酿酒酵母TRK1和TRK2钾吸收缺陷型菌株的构建

为更好的进行钾素营养有关基因表达调控和功能性研究, 我们采用同源重组法通过重叠引物扩增分别将URA3和HIS3基因替代酿酒酵母的TRK1和TRK2基因, 并以酿酒酵母的尿嘧啶合成酶URA3基因和组氨酸合成酶HIS3为标记基因, 在不含尿嘧啶和组氨酸的基本培养基筛选转化子获得了钾离子转运蛋白TRK1和TRK2基因缺失的酿酒酵母钾素营养缺陷型菌株, 该菌株在低K+培养基中导入拟南芥K+转运体基因AtKuP1可恢复正常生长。     

拟南芥K+转运蛋白AtKup1基因的DNA改组

采用同源重组法制备钾离子转运蛋白基因TRKI和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母钾营养缺陷型。通过RNA反转录PCR方法从拟南芥幼根扩增获得片段长度为2 139bp的AtKup1基因,以此片段为膜板,采用DNA重排技术,经DNase I降解,Primerless PCR和Primer PCR建立AtKup1基因突变库。将突变库和未经DNA重排处理的AtKup1基因分别构建酵母穿梭载体,并导入K 转运蛋白基因TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母中,分别在低钾(5．0mmoL／L KC1)不合色氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子,从突变基因库酵母转化子中获得2株长势明显优于AtKup1基因转化子的突变基因转化菌株,菌株质粒上的突变AtKup1基因核苷酸测序结果表明突变基因AtKup1发生了2个碱基的置换,造成了2个氨基酸的改变。转化烟草烟叶化学成分分析证实突变基因的吸钾活性显著提高。     

拟南芥K+转运蛋白AtKup1基因的DNA改组

采用同源重组法制备钾离子转运蛋白TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母钾营养缺陷型,通过RNA 反转录PCR方法从拟南芥幼根扩增获得片段长度为2139bp 的Atkup1基因,以此片段为模板,采用DNA 改组技术,经Dnase I降解,Primerless PCR , PrimerPCR,建立Atkup1 基因突变库。将突变库和未经DNA 重排处理的Atkup1基因分别构建酵母穿梭载体导入K+转运蛋白基因TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母中,分别在低钾(5.0mM KCl)不含色氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子, 突变基因库酵母转化子中获得2株长势明显好于Atkup1 基因转化子的突变基因转化菌株,菌株质粒上的突变Atkup1基因核苷酸测序结果发现突变基因Atkup1发生2个碱基的置换,造成2个氨基酸的改变,转化烟草烟叶化学成分分析证实突变基因的吸钾活性显著提高。     

泡盛曲霉抗FOA突变株的筛选与转化

根据泡盛曲霉SG1菌株分生孢子的紫外线致死曲线,选择死亡率为85%～90%的诱变时间诱变分生孢子,然后将其涂布于含FOA(5-flourooroticacid)和尿嘧啶核苷的基本培养基上,选择抗FOA的突变株。经过纯化和回复突变检测后,获得了5株需要尿嘧啶或尿嘧啶核苷才能在基本培养基上生长的稳定突变株。进一步分析鉴定结果表明,这些突变株的URA3基因发生了突变。Northern杂交及RTPCR方法证明这些突变株中URA3基因突变均发生在转录水平上。选择突变株SA5作为受体菌,用含来自黑曲霉的野生型URA3基因的质粒转化该受体菌,结果获得了稳定的转化子。Southern杂交证明野生型URA3基因取代了突变株的ura3基因。     

一种快速、精确构建大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型的方法

将表达Red体内重组蛋白的质粒pKD46转化大肠杆菌：DH5α,用5′端与组氨酸基因同源,3′端与卡那霉素抗性基因同源的引物获得具有卡那霉素抗性基因的PCR产物,然后电击转化DH5α,在λRed重组系统的帮助下,通过卡那霉素抗性基因两侧的组氨酸基因序列在体内与大肠杆菌染色体上的组氨酸基因发生同源重组,置换了DH5α组氨酸操纵元中的hisDCB基因,最后利用卡那霉素抗性基因两端的FRT位点,通过FTP位点专一性重组将卡那霉素抗性基因去除,最终获得了不具抗性的大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株。为在大肠杆菌及其他菌株中快速、精确的构建营养缺陷型菌株提供了有益的参考。     

自絮凝工业酒精酵母营养缺陷型的筛选和鉴定

运用紫外诱变方法成功获得了自絮凝酵母的营养缺陷型突变体,并且优化了诱变方法,证明了通过紫外诱变也可获得自絮凝酵母的营养缺陷型突变体。实验证明,较低的致死率更容易获得突变体,利用制霉菌素的富集可明显减少非缺陷型背景。本实验获得了组氨酸和尿嘧啶营养缺陷型各一株,其中组氨酸缺陷型茵株失去絮凝特性,而尿嘧啶缺陷型保持了良好的絮凝特性。继代实验表明,二株突变体均可以稳定遗传。并利用交配型PCR方法证明了絮凝酵母及其两株突变体与其酿酒酵母亲本类似,均为交配型杂合体。     

AM真菌提高烟草钾含量机制的初步研究

以烟草和AM真菌菌株摩西球囊霉（Glomous mosseae,G.m）为材料,研究了不同外界K＋浓度条件下AM真菌对烟草生长、K＋含量以及根中K＋-通道基因NtKT1、NtKT2和转运体基因NtHAK1、NtHA1相对表达量的影响。结果表明,在低钾和常钾条件下,接种G.m均可提高烟草的株高,增加根系长度,提高烟草根部和叶片中的K＋含量,在低钾条件下接种G.m使烟草根部和叶片的K＋含量分别提高了50.5%和24.5%。在常钾条件下,接种G.m 50 d后烟草根系中NtKT1和NtKT2的相对表达量显著提高;而低钾条件下,钾转运体基因NtHAK和NtHA1的相对表达量显著升高。由此推测,AM真菌能够调控烟草根中K＋-通道基因和钾转运体基因的表达进而促进其对K＋的吸收。     

利用可重复使用的URA3标记基因建立热带假丝酵母基因敲除系统

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)在发酵工业中具有重要的应用潜力,但二倍体遗传结构和较低的遗传转化效率限制了其代谢工程育种技术的应用。建立可靠的遗传转化技术并高效的删除目的基因是代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母的重要前提。文章以C. tropicalis ATCC 20336为出发菌株,通过化学诱变筛选获得了尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株C. tropicalis XZX(ura3/ura3)。以丙酮酸脱羧酶(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)基因作为靶基因构建了两端包含同源臂并在选择性标记C. tropicalis URA3(Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase,乳清酸核苷-5-磷酸脱羧酶)基因两侧同向插入源于沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的hisG序列的基因敲除盒PDC1-hisG-URA3-hisG- PDC1(PHUHP),并转化宿主菌株C. tropicalis XZX,筛选获得PHUHP片段正确整合到染色体的PDC基因位点的转化子XZX02。在此基础上,将转化子XZX02涂布于5-FOA(5-氟乳清酸)选择培养基上,筛选得到URA3基因从PHUHP片段中丢失的营养缺陷型菌株XZX03。进一步构建了第2个PDC等位基因的删除表达盒PDCm- URA3-PDCm,并转化C. tropicalis XZX03菌株,获得转化子C. tropicalis XZX04。经PCR和DNA测序确认转化子C. tropicalis XZX04细胞染色体上的两个PDC等位基因被成功敲除。文章建立了一种营养缺陷型标记可重复使用的热带假丝酵母遗传转化技术,利用该技术成功敲除了细胞的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母奠定了基础。     

一种快速、精确构建大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型的方法*

将表达Red体内重组蛋白的质粒pKD46转化大肠杆菌DH5α,用 5′端与组氨酸基因同源 ,3′端与卡那霉素抗性基因同源的引物获得具有卡那霉素抗性基因的PCR产物 ,然后电击转化DH5α,在λRed重组系统的帮助下 ,通过卡那霉素抗性基因两侧的组氨酸基因序列在体内与大肠杆菌染色体上的组氨酸基因发生同源重组 ,置换了DH5α组氨酸操纵元中的hisDCB基因 ,最后利用卡那霉素抗性基因两端的FRT位点 ,通过FTP位点专一性重组将卡那霉素抗性基因去除 ,最终获得了不具抗性的大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株。为在大     

灰葡萄孢菌AUR1基因真核表达载体的构建、表达及酶活性分析

为了研究灰葡萄孢菌肌糖磷脂酰神经酰胺合成酶(BcAUR1基因)的表达及酶活性,采用RT-PCR方法,利用含有FLAG标签以及BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ酶切位点的AUR1特异引物从灰葡萄孢菌中扩增得到BcAUR1基因.将BcA UR1基因与穿梭质粒pYES2重组,得到pYES2-BcAUR1质粒采用醋酸锂转化法导入酿酒酵母尿嘧啶突变菌株△yor1中,Western blotting检测肌糖磷脂酰神经酰胺(IPC)合成酶表达,HPLC检测IPC合成酶活力.结果显示pYE S2-BcA UR1在酿酒酵母尿嘧啶突变菌株△yorl中获得表达,pYES2-BcA UR1转化子IPC合成酶活性显著增高,比空载转化子约提高1倍.低浓度的AbA能够抑制空载pYES2酵母转化子生长,但pYES2-BcA UR1酵母转化子能抵抗AbA对菌体生长的抑制.     

TRK2 is not a low-affinity potassium transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

TRK1 and TRK2 encode proteins involved in K+ uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A kinetic study of Rb+ influx in trk1 TRK2, trk1 TRK2D, and trk1 trk2 mutants reveals that TRK2 shows moderate affinity for Rb+. K(+)-starved trk1 delta TRK2 cells show a low-affinity component accounting for almost the total Vmax of the influx and a moderate-affinity component exhibiting a very low Vmax. Overexpression of TRK2 in trk1 delta TRK2D cells increases the Vmax of the moderate-affinity component, and this component disappears in trk1 delta trk2 delta cells. In contrast, the low-affinity component of Rb+ influx in trk1 delta TRK2 cells is not affected by mutations in TRK2. Consistent with the different levels of activity of the moderate-affinity Rb+ influx, trk1 delta TRK2 cells grow slowly in micromolar K+, trk1 delta TRK2D cells grow rapidly, and trk1 delta trk2 delta cells fail to grow. The existence of a unique K+ uptake system composed of several proteins is also discussed.     

TRK1 and TRK2 encode structurally related K+ transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We describe the cloning and molecular analysis of TRK2, the gene likely to encode the low-affinity K+ transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TRK2 encodes a protein of 889 amino acids containing 12 putative membrane-spanning domains (M1 through M12), with a large hydrophilic region between M3 and M4. These structural features closely resemble those contained in TRK1, the high-affinity K+ transporter. TRK2 shares 55% amino acid sequence identity with TRK1. The putative membrane-spanning domains of TRK1 and TRK2 share the highest sequence conservation, while the large hydrophilic regions between M3 and M4 exhibit the greatest divergence. The different affinities of TRK1 trk2 delta cells and trk1 delta TRK2 cells for K+ underscore the functional independence of the high- and low-affinity transporters. TRK2 is nonessential in TRK1 or trk1 delta haploid cells. The viability of cells containing null mutations in both TRK1 and TRK2 reveals the existence of an additional, functionally independent potassium transporter(s). Cells deleted for both TRK1 and TRK2 are hypersensitive to low pH; they are severely limited in their ability to take up K+, particularly when faced with a large inward-facing H+ gradient, indicating that the K+ transporter(s) that remains in trk1 delta trk2 delta cells functions differently than those of the TRK class.     

Cloning of two genes encoding potassium transporters in Neurospora crassa and expression of the corresponding cDNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Two Neurospora crassa genes, trk-1 and hak-1, encode K+ transporters that show sequence similarities to the TRK transporters described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and to the HAK transporters described in Schwanniomyces occidentalis and barley. The N. crassa TRK1 and HAK1 transporters expressed by the corresponding cDNAs in a trk1 delta trk2 delta mutant of S. cerevisiae exhibited a high affinity for Rb+ and K+. Northern blot analysis and comparison of the kinetic characteristics of the two transporters in the trk1 delta trk2 delta mutant with the kinetic characteristics of K+ uptake in N. crassa cells allowed TRK1 to be identified as the dominant K+ transporter and HAK1 as a transporter that is only expressed when the cells are K+ starved. The HAK1 transporter showed a high concentrative capacity and is identified as the K(+)-H+ symporter described in N. crassa, whereas TRK1 might be a K+ uniporter. Although the co-existence of K+ transporters of the TRK and HAK types in the same species had not been reported formerly, we discuss whether this co-existence may be the normal situation in soil fungi.     

Conservation and dispersion of sequence and function in fungal TRK potassium transporters: focus on Candida albicans

TRK proteins – essential potassium (K⁺) transporters in fungi and bacteria, as well as in plants – are generally absent from animal cells, which makes them potential targets for selective drug action. Indeed, in the human pathogen Candida albicans , the single TRK isoform (CaTrk1p) has recently been demonstrated to be required for activity of histidine-rich salivary antimicrobial peptides (histatins). Background for a detailed molecular investigation of TRK-protein design and function is provided here in sequence analysis and quantitative functional comparison of CaTrk1p with its better-known homologues from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Among C. albicans strains (ATCC 10261, SC5314, WO-1), the DNA sequence is essentially devoid of single nucleotide polymorphisms in regions coding for evolutionarily conserved segments of the protein, meaning the four intramembranal [membrane–pore–membrane (MPM)] segments thought to be involved directly with the conduction of K⁺ ions. Among 48 fungal (ascomycete) TRK homologues now described by complete sequences, clades (but not the detailed order within clades) appear conserved for all four MPM segments, independently assessed. The primary function of TRK proteins, 'active' transport of K⁺ ions, is quantitatively conserved between C. albicans and S. cerevisiae . However, the secondary function, chloride efflux channeling, is present but poorly conserved between the two species, being highly variant with respect to activation velocity, amplitude, flickering (channel-like) behavior, pH dependence, and inhibitor sensitivity.     

Potassium and sodium uptake systems in fungi. The transporter diversity of Magnaporthe oryzae

In this study, we report an inventory of the K(+) uptake systems in 62 fungal species for which the complete genome sequences are available. This inventory reveals that three types of K(+) uptake systems, TRK and HAK transporters and ACU ATPases, are widely present in several combinations across fungal species. PAT ATPases are less frequently present and are exceptional in Ascomycota. The genome of Magnaporthe oryzae contains four TRK, one HAK, and two ACU genes. The study of the expression of these genes at high K(+), K(+) starvation, and in infected rice leaves revealed that the expression of four genes, ACU1, ACU2, HAK1, and TRK1 is much lower than that of TRK2, TRK3, and TRK4, except under K(+) starvation. The two ACU ATPases were cloned and functionally identified as high-affinity K(+) or Na(+) uptake systems. These two ATPases endow Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the capacity to grow for several generations in low Na(+) concentrations when K(+) was absent, which produces a dramatic increase of cellular Na(+)/K(+) ratio.     

Individual functions of the HAK and TRK potassium transporters of Schwanniomyces occidentalis

We have cloned the gene encoding the TRK transporter of the soil yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis and obtained the HAK1 trk1 delta and the hak1 delta TRK1 mutant strains. Analyses of the transport capacities of these mutants have shown that (i) the HAK1 and the TRK1 potassium transporters are the only transporters operating at low and medium K+ concentrations (< 1 mM); (ii) the HAK1 transporter is functional at low pH but fails at high pH; and (iii) the TRK1 transporter functions at neutral and high pH and fails at low pH. At neutral pH, both transporters are functional, but HAK1 is not expressed, except at very low K+ concentrations (< 50 microM) where HAK1 is very effective. TRK1 is also involved in the control of the membrane potential.     

Heterochromatic DNA repeats in Drosophila and unusual gene silencing in yeast cells

The 1.25-kb heterochromatic Stellate repeats of Drosophila melanogaster are capable of stably persisting in transgenic constructs and silencing the white reporter gene (mosaic position effect variegation). This system reveals an unusual form of silencing, which is insensitive to known modifiers of position effect variegation. The unusual form of silencing was studied with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a simple eukaryotic model. To be transferred into yeast cells, the D. melanogaster Stellate repeats were cloned in the pYAC4 centromeric vector (CEN4, URA3, TRP1, HIS3). The HIS3 and/or URA3 genes could be inactive in plasmids consisting of pYAC4 and the Stellate insert in yeast cells. Deletion of D. melanogaster DNA from the plasmid was found to activate the URA3 and HIS3 genes. It was assumed that the genes were repressed rather than damaged in the presence of the Stellate repeats and that a new form of gene silencing was revealed in S. cerevisiae.     

Trk2 Is Required for Low Affinity K(+) Transport in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

TRK1, the gene encoding the high affinity K+ transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is nonessential due to the existence of a functionally independent low affinity transporter. To identify the gene(s) encoding the low affinity K+ transporter, we screened trk1 delta cells for mutants (Kla-) that require higher concentrations of K+ in the medium to support growth. trk1 delta trk2 mutants require up to tenfold higher concentrations of K+ to exhibit normal growth compared to trk1 delta TRK2 cells. K+ and 86Rb+ transport assays demonstrate that the mutant phenotype is due to defective K+ transport (uptake). Each of 38 independent mutants contains a mutation in the same gene, TRK2. Cells deficient for both high and low affinity K+ transport (trk1 delta trk2) exhibit hypersensitivity to low extracellular pH that can be suppressed by high concentrations of K+ but not Na+. TRK1 completely suppresses both the K+ transport defect and low pH hypersensitivity of trk2 cells, suggesting that TRK1 and TRK2 are functionally independent.     

TRK1 encodes a plasma membrane protein required for high-affinity potassium transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We identified a 180-kilodalton plasma membrane protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for high-affinity transport (uptake) of potassium. The gene that encodes this putative potassium transporter (TRK1) was cloned by its ability to relieve the potassium transport defect in trk1 cells. TRK1 encodes a protein 1,235 amino acids long that contains 12 potential membrane-spanning domains. Our results demonstrate the physical and functional independence of the yeast potassium and proton transport systems. TRK1 is nonessential in S. cerevisiae and maps to a locus unlinked to PMA1, the gene that encodes the plasma membrane ATPase. Haploid cells that contain a null allele of TRK1 (trk1 delta) rely on a low-affinity transporter for potassium uptake and, under certain conditions, exhibit energy-dependent loss of potassium, directly exposing the activity of a transporter responsible for the efflux of this ion.