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piRNA是单链非编码小分子RNA,长度约26-31nt,大部分集中在29-30nt,5’端具有尿嘧啶偏向性(约86%),能够与Argonaute蛋白家族中的Piwi亚家族蛋白相互结合而产生作用。piRNA的功能主要是维持基因组中转座子的正常沉默状态,以防止基因组中转座子爆发而引起相应基因的改变。piRNA与siRNA及miRNA均是近些年发现的非编码小RNA,它们均可通过一套相应的机制进行RNA干扰,在转录、转录后甚至翻译水平对靶基因及蛋白进行调节,它们之间既有联系又有区别。piRNA数据库的建立将对这类小分子RNA的研究有很大的促进作用。 相似文献
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《微生物学免疫学进展》2016,(2)
非编码小RNA是一类通过调节基因的表达从而影响生命活动的小分子,主要包括微小RNA、内源性小干扰RNA、Piwi蛋白相互作用的RNA及竞争性内源RNA。研究发现日本血吸虫感染动物后,宿主和虫体的非编码小RNA的表达水平均发生了改变。宿主源的非编码小RNA主要为微小RNA,其中miR-454和miR-203与日本血吸虫病发生发展有关,miR-223和miR-451与日本血吸虫自身生长发育有关;日本血吸虫非编码小RNA包括微小RNA、内源性小干扰RNA,这些非编码小RNA在日本血吸虫的生长、发育、性成熟及产卵中发挥着重要作用,如sjalet-7、sja-bantam,而且像sja-miR-3479和sja-miR-0001还可以诊断日本血吸虫病。就日本血吸虫非编码小RNA的研究进展进行综述,为日本血吸虫病的防治提供参考。 相似文献
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细菌非编码小RNA(small non-coding RNA, sRNA)是一类长度在50~500个核苷酸, 不编码蛋白质的RNA。迄今, 在各种细菌中共发现超过150多种sRNA。它们通过碱基配对识别靶标mRNA, 在转录后水平调节基因的表达, 是细菌代谢、毒力和适应环境压力的重要调节因子。细菌sRNA的研究技术主要有基于生物信息学的计算机预测法和基于实验室的检测分析方法。这些方法所得到的sRNA都需要进行实验室确认, 然后再进一步通过各种实验手段研究其功能。 相似文献
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RNA是一类广泛存在的极其重要的生物大分子,它不仅种类繁多,而且不同种类的RNA在结构方面有着显著的差异。RNA种类和结构的多样性决定了RNA具有很多重要的生物学功能。随着对非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)研究的不断深入,ncRNAs同样呈现出前所未有的复杂性和多样性。主要介绍了tRNA、snRNA、scRNA、rRNA、siRNA、miRNA、pi RNA和nat-si RNA等两大类持家ncRNA和调控ncRNA的结构和功能,为便于了解生物体内小的非编码RNA的多样性,进一步挖掘和利用ncRNAs提供一定的参考,促使人们对RNA的认识和地位作出新的思考。 相似文献
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第三类小RNA和生殖细胞发育 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
果蝇中重复相关小干扰RNA(rasiRNA)和哺乳动物中Piwi相互作用RNA(piRNA)是最近发现的大小在30个核苷酸左右的小RNA,它们与已经发现的22个核苷酸左右的短干扰RNA(siRNA)和微小RNA(miRNA)有明显区别,因此命名为第三类小RNA。第三类小RNA可以与Piwi形成基因沉默复合体,并可能采取与经典RNA干扰不同的方式而影响特定基因的表达。目前这类小RNA主要在生殖细胞及干细胞中发现,尤其对生殖细胞中生理功能的全面研究,可能对RNA干扰现象有一个更为全面的理解。 相似文献
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非编码RNA在骨骼肌发育中的功能 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近几年的研究表明,非编码RNA的功能几乎涉及生命活动的各个方面。非编码RNA在骨骼肌发育中的功能研究揭示了骨骼肌发育调控的复杂性。该文总结了骨骼肌发育中非编码RNA的系统发现与鉴定以及非编码RNA在骨骼肌发育和再生中的功能研究。 相似文献
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生物节律基因非编码RNA调控机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
节律性的振荡不仅存在于生物节律中枢也存在于外周器官、组织及细胞中,其产生依赖于节律基因的转录、转录后及翻译后水平调控。近几年,生物节律转录后水平调控机制研究成为热点。非编码RNA(ncRNAs)调控组分小RNA(microRNA)与长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)作为参与转录后调控的重要分子,已有研究表明microRNA与lncRNA调控节律基因mRNA与蛋白的相位及振幅。本文概述microRNA与lncRNA参与昼夜节律中枢与外周调控的研究进展,为生物节律转录后调控机制的进一步研究提供参考。 相似文献
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piRNA的生物学功能 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
非编码小RNA(non-coding RNA, ncRNA)主要有siRNA(small interfering RNA)、miRNA(microRNA)和piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA)三类,其中piRNA是近年来新发现的一类小RNA分子,特异性地同Argonuat蛋白家族中的Piwi亚家族蛋白结合,主要在生殖细胞系中表达,对维持生殖系DNA完整、抑制转座子转录、抑制翻译、参与异染色质的形成、执行表观遗传调控和生殖细胞发生等均有重要作用.piRNA基因几乎遍布于整个基因组,但呈高度不连续性分布,大部分定位于20~90 kb的染色体基因簇上.与来自于双链RNA的siRNA和发卡结构miRNA不同之处是piRNA来自长单链RNA前体,或者是两股非重叠的反向转录前体,其生成与Dicer无关.作为调节RNA(riboregulator),piRNA和miRNA可能在动物起源早期就已经出现了,帮助生命进入了一个多细胞动物的时代,产生了今天的生物体复杂性和多样性.piRNA成为ncRNA的研究热点,进展飞快,有很多综述及时介绍piRNA的研究进展,本文结合siRNA、miRNA的特点介绍了关于piRNA的形成机制和作用的最新研究成果. 相似文献
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Germ cells are the only immortal cells in a mammalian organism. Here, I review recent progress in the research on the role of small non-coding RNAs – namely microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) – in the development of mammalian germ cells. Two key functions of small RNAs in germ cells are to globally regulate the germ cell developmental program and to keep selfish genetic elements under strict surveillance in order to maintain the germline immortality and to keep the species stable and eternal. I propose that many new members of small RNAs and even completely new types of small RNAs acting in the germline, especially in early primordial germ cells (PGCs) will be discovered in the near future. 相似文献
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With the increasing number of studies focusing on PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNAs), it is now pertinent to develop efficient tools dedicated towards piRNA analysis. We have developed a novel cluster prediction tool called PILFER (PIrna cLuster FindER), which can accurately predict piRNA clusters from small RNA sequencing data. PILFER is an open source, easy to use tool, and can be executed even on a personal computer with minimum resources. It uses a sliding-window mechanism by integrating the expression of the reads along with the spatial information to predict the piRNA clusters. We have additionally defined a piRNA analysis pipeline incorporating PILFER to detect and annotate piRNAs and their clusters from raw small RNA sequencing data and implemented it on publicly available data from healthy germline and somatic tissues. We compared PILFER with other existing piRNA cluster prediction tools and found it to be statistically more accurate and superior in many aspects such as the robustness of PILFER clusters is higher and memory efficiency is more. Overall, PILFER provides a fast and accurate solution to piRNA cluster prediction. 相似文献
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《Developmental cell》2022,57(23):2661-2668.e5
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文章介绍了基因组研究领域快速发展的两个方向:非编码序列、非编码基因和非编码RNA以及生物网络和系统生物学,也讨论了他们对生物信息学的影响。 相似文献
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piRNA和PIWI蛋白的功能机制研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
piRNA是2006年7月在动物生殖细胞中发现的一类新小分子非编码RNA。piRNA特异地与PIWI家族蛋白相互作用,因此,被命名为PIWI-interacting RNA,简称piRNA。这类长度在26~32核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA代表了一个生殖细胞转座子沉默的独特小RNA通路。它们可能通过与PIWI家族蛋白质相互作用,在表观遗传学水平和转录后水平沉默转座子等基因组自私性遗传元件,参与生殖干细胞自我维持和分化命运决定、减数分裂、精子形成等生殖相关事件。在piRNA发现后短短数年的时间,对其生物发生、功能及作用机制的研究都取得了诸多重大突破。该文就piRNA研究的最新研究进展作一简述。 相似文献
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Kazue Nagasawa Jorge M.O. Fernandes Goro Yoshizaki Misako Miwa Igor Babiak 《Molecular reproduction and development》2013,80(2):118-131
No information exists on the identification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the super‐order Protacanthopterygii, which includes the Salmonidae family and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), one of the most commercially important aquatic animals worldwide. In order to identify salmon PGCs, we cloned the full‐length cDNA of vasa, dead end (dnd), and lymphocyte antigen 75 (ly75/CD205) genes as germ cell marker candidates, and analyzed their expression patterns in both adult and embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR results showed that salmon vasa and dnd were specifically expressed in testis and ovary, and vasa, dnd, and ly75 mRNA were maternally deposited in the egg. vasa mRNA was consistently detected throughout embryogenesis while dnd and ly75 mRNA were gradually degraded during cleavages. In situ analysis revealed the localization of vasa and dnd mRNA and Ly75 protein in PGCs of hatched larvae. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization detected vasa mRNA during embryogenesis, showing a distribution pattern somewhat different to that of zebrafish; specifically, at mid‐blastula stage, vasa‐expressing cells were randomly distributed at the central part of blastodisc, and then they migrated to the presumptive region of embryonic shield. Therefore, the typical vasa localization pattern of four clusters during blastulation, as found in zebrafish, was not present in Atlantic salmon. In addition, salmon PGCs could be specifically labeled with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) using gfp‐rt‐vasa 3′‐UTR RNA microinjection for further applications. These findings may assist in understanding PGC development not only in Atlantic salmon but also in other salmonids. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Katrina A. Brandis Sarah Gale Sarah Jinn Stephen J. Langmade Nicole Dudley-Rucker Hui Jiang Rohini Sidhu Aileen Ren Anna Goldberg Jean E. Schaffer Daniel S. Ory 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(50):35703-35713
Mobilization of plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for cellular cholesterol homeostasis. The mechanisms regulating this retrograde, intermembrane cholesterol transfer are not well understood. Because mutant cells with defects in PM to endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol trafficking can be isolated on the basis of resistance to amphotericin B, we conducted an amphotericin B loss-of-function screen in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using insertional mutagenesis to identify genes that regulate this trafficking mechanism. Mutant line A1 displayed reduced cholesteryl ester formation from PM-derived cholesterol and increased de novo cholesterol synthesis, indicating a deficiency in retrograde cholesterol transport. Genotypic analysis revealed that the A1 cell line contained one disrupted allele of the U60 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) host gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency of the box C/D snoRNA U60. Complementation and mutational studies revealed the U60 snoRNA to be the essential feature from this locus that affects cholesterol trafficking. Lack of alteration in predicted U60-mediated site-directed methylation of 28 S rRNA in the A1 mutant suggests that the U60 snoRNA modulates cholesterol trafficking by a mechanism that is independent of this canonical function. Our study adds to a growing body of evidence for participation of small noncoding RNAs in cholesterol homeostasis and is the first to implicate a snoRNA in this cellular function. 相似文献
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Ro S Park C Jin J Sanders KM Yan W 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2006,351(3):756-763
Recent cloning efforts have identified hundreds of thousands of small RNAs including micro RNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). These non-coding small RNAs need to be further validated and characterized by detecting and quantifying their expression in different tissues and during different developmental courses. A simple, accurate, and sensitive method for small RNA expression profiling is in high demand. Here, we report such a PCR-based method. 相似文献