污水净化湿地模拟系统中的细菌和藻类的生态分布研究

以湿地土壤－微生物模拟系统为基础,研究了细菌和灌类关不同处理单元中的生态分布和种类变化。随着系统中微生物的净化作用,污水中污染物浓度下降,污染负荷降低,细菌和藻类的种类和数量也发生相应的变化。系统中,藻类种类由耐污种类向喜清种类过渡,显示了藻类是良好的水质评价和监测的指示生物。细菌总量降低,第４单元中的细菌总量比第１单元要低２个数量 级。Ｍａｒｇａｌｅｆ多样性指数逐渐升高,第１单元为０．３８,第２     

白云山土壤微生物的季节变化及其对环境污染的反应

初步调查了广州市白云山土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物．在人为活动频繁的样地土壤微生物的多样性及其生物量均大于森林内的３个样地．土壤微生物的生物量高峰期出现在秋冬季节．用不同污染程度的水处理土壤１５ｄ后,以蒸馏水（ｐＨ７．０）处理为对照,土壤微生物种类多样性的顺序为：蒸馏水＞溪水（ｐＨ５．４）＞雨水（ｐＨ４．８）＞污水（ｐＨ４．２）;而土壤微生物的生物量则无显著变化     

嵊泗列岛潮间带群落生态学研究Ⅰ．岩相潮间带底栖生物群落组成及季节变化

对嵊泗列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物群落的研究表明,受盐度及海岸开敞度影响,该列岛岩相潮间带生活着低盐性、广盐性及高盐性３种类型群落．多毛类数量,从西部到东部呈逐渐增加的趋势,软体动物密度和生物量顺序分别为ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１和ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４;甲壳动物分别为ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４和ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１;藻类生物量顺序为ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１．垂直分布上,多毛类数量,断面ＤＹ１及ＳＪ２为中湖区＞低潮区＞高潮区,断面ＨＬ３及ＳＳ４为低潮区＞中潮区＞高潮区;软体动物、甲壳动物和藻类生物量顺序均为中潮区＞低潮区＞高潮区．藻类生物量一般以春秋季最高,夏季较低;底栖动物生物量,ＤＹ１以夏秋季生物量较大,冬季最小,ＳＪ２、ＨＬ３分别以春秋生物量最大,ＳＪ２以冬季最小,ＨＬ３以春季最小．     

白洋淀浮游植物现状

本文研讨了白洋淀重新蓄水后的浮游植物种类组成、数量分布与环境理化因子的关系,并依据多样性指数标准及指示种评价了白洋淀水质。１９９０年５月至１９９２年７月共鉴定到浮游植物８门,１０纲,２５自,５０科,１３５属,３９８种,２０变种。其中绿藻门６５属１９１种８变种;硅藻门２７属９８种１１变种;蓝藻门２７属６８种;隐藻门最少,仅有１属４种。白洋淀重新蓄水后浮游植物的数量分布以南刘庄最高,年沟值９７３．７ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ;韩村最低,仅２６．０ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ。白洋症水样含浮游植物细胞密度春季最高,平均值为４１１．４ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,并以绿藻占绝对优势,平均值为３５３．２ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,占春季总量的８５．８５％,占绿藻全年总量的４０．６２％。不同淀区浮游植物种类组成的多样性指数在０．６１７—０．９１９（Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）和３．１９０—４．５０１（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｅａｖｅｒ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）范围。     

缢蛏碱性磷酸酶胍溶液中分子折叠与活力变化研究

报道了缢蛏碱性磷酸酶（简称ＡＬＰ）经不同浓度盐酸胍处理时酶的分子构象所发生的变化以及酶变化和失活的动力学过程。在胍中酶荧光发射峰强度下降,紫外差光谱在２４６ｎｍ和２８５ｎｍ处出现２个负峰,ＣＤ谱中酶的α螺旋度下降,且随浓度增大,变化程度也加大。动力学研究表明,酶在０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、４．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸胍中的变性速度常数分别为３．２１×１０~（－４）ｓ~（－１）、６．３８×１０~（－４）ｓ~（－１）、２．１７×１０~（－３）ｓ~（－１）、２．３３×１０~（－３）ｓ~９－１）、５．１７×１０~（－３）ｓ~（－１）;而酶在相应盐酸胍中的失活速度常数分别为２．３３×１０~（－４）ｓ~（－１）、３．５７×１０~（－４）ｓ~（－１）、５．８６×１０~（－４）ｓ~（－１）、１．１４×１０~（－３）ｓ~（－１）、３．４５×１０~（－３）ｓ~（－１）;表现为失活与构象伸展变化基本平行。     

舟山某码头近地面大气微生物污染初步调查

本文报告了用ＦＡ－Ⅰ空气微生物采样器测定了舟山某码头近地面大气细菌和真菌的浓度分布、粒子大小以及对细菌染色形态观察。结果表明,大气中的细菌浓度为１１３ＣＦＵ／ｍ３,真菌为２６５ＣＦＵ／ｍ３。细菌的ＣＭＤ为４．９０ｕｍ,ＧＳＤ为２．７５,真菌的ＣＭＤ为４．８０ｕｍ,ＧＳＤ为１．５０。细菌染色镜检观察,革兰氏阳性菌占８８．９％,阴性菌占１１．１％。阳性菌中球菌最多,无芽胞杆菌次之,芽胞杆菌最少。阴性菌中无芽胞杆菌最多。     

EDTA对Cu在水生微宇宙中的毒性和分布的影响

利用实验室人工合成培养微宇宙,研究不同浓度ＥＤＴＡ（０．０、１．０、８．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）对微宇宙中Ｃｕ（２．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）的毒性及Ｃｕ的分布．结果表明,在微宇宙运行过程中,投加２．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１Ｃｕ后,ＥＤＴＡ浓度为０．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１试验组中大型种群大小、叶绿素ａ浓度及总初级生产力与总呼吸的比值（Ｐ／Ｒ）随时间变动曲线,明显低于其它试验组的曲线,ＥＤＴＡ的存在削弱了Ｃｕ对大型和藻类的毒性作用,并缓解了Ｃｕ对生态系统代谢功能的干扰;同时改变了微宇宙中Ｃｕ在不同隔室中的分布,水体中Ｃｕ相对增加（０．１％～６．７％）,沉积物中相对减少（０．８％～６．５％）;ＥＤＴＡ的存在影响了藻类和大型对Ｃｕ的积累系数（ｐ＜０．０５）．     

极端嗜酸微生物

一般认为,极端嗜酸微生物指那些生长ｐＨ上限为３．０最适生长ｐＨ在１．０～２．５之间的微生物。它们一般分布于金属硫矿床酸性矿水、生物滤沥堆、煤矿床酸性矿水以及合硫温泉和土壤中,包括原核和真核两大类。其中原核嗜酸微生物依生长的温度范围不同又可划分成常温型、中温型和高温型３个类群。由于嗜酸微生物在低品位矿生物滤沥及煤的脱硫等方面有重要应用前景,因此受到广泛重视。１极端嗜酸微生物的多样性及主要类群在极端酸性环境中的真核生命几乎完全限于微生物。在黄石公园的温泉水体中已分离到光合作用的藻类。从其它一些地方金…     

中国夜蛾科昆虫区系初步研究（鳞翅目：双孔亚目）

对我国分布记载较详细的１４１０种夜蛾科昆虫区系分析结果表明：１）在世界昆虫区系中,可分为１７个分布型,以东洋界种类最多,占３５．６％;古北界种类居第二,占３３．０％;古北界和东洋界共有种类居第三,占２３．０％。２）中国夜蛾科昆虫主要由古北界种类、东洋界种类、古北界和东洋界共有种类组成,占总数的９１．７％;与澳洲界共有６７种,占４．８％;与非洲界共有５１种,占３．６％;与新北界共有２３种,占１．６％     

沙漠结皮中藻类生态的研究

笔者对宁夏中卫沙坡头干旱区沙漠表面结皮中藻类进行了为时１０个月（１９９１年５月－１９９２年２月）的定量和定性研究、结果表明：共出现１３个属的藻类,其中蓝藻５属,绿藻６属（包括１个未鉴定出的属）,硅藻２属。运用稀释平板法得到藻类生物量平均为８．１１７×１０￣４ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ　Ｄ．Ｓ．根据结皮土壤的理化性质（包括ｐＨ、含水量、电导率、水溶性Ｋ￣＋、Ｎａ￣＋、Ｃａ￣（２＋）和Ｍｇ￣（２＋）的量、交换性盐基总量、全磷量、有机质和凯氏氮）及气候条件（气温、降雨量和土壤温度）分别与藻类生物量的简单相关系数可知影响生物量比较显著的因子有交换性盐基总量（ｒ＝０．６８３）、降雨量（ｒ＝０．７１２）、有机质含量（ｒ＝０．５８４）和水溶性Ｎａ￣＋（ｒ＝０．５８６）。进一步运用逐步回归分析的方法,结果表明影响藻类生物量最显著的相关因子是水溶性Ｍｇ￣（２＋）和降雨量（Ｒ￣２＝７８．７４％）。     

Uronic acid sequence in alginate from different sources

Alginate may be considered as a block co-polymer of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids, and consists of three types of blocks: homopolymeric blocks of mannuronic acid (MM) and of guluronic acid (GG), and blocks with an alternating sequence (MG). The block composition of alginates has been characterized by a simple chemical method involving partial hydrolysis with acid, followed by fractional precipitation of the acid-resistant part of the alginate. Alginates from eleven different species of brown algae have been examined and, for five species, alginates from different tissues have been compared. The results indicate that young tissue is rich in MM blocks, and that the difference between the alginates from different species is mainly due to the alginates from the older parts of the plants. Extracellular alginates from two types of bacteria have been examined.     

The performance and phase separated characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating soybean protein processing wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with four compartments using soybean protein processing wastewater as organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated for the performance and phase separated characteristics. It was found that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were 92-97% at 1.2-6.0kgCOD/m(3)d feeding. The dominated species, propionate and butyrate, were found in the 1st compartment. Acetate was dominated in the 2nd compartment and then decreased in the 3rd and 4th. Meanwhile, 93% volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were removed in the 3rd and 4th compartments. In the 1st compartment, biogas revealed carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and hydrogen (H(2)). The highest H(2) yield was found in the 2nd compartment, thereafter decreased from the 2nd to 4th which corresponded to the increased of the methane (CH(4)) yield. It indicated that the proper anaerobic consortium in each separate compartment was developed along with substrate availability and specific environmental conditions.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenomys lami</Emphasis>: The highest chromosome variability in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenomys</Emphasis> (Rodentia,Ctenomyidae) due to a centric fusion/fission and pericentric inversion system

Ctenomys lami Freitas, 2001 is an endemic species of rodent inhabiting the Coastal Plain of southern Brazil, along a narrow line of old dunes formed in the Pleistocene. This species has five different diploid numbers (2n=54, 55a, 55b, 56a, 56b, 57 and 58) and ten different autosomal fundamental numbers (FNa=74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, and 84). In a sample of 102 specimens, the combined 2n and FNa formed 26 different karyotypes. The diploid number variation was due to Robertsonian rearrangements that occur in pairs 1 and 2, and the variation of NFas was due to pericentric inversions. The distribution of diploid number variation along the 78 km line of collection sites reveals four population blocks: block A with 2n=54, 55a, and 56a; block B with 2n=57 and 58; block C with 2n=54 and 55a; and block D with 2n=56b and 55b. The inversion system lacks geographic structure with a random distribution of inversions along the population blocks. A very narrow hybrid zone is hypothesized between blocks A and B. Blocks B and C are separated by a geographic barrier, and another hybrid zone is found between blocks C and D. My findings suggest that this species is undergoing a process of speciation due to geographic isolation.     

Periphyton in the Volta Lake. II. Seasonal changes on wooden blocks with depth

A seasonal study of the periphyton developed on wooden blocks suspended at five constant depths (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 m) in the Pawm-pawm arm of the Volta Lake is reported. The early colonizers at all depths were diatom species, they gradually declined in diversity and numbers and blue-green algae and green algae became more common. After one year the shallower (0–1 m) blocks were covered by a luxuriant growth of filamentous green algae though at lower levels diatoms predominated. Diversity and cell numbers of algae decreased with depth, this was most pronounced below 2 m. It appears that filamentous green algae eventually come to dominate wooden surfaces floating at relatively shallow depths in the Volta Lake.     

Drinking rate, uptake of bacteria and microalgae in turbot larvae

The drinking rate of turbot larvae increased from 14 to 120 nl larva^-1 h^-1 from day 2 to 11 after hatching, which gave a slightly increased specific drinking rate (calculated per biomass) from day 2 to 7 (0·8–1·9 nl μg carbon^-1 h^-1. The clearance rate of both algae and bacteria was 10–100 times higher than the drinking rate, which indicated that the larvae had an active uptake of both algae and bacteria. On day 2 and 4 after hatching highest clearance rate was observed for Tetraselmis sp. On day 6 about the same clearance rate was observed for bacteria, Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis sp. Until day 4 the turbot larvae had a higher ingestion rate of Tetraselmis sp. than of I. galbana , whereas on day 6 the rates were similar (28–41 ng carbon larvae^-1 h^-1). The assimilation efficiency was somewhat higher for I. galbana than for Tetraselmis sp., and on day 6 the assimilated algae constituted 1·5 and 0·9% of the larval biomass for I. galbana and Tetraselmis sp., respectively.     

杉木连栽土壤微生物多样性的比较研究

分析了位于湖南会同广坪镇1～4代人工杉木林根际土壤微生物数量变化情况,结果表明,随杉木连栽代数的增加,根际土壤中三大类群微生物数量发生显著变化,细菌和放线菌数量明显减少,真菌数量显著增加.利用PCR和DGGE技术分析了1～4代杉木林根际土壤细菌区系和真菌区系.结果表明,细菌生物多样性在不同连栽代数杉木根际土壤中变化不明显,各代杉木土壤之间细菌的遗传相似性为87%.而真菌随连栽代数的增加,DGGE图谱带逐渐减少,真菌生物多样性降低,各代杉木土壤之间真菌的遗传相似性也较低,仅为45%.对各代杉木土壤主要真菌类群的分析表明,随连栽代数的增加,病原真菌及产毒真菌增加显著.     

滩涂富营养池塘中浮游生物种群结构及其生态调控研究

本文研究了种植芦苇和菖蒲,放养鲢,接种有益微生物对滩涂富营养水体藻类和浮游动物的群落结构、数量、生物量等。不同处理藻的种类有差异,对照和放养鲢水体无隐藻门和黄藻门,其他两处理都有7门。种植芦苇、菖蒲等水生植物以及接种有益微生物都可以使水体藻类多样化,减少蓝藻生物量比例。放养鲢水体藻类种数减少,提高了蓝藻生物量的比例,优势种群变为铜绿微囊藻、针状蓝纤维藻、线形棒条藻等。对照和放养鲢处理水体原生动物种类较多,其生物量比例较高;接种有益微生物水体浮游动物数量最多、生物量最大,以轮虫类和枝角类为主。接种有益微生物大幅度地降低生态系统中总氮、氨态氮、总磷的浓度,其含量分别是对照的57.1%、42.7%、57.9%;同时可以降低COD值,提高溶氧水平和透明度。总之,种植芦苇、唐菖蒲等水生植物或接种有益微生物可以改善水体微生态机构和生态结构。       

Interaction between algae and seed germination in tropical dune slack species: a facilitation process

The importance of algae dune slack stabilisation has been extensively analysed, but little has been done regarding their potentially favourable role in germination and establishment of phanerogams. Dune slack is a seasonal freshwater habitat that depends on water table level fluctuation. Our hypothesis is that in these highly unpredictable systems, algae maintain a certain degree of humidity in the soil and, thus, permit phanerogam germination and establishment. The objective of this study was to compare the germination of four species characteristic of tropical dune systems: Cyperus articulatus L., Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br., Fuirena simplex Vahl and Rhynchospora colorata (L.) Pfeiffer, in different substrates and degrees of humidity. For germination trials, seeds of the four species were placed each on three substrates: in sand (control), filamentous algae on sand and cotton on sand. Two irrigation protocols were followed: continual watering (wet treatment) and weekly watering (dry treatment). Each week during a 21-week period, the number of germinated seeds from each species was recorded. The highest percentage of germination for the four species was observed during wet treatment. C. articulatus had the highest germination rate of the four species in algae (70%), and cotton (51%) on sand. Highest germination for F. simplex, F. cymosa and R. colorata took place in algae, although the percentages were very low. Differences in germination between the three substrates for these species were statistically significant (P<0.05). During dry treatment, C. articulatus was the only species that exhibited a significant germination, principally in algae and cotton. The results suggest that algae maintain substrate humidity and favour germination of the four species. This could be important in sand dune slacks where marked fluctuations in temperature and humidity occur.     

Effects of oxygen deficiency on survival and glycogen content of Chironomus anthracinus (Diptera,Chironomidae) under laboratory and field conditions

Growth and glycogen content of Chironomus anthracinus in Lake Esrom, Denmark was examined during summer stratification in 1992 and 1993. Simultaneously, effects of oxygen deficiency on glycogen utilization and survival were experimentally studied. The population consisted of almost fullgrown 4th instar larvae in 1992 and 2nd and 3rd instar larvae in 1993. Growth rate and glycogen content changed as hypolimnetic oxygen deficiency increased. During a 1st phase of stratification dry weight and glycogen content increased (2nd and 3rd instars) or was almost constant (4th instar) but decreased significantly during the following 2nd phase. This change from growth to degrowth and utilization of endogenous glycogen reserves correlated with a change in the thickness of the microxic layer (<0.2 mg O₂ 1^–1) above the sediment surface. The layer increased from 2–3 m in phase 1 to 4–5 m in phase 2, and we suggest that this deteriorated the oxygen conditions and resulted in a change in larval energy metabolism from fully aerobic during the 1st phase to partly anaerobic in the 2nd phase. During the 2nd phase larval metabolism was estimated at less than 20% of normoxic rate. Experimental exposure of the larvae to anoxia indicated highly different survival of young larvae (2nd and 3rd instars) and older larvae (large 4th instars). The morality of young larvae was 50% after three days in anoxia at 10 °C, whereas only 25% of the older larvae had died after 3–4 weeks under similar conditions. Extending the treatment, however, resulted in increased death rate of the 4th instar larvae with only 10% surviving after seven weeks. The anaerobic metabolism of 4th instar larvae as estimated from glycogen degradation at 10 °C was 5% of normoxia in the interval from 0–5 days but 1.5% in the interval from 20–25 days. It is concluded that survival of C. anthracinus in anoxia is very limited, but traces of oxygen in the environment allowing for faint aerobic metabolism prolong the survival time of the larvae from a few days (2nd and 3rd instars) or a few weeks (4th instar) to probably 3–4 months.     

一种复合微生态制剂对养殖水体中生物因子的影响

[目的]研究海水养殖池塘中投放以芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌为主的一种自主研发的微生态制剂对池塘养殖生物、微生物菌相、浮游生物的影响,以期为建立微生物生态调控技术体系提供参考.[方法]实验期间,每隔15d于试验池塘中泼洒微生态制剂一次,每月末取样测量水体和底泥中异养菌和弧菌密度、浮游生物种类和密度,实验结束时测量养殖生物的生长率和成活率.[结果]该微生态制剂能够显著提高南美白对虾和三疣梭子蟹的存活率和生长速度,试验组南美白对虾的存活率和体重增长率较对照组分别提高了11.3％和1 400％,试验组三疣梭子蟹的存活率和体重增长率较对照组分别提高了1.2％和37.5％;微生态制剂能够显著提高海水池塘的异养菌总数,从而抑制致病性弧菌的数量,试验组池水和底泥的异养菌平均密度在整个养殖期较对照组提高了58.5％和51.3％,而试验组水体中致病菌——弧菌的数量在整个养殖期较对照组降低了39.7％;微生态制剂使绿藻门和硅藻门的藻类密度明显增加,对蓝藻和甲藻的生长有抑制作用.[结论]该微生态制剂能够有效地改善养殖池塘中生物群落结构,提高某些养殖品种的生长速度.