《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

《现代生物医学进展》投稿指南

办刊宗旨:生物医学是本世纪生命科学的研究热点和前沿,可以说生物医学的发展代表着一个时期生命科学发展的主流和方向,起着带动性和变革性的重大作用,并对人类社会发展和科学本身产生革命性影响。当前,生物医学的发展异常迅猛,不断出     

动作发展神经科学:未来路径与布局

儿童早期动作的发展可视为个体早期的外显智力,动作的毕生发展与个体认知发展及个性和社会性发展密切相关.认知神经学科和脑科学技术的革命性发展为研究动作领域的毕生发展的神经机制提供了基础和契机.从毕生发展的角度看,动作的产生以及动作技能的获得是婴儿阶段发育的里程碑;到了儿童青少年期,动作技能的有效性、精确性和稳定性均得到提高...     

Evaluating ecotourism in natural protected areas of La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México: ecotourism or nature-based tourism?

In natural protected areas, ecotourism could provide the impetus andeconomic investment for improved conservation of species and habitats. However,few studies have attempted to characterise sustainable ecotourism and positiveexamples of ecotourism are still rare. This study conducted a series ofinterviews at the local, regional, and national level in order to identifygeneral feeling and concerns of government and non-government institutions withrespect to ecotourism. Questionnaires were used to assess the extent offulfillment of ecotourism principles by tour operators in protected areas of LaPaz Bay. Government and non-government institutions interviewed expectedecotourism to be a means for regional development, a conservation strategy andcompatible with conservation activities. Ecotourism operators surveyed were morelikely to be considered ecotourism ventures, reaching on average 10 indicators( 3, n = 14), and were found to be providing, insome way, benefits to the conservation of the area. Current ecotourismactivities may provide benefits for conservation, but are not comparable to thecosts involved in the conservation of the protected areas concerned. Hence,current ecotourism activities have not met the expectations of the protectedarea managers. The role that ecotourism can play as a conservation strategydepends on the strategies designed by protected area managers to take touroperators to share the costs and benefits of environmental services.     

A new way to measure the world's protected area coverage

Protected areas are effective at stopping biodiversity loss, but their placement is constrained by the needs of people. Consequently protected areas are often biased toward areas that are unattractive for other human uses. Current reporting metrics that emphasise the total area protected do not account for this bias. To address this problem we propose that the distribution of protected areas be evaluated with an economic metric used to quantify inequality in income--the Gini coefficient. Using a modified version of this measure we discover that 73% of countries have inequitably protected their biodiversity and that common measures of protected area coverage do not adequately reveal this bias. Used in combination with total percentage protection, the Gini coefficient will improve the effectiveness of reporting on the growth of protected area coverage, paving the way for better representation of the world's biodiversity.     

Assessing protected area network effectiveness through the temporal change in avian communities’ composition

Current rates of land use are driving temporal changes in avian communities. Thus, it is essential to properly designate and manage protected areas since they mitigate the adverse effects of temporal changes on species populations. By using common bird monitoring data in Czechia from two periods (2005/2006 and 2014/2015), we calculated two indices of temporal change per each site, the Jaccard dissimilarity index (temporal dissimilarity between the community composition) and the difference in bird species richness between both periods (delta bird species richness). We tested three main predictions on temporal change in bird communities between protected and unprotected areas: (i) bird species richness will be higher inside protected areas, (ii) temporal changes in avian communities will be lower inside protected areas, (iii) the effect of protected areas will interact with land-use types, land-use richness, and altitudinal zones. Bird species richness was higher inside protected areas in 2014/2015, ten years after the implementation of Natura 2000 in Czechia. Both indices of temporal change were lower inside protected areas. The interactions of protected areas and land-use types on the indices of temporal change were not significant. However, interactions with altitudinal zones had a significant positive effect on the indices, i.e., in higher altitudes, delta bird species richness and higher dissimilarity levels. Our study underlines the importance of protected areas for conservation by buffering the consequences of factors driving temporal community changes. Together, our results indicate a positive ‘umbrella’ effect of protected areas on avian communities that was likely facilitated by the implementation of Natura 2000.     

SUMMER DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC BIRDS OFF THE COAST OF ARGENTINA

Eighteen species of sea–birds were observed from CSS 'Hudson' in the South Atlantic between the Rio de la Plata and Tierra del Fuego in late January and late February 1970. Major feeding areas were noted off Mar del Plata, the Valdes Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, the first two in rich modified or unmodified water of the subantarctic Falkland Current, associated with upwelling. The southernmost area had most birds, the northernmost fewest. A temperate–latitude assemblage including Yellow–nosed Albatross and Cory's Shearwater occurred off Mar del Plata in warmed water of subantarctic (Falkland Current) origin. South of 39°S these two species were replaced by Black–browed Albatross and Great Shearwater in cold offshore water of the Falkland Current. Off the Valdes Peninsula Black–browed Albatross, Great and Sooty Shearwaters, White–chinned Petrels and family groups of Magellanic Penguins occurred near the edge of highly–productive water of the Falkland Current. The largest feeding area, east of Tierra del Fuego, had Magellanic and Rockhopper Penguins, Great Shearwaters, King Cormorants, South American Terns and jaegers, but no oceanographic information is available. At 50°S prions and diving petrels appeared for the first time, marking a possible oceanographic discontinuity or proximity to colonies on the Falkland Islands. Several common species of the South Atlantic were not seen on the transect including Cape Pigeon, Southern Fulmar, Soft–plumaged Petrel, Schlegel's Petrel and Pediunker. Kelp Gull, South American Tern, Manx Shearwater and jaegers were rare or absent far from land. New southern limits for the western South Atlantic Ocean were established for Cory's and Manx Shearwaters, and the Great Shearwater was observed for the first time in Chilean waters.     

Reproductive Investment in Brachyura

The costs of reproduction in brachyurans are reviewed. In both sexes a number of aspects of reproductive behaviour and physiology can result in higher mortality and/or slower growth. Mortality can be increased by the greater exposure or the reduced mobility of the crabs: these are illustrated by selected examples, but there is a dearth of quantitative data. Slower growth can result from reduced feeding, or the diversion of resources to reproduction. These have been better quantified. The investment by females in egg production is examined in detail. In free living crabs investment per brood in dry weight terms ranges from 3–21%, with a mean of about 11%. This investment is constrained by body morphology. However, in commensal/parasitic crabs the value rises to 60–90%: reasons for this are discussed. Many crabs produce more than one brood per year, and annual investment rises with brood number, though with some trade off. For temperate free living species annual investment ranges from 6–64%, with a mean of 22%. However tropical species produce more broods, and annual investment can reach 250%. In both temperate and tropical regimes there is a higher annual investment by commensal/parasitic species, of up to 470%. Priorities for future research are outlined.     

广西南宁地区保护区的分类和有效管理

本文以南宁地区的保护区为例,全面阐述了它们的分类地位和有效管理方向,检验了作者所提出的保护区分类系统和标准是符合实际情况和切实可行的。     

Eco-floristic sectors and deforestation threats in Sumatra: identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning

Biogeographical studies are a necessary step in establishing conservation area networks. Determining the ecological factors influencing vegetation is also a basic principle for hierarchical ecological classifications and a necessary prerequisite for ecosystem-based land use planning. Eco-floristic sectors (EFS) have already been identified for the Indonesian island of Sumatra, combining both approaches, dividing it into 38 EFSs representing unique ecosystems in terms of tree flora and environment (Laumonier 1997). The impact of deforestation on individual EFSs has been highly varied and in some cases extreme. We assigned one of five ‘extinction risk categories’ to each EFS based on the percentage of forest lost between 1985 and 2007. Eighty-five percent of all forest loss (10.2 million ha) occurred in the eastern peneplain, western lowland regions and swamps. In 2007, only 29% of forests were protected by conservation areas, only nine of the 38 EFS had more than 50% of their remaining forest cover protected. 38% of remaining forest was “critically endangered”, “endangered” or “vulnerable” EFSs (5 million ha) but only 1 million ha (20%) were protected. Sumatra’s existing network of conservation areas does not adequately represent the island’s ecosystems. Priorities for a new conservation area network can be formulated for integration into Sumatra’s new land use plans at provincial and district level. Decision makers can now use EFSs to locate new conservation areas so they represent and maintain the whole range of the island’s diversity.     

Underperformance of African Protected Area Networks and the Case for New Conservation Models: Insights from Zambia

Many African protected areas (PAs) are not functioning effectively. We reviewed the performance of Zambia’s PA network and provide insights into how their effectiveness might be improved. Zambia’s PAs are under-performing in ecological, economic and social terms. Reasons include: a) rapidly expanding human populations, poverty and open-access systems in Game Management Areas (GMAs) resulting in widespread bushmeat poaching and habitat encroachment; b) underfunding of the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) resulting in inadequate law enforcement; c) reliance of ZAWA on extracting revenues from GMAs to cover operational costs which has prevented proper devolution of user-rights over wildlife to communities; d) on-going marginalization of communities from legal benefits from wildlife; e) under-development of the photo-tourism industry with the effect that earnings are limited to a fraction of the PA network; f) unfavourable terms and corruption which discourage good practice and adequate investment by hunting operators in GMAs; g) blurred responsibilities regarding anti-poaching in GMAs resulting in under-investment by all stakeholders. The combined effect of these challenges has been a major reduction in wildlife densities in most PAs and the loss of habitat in GMAs. Wildlife fares better in areas with investment from the private and/or NGO sector and where human settlement is absent. There is a need for: elevated government funding for ZAWA; greater international donor investment in protected area management; a shift in the role of ZAWA such that they focus primarily on national parks while facilitating the development of wildlife-based land uses by other stakeholders elsewhere; and new models for the functioning of GMAs based on joint-ventures between communities and the private and/or NGO sector. Such joint-ventures should provide defined communities with ownership of land, user-rights over wildlife and aim to attract long-term private/donor investment. These recommendations are relevant for many of the under-funded PAs occurring in other African countries.     

The performance of the global protected area system in capturing vertebrate geographic ranges

Given the heavy reliance placed on and investment in protected areas for biological conservation, there has been much debate as to how effective these are in representing biodiversity features within their boundaries. The majority of studies addressing this issue have been conducted on a regional or national basis, precluding a broad picture of patterns of representation at the species level. We present a global assessment of the representation of the terrestrial geographic ranges of complete taxonomic groups: all known extant amphibians, birds and mammals (20,736 species) within the current global system of protected areas. We conclude that it is necessary substantially to improve the levels of coverage of the geographic ranges of the majority of species, even the widespread ones. This is particularly true for rare species, which might be assumed to be foci for protected area systems. To improve on the low levels of coverage of vertebrate ranges attained by the existing areas, key regions should be targeted, but heavy reliance will also have to be placed on approaches to sustaining populations in the wider, unprotected landscape.     

Neglect of biological riches: the economics of nature tourism in Nepal

Nepal's spectacular parks and reserves have attracted dramatically increasing numbers of foreign visitors. It might be expected that these protected areas would be nurtured as valuable and irreplaceable economic assets. However they are becoming seriously degraded and the financial resources provided for their management have been inadequate. This paper explores why — starting with the hypothesis that so little of the economic value of protected area tourism in Nepal is captured through fees and other charges assessed on foreign visitors that the protected areas are perceived as being of inconsequential value. It is conservatively estimated that $27 million of tourists' total expenditure in Nepal were attributable to the protected area network in 1988, when the costs of managing the parks were less than $5 million but direct fees colleeted from tourists visiting the protected areas amounted to less than $1 million. These figures suggest the parks are a good investment. But it could also be argued that the costs of park management were more than five times the revenues collected by the government from park tourists. Policy measures are identified which could help Nepal increase the economic as well as environmental benefits from nature tourism.Case studies of Nepal's most-visited protected areas emphasize that the lack of funds for protected area management is not the only constraint on effective management. Some important economic and institutional interests have yet to be effectively reconciled with conservation in the protected areas. Most problematic are local people's economic aspirations and the operating practices of the principal government agencies involved — the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and the Ministry of Tourism. Fortunately there have recently been some encouraging signs of change within both of these agencies.