Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae

Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Millettieae and allies in the subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) were reconstructed from chloroplast trnK/matK sequences. Sixty-two accessions representing 57 traditionally recognized genera of Papilionoideae were sampled, including 27 samples from Millettieae. Phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony and are well resolved and supported by high bootstrap values. A well-supported "core Millettieae" clade is recognized, comprising the four large genera Millettia, Lonchocarpus, Derris, and Tephrosia. Several other small genera of Millettieae are not in the core Millettieae clade. Platycyamus is grouped with Phaseoleae (in part). Ostryocarpus, Austrosteenisia, and Dalbergiella are neither in the core Millettieae or Phaseoleae clade. These taxa, along with core Millettieae and Phaseoleae, form a monophyletic sister group to Indigofereae. Cyclolobium and Poecilanthe are close to Brongniartieae. Callerya and Wisteria belong to a large clade that includes all the legumes that lack the inverted repeat in their chloroplast genome, which confirms previous rbcL and phytochrome gene family phylogenies. The evolutionary history of four characters was examined in Millettieae and allies: the presence of canavanine, inflorescence types, the dehiscence of pods, and the presence of winged pods. trnK/matK sequence analysis suggests that the presence of a pseudoraceme or pseudopanicle and the accumulation of nonprotein amino acids are phylogenetically informative for Millettieae and allies with only a few exceptions.     

Discriminant alleles and discriminant analysis: efficient characters to separate closely related species: the example of Lathyrus latifolius L. and Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Leguminosae)

VALERO, M. & HOSSAERT-MCKEY, M., 1991. Discriminant alleles and discriminant analysis: efficient characters to separate closely related species: the example of Lathyrus latifolius L. and Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Leguminosae). Two species of Lathyrus (L. latifolius and L. sylvestris) were compared using allozymes and quantitative vegetative and reproductive traits. The variation in these characters was analysed in several populations of the two species located in south-western, central and northern France. In a site where the two species are syrapatric, intermediate plants are described. The two species can be identified by discriminant alleles. The genetic structure observed for intermediate plants in the zone of sympatry indicates, paradoxically, the occurrence of a strong reproductive barrier between the two species. The discriminant analysis performed on the quantitative traits readily distinguishes the two species and confirms the reproductive isolation between them. The quantitative character that best discriminates between the species is the number of ovules per ovary, a variable which has non-overlapping distributions in the two species. We discuss how this character, usually ignored, may be better for distinguishing species than some traditionally used reproductive traits such as the number of seeds per fruit. The vegetative traits studied (e.g. degree and intensity of branching) also differ significantly between the two species. Divergent evolution of these traits in the two species is discussed in relation to differences in the original habitats of the two species.     

Development of the cymose inflorescence, cupulum and flower of Psoralea pinnata (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Psoraleeae)

The inflorescence of Psoralea pinnata sensu lato is composed of dichasial cymes of three to seven flowers in each bract axil. However, the main inflorescence terminal is indeterminate. Cymes are very unusual among legumes, occurring in perhaps six or seven genera. The 'cupulum' is a unique structure found only in Psoralea among legumes. While highly variable in form, it serves as a protective structure around the calyx during development. Developmentally the cupulum results from fusion by intercalary growth of three to four successive bracts on the pedicel. Paired bracteoles are also produced above the cupulum and below the calyx, but they are very reduced and easily overlooked. Their presence is evidence that the cupulum is not part of the flower proper. Organogeny in P. pinnata is unidirectional in each floral whorl, starting on the abaxia! side, except for a minor exception in precocity of the vexillary (adaxial) stamen arising with the two lateral stamens of the same inner whorl. There is no overlap between whorls. The carpel is initiated early, during or just after petal initiation and before stamen initiation.     

Comparative study of floral development in Onobrychis melanotricha, Hedysarum varium and Alhagi persarum (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Hedysareae)

Floral initiation and development of Hedysarum varium, Onobrychis melanotricha and Alhagi persarum was studied using epi-illumination light-microscopy techniques. The studied species belong to the tribe Hedysareae of the inverted repeat loss clade (IRLC clade), which is characterized by missing the large inverted repeat in the chloroplast genome. The main aim of our study was to determine developmental bases for similarities and differences among the three taxa and to verify the position of Alhagi relative to other genera of the IRLC clade. According to our observations, bracteoles are missing in Onobrychis melanotricha, but are present in the other two species. All three species share unidirectional sepal initiation starting with a median abaxial sepal and bidirectional petal initiation. Stamen initiation is unidirectional in all except in the outer stamen whorl of Hedysarum varium, where it is bidirectional. An important ontogenetic feature in O. melanotricha is the existence of five common primordia, which give rise to petal and stamen primordia. Although in H. varium and O. melanotricha common primordia are observed at some stages in floral organ initiations, in Alhagi all organs are initiated separately. Moreover, overlap in time of floral organs initiation occurs in H. varium and O. melanotricha, but not in A. persarum. The carpel initiates concurrently with the petal primordia in all. It might be presumed that Alhagi is primitive in relation to the other studied Hedysareae taxa, due to the presence of bracteoles, the absence of common primordia, and the lack of overlap in time of different organ initiations.     

The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: Chromodoris aureomarginata, C. verrieri and C. fide lis colour groups

Nineteen species of chromodorid nudibranchs are described including three new species of Chromodoris , two of Glossodoris and one each of Noumea, Cadlina and Thorunna from the Indo-West Pacific. The colour of all species is white with either a single yellow or gold band at the edge of the mantle or a double band of red and yellow, or orange and red or purple. All previously described species with similar colour patterns, from both the Indo-West Pacific and other regions are discussed.     

The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: Chromodoris epicuria, C. aureopurpurea, C. annulata, C. coi and Risbecia tryoni colour groups

Twenty-five species of chromodorid nudibranchs from the Indo-West Pacific are described including nine which are new to science. There are six new species of Chromodoris , two of Nounea and a new species which forms the type of a new monotypic genus. Of the other species discussed in this paper, ten are species of Chromodoris , five Risbecia and one Digidentis. Species with the following colour patterns are discussed: white with orange or yellow spots; white with yellow (or orange) and purple spots; white with purple spots or patches and mantle border; white with a sinuous submarginal brown band. A full review of the relevant literature is included as is a discussion on Indian Ocean and West Pacific species pairs.     

Reconsideration of the African species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesbania sudanica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. hepperi</Emphasis> (Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae) as to their variation in Ethiopia

Summary  Recently collected material of Sesbania (Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae) from western Ethiopia shows variation and character combinations not recorded in J. B. Gillett’s revision of Sesbania from Africa and tropical Arabia from 1963 and combines three taxa in his revision, S. sudanica J. B. Gillett, S. sudanica subsp. occidentalis J. B. Gillett and S. hepperi J. B. Gillett. The three taxa are therefore united into one more variable species, S. sudanica, that can still be distinguished from other Sesbania species with no or hardly any free tips on the appendages on the standard by having the style pilose or tomentose and a long sterile rostrum on a non- or only faintly torulose pod. The amended S. sudanica is distributed throughout the Sudanian woodland zone from near the Atlantic to the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. The distribution area agrees well with the Sudanian region in Frank White’s classification of African phytochoria.     

Evolution of temperature responses in the Cladophora vagabunda complex and the C. albida/sericea complex (Chlorophyta)

Differentiation in temperature responses (survival and growth) was investigated among isolates of two tropical to temperate green algal lineages: the Cladophora vagabunda complex and the C. albida/sericea complex. The results were analysed in relation to published data on 18S rRNA and ITS sequence divergence, which have shown that the overall degree of genetic divergence is similar in the two lineages but that very different patterns of radiation have occurred. In the C. vagabunda complex, the two main clades in the well-resolved phylogenetic tree differed mainly in their tolerance to low temperatures. Within-clade variation was no stronger in the Atlantic/Pacific than in the all-Pacific clade. In the C. albida/sericea complex, six distinctive ITS types indicated early radiation. Although distinctive differences were found between some of these types, the thermal responses of others were very similar, indicating physiological stasis. In both lineages there was evidence for some adaptation to local temperature regimes but phylogenetic constraints were generally more important. Isolates with the same ITS sequences showed similar temperature responses even though collected from different climate zones. Evidence was found for a physiological trade-off between growth at high and at low temperatures in the C. albida/sericea complex, whereas, in the C. vagabunda complex, one clade showed more eurythermal growth responses than the other. In the C. vagabunda complex, which is the ancestral lineage of the C. albida/sericea complex, major differentiation was found in cold tolerance but not in heat tolerance, whereas the reverse pattern was found in the derived C. albida/sericea complex. These findings suggest that an acquisition of cold tolerance preceded the loss of heat tolerance during adaptation to colder climates.     

Cattle dung and the fate of Biserrula pelecinus L. (Leguminosae) in a Mediterranean pasture: seed dispersal, germination and recruitment

Seed dispersal of Biserrula pelecinus via cattle dung in a semiarid pasture is analysed by quantification of the viable seed content of cattle dung, assessment of the percentage of readily germinable seeds in growth chamber of seeds collected from the plant and from dung, monitoring of the on-field frequency of the species in dung pats and in surrounding (control) pasture plots the four springs after dung deposition, and quantification of the pasture area occupied by dung pats. Large amounts of seeds of the species are dispersed by cattle (up to 4 seeds g^-1 of dry manure in June 1991), and the germinability of the seeds increases significantly following their passage through the cattle gut (from 2.5% to 9.5%). In the first three springs after deposition, the frequency of adult plant of the species on dung almost tripled that found in the surrounding pasture. The effect on the pasture is scale-dependent and varies considerably between zones depending on the area covered by dung. Thus, presence on dung may explain an average of 8% of the frequency of the species in the pasture at a 10 times 10 cm scale, and up to 20% in some areas. The results are the first evidence of a herbaceous species being greatly favoured in a plant community by its dispersal through herbivore dung, a process that may have profound implications for the interpretation of plant-herbivore relations and on the evolution of plant traits.     

Genetics,ontogeny, and testosterone inducibility of aldehyde oxidase isozymes in the mouse: Evidence for two genetic loci (Aox-1 and Aox-2) closely linked on chromosome 1

Null-activity and low-activity variants for the liver supernatant isozymes of aldehyde oxidase (designated AOX-1 and AOX-2) were observed in inbred strains and in Harwell linkage testing stocks of Mus musculus. The genetic loci determining the activity of these isozymes (designated Aox-1 and Aox-2, respectively) are closely linked on chromosome 1 near Id-1 (encoding the soluble isozyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase). Linkage data of Aox-1 with Id-1 and Dip-1 (encoding a kidney peptidase) demonstrated that this gene coincides with or is closely linked to Aox (Watson et al., 1972). Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that liver AOX-1 appeared just before birth and increased in activity during postnatal development, whereas liver AOX-2 was observed only during postnatal development. Adult male livers exhibited higher AOX-1 and AOX-2 activities than adult female livers. Both isozymes were significantly reduced in activity by castration of adult males and increased following testosterone administration to castrated males and normal female mice.     

Caloglossa intermedia, sp. nov. (Rhodophyta) from the western atlantic coast: molecular and morphological analyses with special reference to C. leprieurii and C. monosticha

Caloglossa intermedia , sp. nov. is described from estuaries and salt marshes of Atlantic North America. This species is related to C. leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens based on the position of rhizoids, whereas it is more similar to C. monosticha Kamiya in the number of cell rows at the nodes. Rhizoidal development of this alga also shows an intermediate characteristic between C. leprieurii and C. monosticha. Crosses were successful between the strains of C. intermedia from Georgia and South Carolina, but neither strain was interfertile with morphologically related species. C. intermedia from Georgia, New Jersey, and South Carolina had identical DNA sequences in the Rubisco spacer and flanking regions of rbc L and rbc S. This alga was more closely related to C. leprieurii in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The evolution of each morphological character is discussed.     

Reproductive ecology of the endangered Alpine species Eryngium alpinum L. (Apiaceae): phenology, gene dispersal and reproductive success

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Eryngium alpinum (Apiaceae) is an endangered perennial, characteristic of the Alpine flora. Because the breeding system influences both demographic (reproductive success) and genetic (inbreeding depression, evolutionary potential) parameters that are crucial for population maintenance, the reproductive ecology of E. alpinum was investigated. Specifically, the aims of the study were (1) to determine the factors (resources and/or pollen) limiting plant fitness; and (2) to assess the potential for gene flow within a plant, within a patch of plants, and across a whole valley where the species is abundant. METHODS: Field experiments were performed at two sites in the Fournel valley, France, over three consecutive years. Studies included a phenological survey, observations of pollinators (visitation rates and flight distances), dispersal of a fluorescent powder used as a pollen analogue, the use of seed traps, determination of the pollen/ovule ratio, and an experiment to test whether seed production is limited by pollen and/or by resources. KEY RESULTS: E. alpinum is pollinated by generalist pollinators, visitation rates are very high and seed set is resource- rather than pollen-limited. The short flights of honeybees indicate a high potential for geitonogamy, and low pollen and seed dispersals suggest strong genetic structure over short distances. These results are interpreted in the light of previous molecular markers studies, which, in contrast, showed complete outcrossing and high genetic homogeneity. CONCLUSION:S. The study highlights the usefulness of adopting several complementary approaches to understanding the dynamic processes at work in natural populations, and the conservation implications for E. alpinum are emphasized. Although the studied populations do not seem threatened in the near future, long-term monitoring appears necessary to assess the impact of habitat fragmentation. Moreover, this study provides useful baseline data for future investigations in smaller and more isolated populations.     

Chromosomal evolution in the African Arvicanthine rats (Murinae, Rodentia): comparative cytogenetics of Lemniscomys (L. zebra, L. rosalia, L. striatus) and Arvicanthis dembeensis

Chromosomenevolution bei den afrikanischen arvicanthinen Ratten (Murinae, Rodentia): Vergleichende Cytogenetik von Lemniscomys (L. zebra, L. rosalia, L. striatus) und Arvicanthus dembeensis
Chromosomenbänderungsanalysen (G- und C- Bänderung) wurden an zwei Arten von Lemniscomys ( L. zebra, L. rosalia ) und einer dritten Art aus Benin ( L. striatus ) durchgeführt, um den Verlauf der Chromosomenevolution in dieser Gattung zu verfolgen. Ein Mustervergleich mit der G-Bänderung macht es möglich, die Umstrukturierung der Chromosomen der Karyotypen zu erkennen. Die beiden Arten aus Tansania ( L. rosalia 2n=54, FNa=62; und L. zebra 2n=54, FNa=58) sind durch zwei perizentrische Inversionen voneinander unterschieden. Ein Polymorphismus für das X-Chromosom findet sich in beiden Arten. L. rosalia zeigt außerdem zwei verschiedene Formen des Y-Chromosoms. Das Bänderungsmuster von L. striatus (2n=44, FNa=68) aus Benin läßt im Vergleich zu L. zebra fünf Robertsonsche Fusionen erkennen. Außerdem ist der Karyotyp von L. rosalia aus Tansania verschieden von dem der für Südafrika (2n=48, FNa=62) beschrieben wurde und sollte daher als eine eigene Art betrachtet werden. Eine vergleichende Bänderungsanalyse mit einer anderen arvicanthinen Art ( Arvicanthus dembeensis, 2n=62, FNa=62) zeigt zwischen den beiden Gattungen eine vollständige Homologie in den G-Banden und die Unterschiede beruhen ausschließlich auf Tandem-Fusionen, perizentrischen Inversionen und Robertsonschen Fusionen.     

Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of the Abundance of Centropages abdominalis Sato and C. tenuiremis Thompson et Scott (Copepoda) in Amursky Bay, Sea of Japan

The distribution and seasonal dynamics of Centropages abdominalis and C. tenuiremis (Copepoda) in Amursky Bay (Sea of Japan) were studied from May through November 1991. C. abdominalis occurred in plankton from May through August and in November, with a peak density of more than 40000 specimens/m³ in June, at a temperature of 15–18°C. C. tenuiremis occurred from late June through November, with a maximum total density of 6900 specimens/m³ in August, at 23°C. During the observation period, the distribution of species in the bay was irregular due to the hydrological regime and sanitary conditions of water.     

Gregariousness,field distribution and defence in the sawfly larvae Croesus varus and C. septentrionalis (Hymenoptera,Tenthredinidae)

Summary The larvae of Croesus varus are cryptic and those of C. septentrionalis aposematic. In both species, females lay eggs in groups, but the groups formed by young larvae are smaller in C. varus than in C. septentrionalis. In both species, group size decreases during successive larval instars, and the cryptic species becomes solitary, while the aposematic species remains gregarious during all larval instars. On Alnus shrubs in the field, the distribution of the groups ofC. septentrionalis larvae is more aggregative. They are found mainly on mediumsized shrubs (1.5–2.5 m high), whereas groups of C. varus larvae are also found on larger shrubs. Moreover, during the 2 years of observation, C. septentrionalis was present for a shorter time than C. varus, even when the former was much more abundant than the latter. Thus, conspicuousness of the aposematic species should be amplified by this spatial and temporal aggregation. The efficiency of both defensive strategies is compared and discussed, taking into account these particular field distributions, predation and some parasitism factors, and the chemical defences of both species.     

脆化草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus C.et V)的病理生理生态学

分别就形态、生态和病理学性状对处于脆化终极阶段（LD50≥6．67kg／kgbw）的草鱼与普通草鱼进行比较分析。高度脆化的草鱼在生态学上出现明显变化,体长和体重的指数方程W=al^n显著不同于普通草鱼,DO阈值由平均值O．54mg／L上升到平均值1．68mg／L,CO2麻醉浓度（呼吸抑制值）由194mg／L高浓度下降到52．42～65．36mg／L,Root效应及Broh效应显著改变。解剖分析表明,草鱼脆化过程是渐进性组织病变的生理过程,包括各系统器官的功能性病变,最终使过度脆化的草鱼由于血液循环障碍直接导致死亡。草鱼脆化死亡具有明显的饲料（蚕豆）累积剂量——效应反应的毒理学规律,脆化草鱼的体长与体重的指数方程W=18．1719L^2.4360可作为华南地区商品脆肉鲩标准的参考。研究结果将为脆化草鱼规模化集约养殖和提高脆化草鱼长途运输成活率提供参考。     

Morphology of Chondrophycus undulata and C. parvipapillata and its implications for the taxonomy of the Laurencia (Ceramiales,Rhodophyta) complex

Laurencia Lamouroux subgenus Chondrophycus Tokida et Saito was recently raised to generic status as Chondrophycus (Tokida et Saito) Garbary et Harper (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). The previously unknown morphology and anatomy of two Chondrophycus species, C. undulata (Yamada) Garbary et Harper and C. parvipapillata (C.K. Tseng) Garbary et Harper, were studied in specimens from Korea, Japan and Hawaii. These species share some features, such as a strongly compressed thallus, vegetative axes with two pericentral cells, tetrasporangial production from pericentral cells and spermatangial development of the trichoblast type. However, they differ from each other in the position of the first pericentral cell relative to the trichoblast in axial segments and in the position of the tetrasporangial pericentral cell. In C. undulata, the first pericentral cell is always produced at one side of the basal cell of a trichoblast, whereas in C. parvipapillata it is formed underneath this cell. While tetrasporangia in C. undulata are produced only from three (occasionally four) additional pericentral cells, in C. parvipapillata they are formed by the existing second pericentral cell and two (occasionally three) additional pericentral cells, so the resulting tetrasporangial axial segment has only one sterile pericentral cell rather than two as in C. undulata. C. undulata produces spermatangial branches from two laterals on the suprabasal cell of trichoblasts but one of the two remains partly sterile, whereas in C. parvipapillata a spermatangial branch develops from only one of the two laterals. These two species also differ distinctly from each other in some vegetative features, such as presence or absence of (1) secondary pit connections between epidermal cells, (2) a palisade structure of epidermal cells with conical projections and (3) corps en cerise. The taxonomic implications of these vegetative and reproductive features of Chondrophycus and those of other genera of the Laurencia complex necessitate changes to the generic delineations of Osmundea Stackhouse, Laurencia and Chondrophycus. The required new combinations in Chondrophycus are made, mainly for species from the western Pacific. An infrageneric classification scheme is also proposed for Chondrophycus including Kangjaewonia subgen. nov., Palisada (Yamada) subgen. stat. nov., Yuzurua subgen. nov. and Parvipapillatae sect. nov.