = 18 and smaller pollen grains in contrast to C. chetikiana subsp. chetikiana and subsp. paphlagonica , which are fundamentally tetraploid with 2n = 36. The occurrence of cytotypes with 2n –/2 and 2n = 24 in both subspecies of C. chetikiana , however, would suggest x = 6 as the original haploid number and x = 9 as a derived one. Furthermore, the finding of a hypoploid cytotype with 2n = 16 in C. barrelieri ssp. barrelieri was consistent with previous reports and suggested relationships with Anchusa. Karyoevolutionary processes possibly associated with such a wide chromosome variation in Cynoglottis are discussed. Brunnera macrophylla and B. orientalis share a complement of 2n= 12 and an apparently identical karyotype, which differs from Cynoglottis in terms of asymmetry, chromosome size and morphology. A basic C-banding style was present in Brunnera and Cynoglottis , but heterochromatin content increased from the former to the latter. The parallel increase in chromosome number, heterochromatin content and size of the pollen from Brunnera to Cynoglottis may reflect an evolutionary progression, and is consistent with the supposed ancient origin of Brunnera.     

Chromosomes of Six Fabaceous Species from Baoxing County,Sichuan Province

Meiosis and/or mitosis of six species of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) from Baoxing County, Sichuan, China, were investigated. The voucher specimens are conserved in PE. Eight pairs (n=8) and 10 chiasmata in meiosis of pollen mother cells have been observed in Medicago lupulina L. (Pl. 1, A-C). Meiotic observation on pollen mother cells in Lotus tenuis W. et K. shows 6 bivalents (n=6) in MI and 9 chiasmata in diakinesis (Pl. 1, D-E). In this species 12 somatic chromosomes (2n=12) in anther wall cells have also been observed. The chromosomal formula may be expressed as 2n=12=8m+2sm+2sm^SAT (Pl. 1, F-G). In pollen mother cells of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., 7 bivalents in MI and 7 chromosomes in A II have been observed (Pl. 2, A-B). From A II (Pl. 2, B, the inset on the right) the chromosomal formula, n=7= 2m+2sm+lst^SAT+2t, may be constructed. Only three chromosomes in this karyotype may be found to have counterparts in the one reported by Srivastava (1963), which shows striking differences between these two karyotypes. Meiotic MI shows 7 pairs (n=7) in Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray. Vicia sativa L. is very variable in its chromosomes. Our observation shows 6 pairs (n=6) in MI and in diakinesis in pollen mother cells. In Vicia villosa Roth, all the previous chromosome reports are 2n=14 or n=7, but the result of our work shows that somatic chromosomes are 2n=12 in anther wall cells (Pl. 3, D, E). The karyotype in our material (Pl. 3, E) is that the longest pair of chromosomes are metacentric, the pairs 2-4 are terminal, 5 are metacentric and last pair are submetacentric, differing vastly from the idiogram (Pl. 3, F) presented by Yamamoto (1973). Therefore both the chromosome number and structure in our material are greatly different from those in all the previous reports. The evolutionary trends of chromosomes in the genus Vicia is discussed in the work. Srivastava (1963) holds that the primitive basic number of chromosome in the genus is 6 and thus both 5 and 7 are derived. The present author would propose another possibility that 7 is the original basic number and the other numbers are derived ones. First, as shown in Table 1, x=7 occurs in 47 per cent of species in the genus, but 6 only in 28 per cent. Secondly, x=7 is predominant in the perennial and primitive section Cracca. Thirdly, in genera related to the genus under consideration, such as Lens, Pisum and Lathyrus, x=7 is also the predominant basic number. Fourthly, according to Raven (1975) 7 is the primitive basic number in the angiosperms and x= 7, 8 and 9 are the predominant in the angiosperms.     

雅江点地梅（报春花科）3个居群的核型和倍性变化

首次报道了雅江点地梅（Androsace yargongensis)3个居群的染色体数目和核型,对倍性也进行研究。3个居群的染色体数目（2n),核型公式（KF）,染色体相长度组成（C．RL）,核型不对4称系数（As,K%)和核型类型（KT）分别为：野牛沟居群2n=40,KF=36m(1SAT) 2SM 2ST b,C,RL=2L 14M2 22M1 2S 2bS,As.K=54.75%,KT=2A;巴颜喀拉山居群2n=40,KF=36m 2sm 2st 1b,C.RL=4L 16M2 18M1 2S 1bS,As.K=56.31%,KT=2B;达坂山居群2n=60,KF=40m 14sm 6st,C.RL=4L 24M2 26M1 6S,As.K=59.56%,KT=2B。根据3个居群的染色体和核型不对称性与居群所在地的地理位置,认为雅江点地梅核型和倍性的演化与高海拔生态环境和寒冷、干旱的气候加剧有密切关系。