Interaction of Concanavalin A and a Divalent Derivative with Lymphocytes and Reconstituted Lymphocyte Membrane Glycoproteins

Both concanavalin A (con A) and its divalent derivative, succinyl-concanavalin A (S-con A) are mitogenic for porcine lymph node lymphocytes. We have compared the binding of these two lectins to intact porcine lymphocytes and phospholipid vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins. Both con A and S-con A showed high- and low-affinity binding to intact cells, as indicated by LIGAND analysis of Scatchard plots of binding data. Despite the apparently identical saccharide specificities of the two lectins, high-affinity binding sites for S-con A were only one-third as numerous as high-affinity sites for the parent lectin. Large numbers of low-affinity binding sites existed for con A, while many fewer were present for S-con A. It is suggested that these sites result from hydrophobic association. Con A bound to lymphocytes in a positively cooperative fashion, while S-con A showed non-cooperative behavior. Lectin binding to large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins was measured using a rapid filtration assay, and was linear with the glycoprotein content of the vesicles. Almost all of the outward-facing glycoprotein was functional in terms of lectin binding. Reconstituted glycoproteins showed only a single class of high-affinity binding sites for both con A and S-con A, with association constants similar to those measured for intact cells. Con A, but not S-con A, showed positively cooperative binding to reconstituted vesicles. Cooperativity was observed in both gel phase and liquid crystalline phase lipid, and was thus not dependent on long-range lateral rearrangement of glycoprotein receptors. Results suggested that con A induces a microre-distribution of receptors on the lymphocyte membrane surface, leading to the exposure of glycoproteins that were previously inaccessible to the lectin. S-Con A does not cause glycoprotein redistribution, and a large fraction of the receptors remain cryptic.     

细胞质膜蛋白与肿瘤的相关性研究进展

肿瘤相关研究一直是科研领域的重点与难点。肿瘤的发生、发展和转移与细胞质膜蛋白关系密切,质膜蛋白的过量表达、缺失或修饰,使细胞的信号转导、物质运输、黏附作用、免疫原性等发生改变,从而影响了肿瘤细胞的上述过程。简要综述了相关领域的研究进展。     

入侵疟原虫与红细胞膜的相互作用

疟疾是广泛传播的人类严重寄生虫病。近十年来,从分子水平探索疟疾的发病机制和治疗、预防手段都取得了可喜的进展,尤其恶性疟原虫全基因组的成功测序为疟疾疫苗的设计和试制开拓了新途径。该文就疟原虫裂殖子入侵红细胞表面过程的生化背景,裂殖子与红细胞的配体-受体相互作用,疟原虫向红细胞输出的蛋白质,以及疟疾感染所致红细胞的遗传障碍等方面的近期有关报道作一简介,试图从细胞与分子机制讨论被感染红细胞的膜蛋白与膜骨架的某些改变。     

脂肪酸多相脂质体与癌细胞膜相互作用的ESR谱研究

用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术对液晶态多烯脂肪酸多相脂质体与癌细胞膜相互作用进行了研究. 并探讨了其在抑制和杀伤癌细胞过程中可能具有的生物学意义.实验发现：油酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在Ec腹水肝癌细胞膜上的强固定化作用减弱, 弱固定化作用增强,使自旋标记物运动自由度增加.亚油酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在乳腺癌细胞膜上的强固定化作用增强, 弱固定化作用减弱,使自旋标记物运动自由度受到限制.蓖麻酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在S₁₈₀实体瘤细胞膜上的强固定化作用增强, 弱固定化作用减弱,使自旋标记物运动自由度受到限制.结果表明,多烯脂肪酸多相脂质体作用于膜蛋白引起了膜蛋白构象的变化.     

Gap Junctional Communication Does not Contribute to the Interaction Between Neutrophils and Airway Epithelial Cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by intense neutrophil migration into the airways. Increasing evidence indicates that interaction between neutrophils and airway epithelial cells contributes to the modulation of the inflammatory response. Blood neutrophils were reported to express connexins and form gap junctions with endothelial cells, thereby establishing gap junctional communication. We tested whether altered communication between human neutrophils and airway epithelial cells may contribute to the exaggerated inflammatory response observed in CF patients. Microinjections did not reveal dye coupling between activated blood neutrophils. By constrast, diffusion of calcein between neutrophils and airway epithelial cells of CF or non-CF origin was observed in transmigration and adhesion assays. This diffusion was prevented with probenicid, an inhibitor of ATP-dependent organic anion pumps, but not with gap junction blockers. Finally, RT-PCR failed to detect mRNAs for six connexins in blood neutrophils. These results suggest that gap junctional communication does not contribute to neutrophil-airway epithelial cell interaction.     

壳梭孢素对质膜H~ -ATPase活力影响机制的研究进展

壳梭孢素 (FC)作为一种重要的研究工具广泛用于研究酸介导的生长反应和依赖于质子推动力的膜运输系统 ,FC刺激质膜H _ATPase的活性是通过FC结合蛋白 (FCBP)与H _ATPase发生作用。FCBP是 1 4_3_3蛋白家族成员之一     

Host Platelets and,in Part,Neutrophils Mediate Lung Accumulation of Transfused UVB-Irradiated Human Platelets in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury

We previously reported that ultraviolet light B (UVB)-treated human platelets (hPLTs) can cause acute lung injury (ALI) in a two-event SCID mouse model in which the predisposing event was Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and the second event was infusion of UVB-treated hPLTs. To delineate contributions of host mouse platelets (mPLTs) and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ALI in this mouse model, we depleted mPLTs or neutrophils and measured hPLT accumulation in the lung. We also assessed lung injury by protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). LPS injection followed by infusion of UVB-treated hPLTs resulted in sequestration of both mPLTs and hPLTs in the lungs of SCID mice, although the numbers of neutrophils in the lung were not significantly different from the control group. Depletion of mouse neutrophils caused only a mild reduction in UVB-hPLTs accumulation in the lungs and a mild reduction in protein content in BALF. In comparison, depletion of mPLTs almost completely abolished hPLTs accumulation in the lung and significantly reduced protein content in BALF. UVB-treated hPLTs bound to host mPLTs, but did not bind to neutrophils in the lung. Aspirin treatment of hPLTs in vitro abolished hPLT accumulation in the lung and protected mice from lung injury. Our data indicate that host mPLTs accumulated in the lungs in response to an inflammatory challenge and subsequently mediated the attachment of transfused UVB-hPLTs. Neutrophils also recruited a small percentage of platelets to the lung. These findings may help develop therapeutic strategies for ALI which could potentially result from transfusion of UV illuminated platelets.     

Interactions Between Ascorbyl Free Radical and Coenzyme Q at the Plasma Membrane

A role for coenzyme Q in the stabilization of extracellular ascorbate by intact cells has beenrecently recognized. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between reducedubiquinone in the plasma membrane and the ascorbyl free radical, as an approach to understandubiquinone-mediated ascorbate stabilization at the cell surface. K-562 cells stabilized ascorbateand decreased the steady-state levels of the semiascorbyl radical. The ability of cells to reduceascorbyl free radical was inhibited by the quinone analogs capsaicin and chloroquine andstimulated by supplementing cells with coenzyme Q₁₀. Purified plasma membranes also reducedascorbyl free radical in the presence of NADH. Free-radical reduction was notobserved inquinone-depleted plasma membranes, but restored after its reconstitution with coenzyme Q₁₀.Addition of reduced coenzyme Q₁₀ to depleted membranes allowed them toreduce the signalof the ascorbyl free radical without NADH incubation and the addition of an extra amount ofpurified plasma membrane quinone reductase further stimulated this activity. Reduction wasabolished by treatment with the reductase inhibitor p-hydroximercuribenzoate and by blockingsurface glycoconjugates with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin, which supports the participationof transmembrane electron flow. The activity showed saturation kinetics by NADH andcoenzyme Q, but not by the ascorbyl free radical in the range of concentrations used. Our resultssupport that reduction of ascorbyl free radicals at the cell surface involves coenzyme Qreduction by NADH and the membrane-mediated reduction of ascorbyl free radical.     

壳梭孢素对质膜H^＋—ATPase活力影响机制的研究进展

壳梭孢素（FC）作为一种重要的研究工具广泛用于研究酸介导的生长反应和依赖于质子推动力的膜运输系统,FC刺激质膜H^ -ATPase的活性是通过FC结合蛋白（FCBP）与H^ -ATPase发生作用,FCBP是14－3－3蛋白家族成员之一。     

壳梭孢素对质膜H+-ATPase活力影响机制的研究进展

壳梭孢素（FC）作为一种重要的研究工具广泛用于研究酸介导的生长反应和依赖于质子推动力的膜运输系统,FC刺激质膜H+_ATPase的活性是通过FC结合蛋白（FCBP）与H+_ATPase 发生作用。FCBP是14-3-3蛋白家族成员之一。     

Role of ARF4L in Recycling Between Endosomes and the Plasma Membrane

The human ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein, ARF4L is a member of the ARF family, which are small GTP-binding proteins that play significant roles in vesicle transport and protein secretion. However, little is known about the physiological roles of ARF4L. In this study, to understand the biological functions of ARF4L, we carried out immunocytochemical analysis of ARF4L molecules with mutations in the functional domains. ARF4L was shown to be distributed to the plasma membrane following binding to GTP (Q80L), and into endosomes following binding to GDP (T35N). Moreover, the inactive-form of ARF4L (T35N) causes localization of transferrin receptors to the endosomal compartment, while the active form (Q80L) causes transport to the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that ARF4L drive the transport of cargo protein and subsequent fusion of recycling vesicles with the plasma membrane for maintenance of the cell surface.     

Photomodification of the Electrical Properties of the Plasma Membrane: A Comparison Between 6 Different Membrane-Active Photosensitizers

The present study deals with photomodification of the electrical properties of the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell line (opossum kidney (OK) cells). The effect of photofrin II (previously investigated) is compared with that of 5 other membrane-active sensitizers: sulfonated Zn-phthalocyanine, merocyanine 540, rose bengal, methylene blue and protoporphyrin IX (an endogenous sensitizer induced by addition of its biosynthetic precursor 5-aminolaevulinic acid). The study was performed in order to investigate whether photomodification of the ion transport properties of the plasma membrane by membrane-active sensitizers is a general and early event in cellular photosensitization. The changes in the electrical properties were monitored by application of the whole-cell and the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Illumination in the presence of the compounds (apart from merocyanine 540) gave rise to similar changes of the electrical properties of the membrane: depolarization of the membrane potential, inactivation of a large-conductance, Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺-channel (maxi-K_Ca), and a strong increase of the leak conductance of the membrane. This similarity indicates the general character of the functional photomodifications by membrane-active sensitizers previously reported for photofrin II. Received: 5 September 2000/Revised: 28 December 2000     

模型膜实验方法在β淀粉样蛋白与细胞膜间相互作用中的应用与改进

β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β peptide,Aβ)与细胞膜间的相互作用很可能是阿尔茨海默症病(Alzheimer disease, AD)重要的风险因素。模型膜研究方法在该领域的应用和更新持续至今,但仍存在一些问题有待解决,例如,Aβ插膜后聚集状态与Aβ融合到脂质体膜聚集状态的差异,Aβ插膜后形成微通道的时间及与磷脂成分的关系等。本文试图解析这两个问题,同时,系统地总结出常用的和更新的模型膜研究方法,这些方法包括单层膜插膜及电镜样品的制备,脂质体制备方法的改进,脂质体膜上Aβ42经过高盐及酸清洗后的Western 印迹检测,ANTS-DPX研究脂质体泄漏等。研究结果显示：(1)胞外及膜内Aβ42单体与脂质体膜作用后的聚集状态存在差异,Aβ42单体插膜后更容易聚集成纤维,而膜内融合的Aβ42呈现寡聚体形式;(2) Sepharose CL-4B柱过滤比微型挤出器制备的脂质体更加均一分散;(3)Aβ42在膜上形成微通道很可能是一个缓慢的过程,且与脂质体的磷脂种类相关。这些方法为Aβ42与细胞膜的相互作用提供了实用的研究手段,同时也为其他膜蛋白质与细胞膜的相互作用提供了可以借鉴的办法。研究结果使β淀粉样蛋白代谢过程更加清晰。     

Interaction of adrenocorticotropin peptides with microheterogeneous systems — A fluorescence study

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are peptides which present many physiological effects related to pigmentation, motor and sexual behavior, learning and memory, analgesia, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic processes. The 13 amino acid residues of α-MSH are the same initial sequence of ACTH and due to the presence of a tryptophan residue in position 9 of the peptide chain, fluorescence techniques could be used to investigate the conformational properties of the hormones in different environments and the mechanisms of interaction with biomimetic systems like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) micelles, sodium dodecyl sulphate-poly(ethylene oxide) (SDS-PEO) aggregates and neutral polymeric micelles. In buffer solution, fluorescence parameters were typical of peptides containing tryptophan exposed to the aqueous medium and upon addition of surfactant and polymer molecules, the gradual change of those parameters demonstrated the interaction of the peptides with the microheterogeneous systems. From time-resolved experiments it was shown that the interaction proceeded with conformational changes in both peptides, and further information was obtained from quenching of Trp fluorescence by a family of N-alkylpyridinium ions, which possess affinity to the microheterogeneous systems dependent on the length of the alkyl chain. The quenching of Trp fluorescence was enhanced in the presence of charged micelles, compared to the buffer solution and the accessibility of the fluorophore to the quencher was dependent on the peptide and the alkylpyridinium: in ACTH(1–21) highest collisional constants were obtained using ethylpyridinium as quencher, indicating a location of the residue in the surface of the micelle, while in α-MSH the best quencher was hexylpyridinium, indicating insertion of the residue into the non-polar region of the micelles. The results had shown that the interaction between the peptides and the biomimetic systems where driven by combined electrostatic and hydrophobic effects: in ACTH(1–24) the electrostatic interaction between highly positively charged C-terminal and negatively charged surface of micelles and aggregates predominates over hydrophobic interactions involving residues in the central region of the peptide; in α-MSH, which presents one residual positive charge, the hydrophobic interactions are relevant to position the Trp residue in the non-polar region of the microheterogeneous systems.     

模型膜实验方法在β淀粉样蛋白与细胞膜间相互作用中的应用与改进

β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β peptide,Aβ)与细胞膜间的相互作用很可能是阿尔茨海默症病(Alzheimer disease, AD)重要的风险因素。模型膜研究方法在该领域的应用和更新持续至今,但仍存在一些问题有待解决,例如,Aβ插膜后聚集状态与Aβ融合到脂质体膜聚集状态的差异,Aβ插膜后形成微通道的时间及与磷脂成分的关系等。本文试图解析这两个问题,同时,系统地总结出常用的和更新的模型膜研究方法,这些方法包括单层膜插膜及电镜样品的制备,脂质体制备方法的改进,脂质体膜上Aβ42经过高盐及酸清洗后的Western 印迹检测,ANTS-DPX研究脂质体泄漏等。研究结果显示：(1)胞外及膜内Aβ42单体与脂质体膜作用后的聚集状态存在差异,Aβ42单体插膜后更容易聚集成纤维,而膜内融合的Aβ42呈现寡聚体形式;(2) Sepharose CL-4B柱过滤比微型挤出器制备的脂质体更加均一分散;(3)Aβ42在膜上形成微通道很可能是一个缓慢的过程,且与脂质体的磷脂种类相关。这些方法为Aβ42与细胞膜的相互作用提供了实用的研究手段,同时也为其他膜蛋白质与细胞膜的相互作用提供了可以借鉴的办法。研究结果使β淀粉样蛋白代谢过程更加清晰。     

Interaction of the toxic plant protein--ricin, with model membranes. A fluorescence method of study]

The fluorescence method has been used to investigate ricin and its isolated subunits interaction with some model membranes. Three liposome types were used as a model of biological membrane: 1) liposomes constructed from lecithin and cholesterol (9:1, M:M) 2) from ganglioside receptors GM1 and 3) from the mixture of GM1, lecithin and cholesterol (1:9:1). Interaction of the protein with liposome evokes changes in the parameters of both intrinsic protein fluorescence and fluorescence of the covalently bound dansyl. Binding constants were calculated from a decrease of the intrinsic fluorescence intensity as well as from the changes in the dansyl rotation anisotropy. Measurements were carried out at neutral and acidic pH. There was good correlation of the results obtained by different methods. It was shown that association constants were different for intact ricin and its subunits. The constants also depend on liposome composition and pH of the solution. The present study has demonstrated that interaction of ricin with liposome is accounted for not only by receptor centers but also by other hydrophobic regions of ricin that are inaccessible in the native toxin and may represent the region of the subunits interaction.     

Membrane perturbation by the antimicrobial peptide PMAP-23: A fluorescence and molecular dynamics study

Several bioactive peptides exert their biological function by interacting with cellular membranes. Structural data on their location inside lipid bilayers are thus essential for a detailed understanding of their mechanism of action. We propose here a combined approach in which fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to investigate the mechanism of membrane perturbation by the antimicrobial peptide PMAP-23. Fluorescence spectra, depth-dependent quenching experiments, and peptide-translocation assays were employed to determine the location of the peptide inside the membrane. MD simulations were performed starting from a random mixture of water, lipids and peptide, and following the spontaneous self-assembly of the bilayer. Both experimental and theoretical data indicated a peptide location just below the polar headgroups of the membrane, with an orientation essentially parallel to the bilayer plane. These findings, together with experimental results on peptide-induced leakage from large and giant vesicles, lipid flip-flop and peptide exchange between vesicles, support a mechanism of action consistent with the “carpet” model. Furthermore, the atomic detail provided by the simulations suggested the occurrence of an additional, more specific and novel mechanism of bilayer destabilization by PMAP-23, involving the unusual insertion of charged side chains into the hydrophobic core of the membrane.     

Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Pseudofactin II Induced Apoptosis of Melanoma A 375 Cells by Specific Interaction with the Plasma Membrane

In the case of melanoma, advances in therapies are slow, which raises the need to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and natural products with potential cancer cell inhibiting effect. Pseudofactin II (PFII), a novel cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant has been isolated from the Arctic strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens BD5. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PFII on A375 melanoma cells compared with the effect of PFII on Normal Human Dermis Fibroblast (NHDF) cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism of PFII cytotoxic activity. Melanoma A375 cells and NHDF cells were exposed to PFII or staurosporine and apoptotic death was assessed by monitoring caspase 3-like activity and DNA fragmentation. From time-dependent monitoring of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Ca²⁺ influx, and a correlation between Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) we concluded that cell death is the consequence of plasma membrane permeabilisation by micelles. This finding suggests that pro-apoptotic mechanism of PFII is different from previously described cyclic lipopeptides. The mechanism of PFII specificity towards malignant cells remains to be discovered. The results of this study show that PFII could be a new promising anti-melanoma agent.     

Membrane organization of the human serotonin1A receptor monitored by detergent insolubility using GFP fluorescence

Insolubility in non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100 at low temperature is a widely used biochemical criterion for characterization of membrane domains. In view of the emerging role of membrane organization in the function of G-protein coupled receptors, we have examined detergent insolubility of the 5-HT_1A receptor in CHO cells using a novel GFP fluorescence approach developed by us. Using this approach, we have explored the membrane organization of the serotonin_1A receptor tagged to enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (5-HT_1AR-EYFP) stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells under conditions of varying detergent concentration, reduced membrane cholesterol and agonist stimulation. Our results show that a small yet significant fraction of the 5-HT_1A receptor exhibits detergent insolubility, which increases upon depletion of membrane cholesterol. Stimulation of 5-HT_1AR-EYFP by its endogenous ligand, serotonin, did not cause a significant change in the detergent insolubility of the receptor. Taken together, our results on detergent insolubility of 5-HT_1AR-EYFP provide new insights into the membrane organization of the 5-HT_1A receptor and could be relevant in the analysis of membrane organization of other G-protein coupled receptors.