海马位置细胞研究进展

位置细胞是与动物行为活动所处位置密切相关并具有复杂锋电位的海马锥体细胞,是脑内认知地图的基本组成单元。当个体处于特定的“位置野”时,相应的位置细胞呈现最大放电。位置细胞并非单纯的感觉神经元,内、外源性信息输入均可影响位置细胞的放电活动,使位置野表现出一定的可塑性。本文对近年来关于海马位置细胞的发现、分布及其电生理特性等研究进行了综述。     

大鼠多通道在体记录北大核心

多通道在体记录技术,能在自由活动的动物脑内,观察和记录局部脑区群体神经元的活动状况,是分析大脑神经信息编码的有力工具。要开展多通道在体记录研究,多电极阵列驱动器的设计非常关键,也是实现该技术的一大难点。根据转动螺杆推动螺帽移动的机械驱动原理,作者设计了适合大鼠多通道在体记录的、独立可调式16道电极阵列驱动装置。通过该装置,可对16道记录电极中的任意一道进行独立驱动,从而控制每根记录电极在大鼠大脑中的垂直记录位置。运用该多电极阵列驱动装置,对大鼠单侧海马脑区的多通道在体记录表明,在大鼠海马CA1区,存在不同放电波形和放电模式的神经元,它们分别与海马CA1区的锥体神经元和中间神经元相对应。一般锥体神经元动作电位的放电波形较宽,放电频率则较低。在海马CA1区还存在编码空间环境中特定位置信息的神经元,被称为位置细胞。这些位置细胞在某一空间环境中有各自对应的反应区域,在该区域内位置细胞的放电频率增加,在区域外则基本维持在一较低的活动水平。     

利用粒子滤波重建位置细胞编码的运动轨迹

粒子滤波解码算法在神经信息解码中已有较多应用,但在海马区位置细胞集群编码的运动轨迹重建中极其少见.针对大鼠海马区位置细胞的神经元响应特性,采用二次指数泊松方程建立了大鼠运动轨迹的位置细胞集群状态空间编码模型,然后利用仿真数据和实测数据研究了粒子滤波在大鼠运动轨迹重建中的性能,并与扩展卡尔曼和无迹卡尔曼重建算法进行了对比.仿真数据重建结果显示,与后两种算法相比,在相同的重建精度下,粒子滤波算法需要的位置细胞个数相对更少.实测数据重建结果显示,粒子滤波算法重建的轨迹与真实轨迹之间的相关系数和均方根误差均优于扩展卡尔曼和无迹卡尔曼重建算法.这些结果表明,粒子滤波算法不仅能够高效地利用位置细胞集群编码信息,而且具有更高精度的轨迹重建性能,将为空间认知神经机制的深入研究提供有力的技术支持.     

《自然》：造血干细胞起源位置和时间表

美国宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的研究人员完成了大多数骨髓干细胞在小鼠胚胎中形成的位置和发育时间表。相关论文发表在1月7日的《自然》杂志。成年哺乳动物骨髓中的造血干细胞能产生身体的所有血液细胞类型,因此解密其来源可能会帮助研究人员更好地操纵胚胎干细胞．以产生新的血液细胞来进行疾病治疗。先前有研究指出,造血干细胞源自血管内一种数量很少的细胞-内皮细胞,     

大鼠多通道在体记录

多通道在体记录技术,能在自由活动的动物脑内,观察和记录局部脑区群体神经元的活动状况,是分析大脑神经信息编码的有力工具。要开展多通道在体记录研究,多电极阵列驱动器的设计非常关键,也是实现该技术的一大难点。根据转动螺杆推动螺帽移动的机械驱动原理,作者设计了适合大鼠多通道在体记录的、独立可调式16道电极阵列驱动装置。通过该装置,可对16道记录电极中的任意一道进行独立驱动,从而控制每根记录电极在大鼠大脑中的垂直记录位置。运用该多电极阵列驱动装置,对大鼠单侧海马脑区的多通道在体记录表明,在大鼠海马CA1区,存在不同放电波形和放电模式的神经元,它们分别与海马CA1区的锥体神经元和中间神经元相对应。一般锥体神经元动作电位的放电波形较宽,放电频率则较低。在海马CA1区还存在编码空间环境中特定位置信息的神经元,被称为位置细胞。这些位置细胞在某一空间环境中有各自对应的反应区域,在该区域内位置细胞的放电频率增加,在区域外则基本维持在一较低的活动水平。     

海马神经元细胞培养技术的研究进展

大脑海马区是帮助人类处理长期学习与记忆主要区域,在医学上海马区是大脑皮质的一个内褶区,在侧脑室底部绕脉络膜裂形成一弓形隆起并由两个扇形部分所组成,两者合称海马结构。研究发现,大多数脑部疾病的发生都跟海马神经元细胞息息相关,近年来,通过体外模拟脑部海马区神经元细胞的内环境,从体外细胞水平对脑部相关疾病的研究提供了一个新的领域。本文将通过搜集国内外近几年对海马神经元细胞的分离、提取、接种、纯化、鉴定等科研资料,论述海马神经元细胞的培养技术,为脑部相关疾病的研究提供相关理论技术指导。     

灵芝多糖对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织的保护作用

目的研究灵芝多糖(GLP)对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织的影响。方法采用双侧海马内一次性注射β-淀粉样多肽25-35片段(Aβ25-35)制作大鼠AD模型,再连续7天腹腔注射GLP,随后进行行为学测定,采用HE染色、透射电镜及免疫组织化学等方法检测海马神经元的结构变化及反应性星形胶质细胞活化程度的影响。结果海马内注射Aβ25-35后海马细胞增生、聚集,核边聚、碎裂,电镜观察显示,锥体细胞胞浆水肿,内质网池扩张,星形胶质细胞增生肥大,GLP组病变显著减轻,超微结构尚属正常,海马星形胶质细胞较AD组显著减少。结论灵芝多糖对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织内海马退行性变神经元有一定的保护作用,并能降低脑组织内的神经炎症反应。     

雷公藤甲素对KA损伤大鼠星形胶质细胞的影响

目的:观察海人藻酸(Kainic acid,KA)海马内注射后星形胶质细胞的变化及雷公藤甲素(TRP)对其的影响。方法:90只SD大鼠(200～220g)随机分为3组:右侧海马注射生理盐水后生理盐水灌胃作为对照组(NS NS),右侧海马注射海人藻酸后生理盐水灌胃干预组(KA NS),右侧海马注射海人藻酸后雷公藤甲素灌胃干预组(KA TRP)。动物存活1天,3天,5天,7天,14天后免疫组织化学结合图像分析技术观察海马内星形胶质细胞形态和数目的变化。结果:(KA NS)组海马内星形胶质细胞数目明显增多,胞体明显增大,突起变短,变粗,与(NS NS)组相比差别具有显著性(p<0.05);(KA TRP)组星形胶质细胞数量明显减少,胞体变小,突起变细长,与(KA NS)组相比差别具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:KA注射后可导致大鼠海马内星形胶质细胞的激活,雷公藤甲素对KA诱导的星形胶质细胞的活化有抑制作用。     

空间转录物组学技术进展及其在神经科学领域中的应用

空间转录物组学是在单细胞RNA测序技术基础上实现细胞空间位置信息测定的组学技术。该技术克服了单细胞转录物组学在单细胞分离建库过程中丢失细胞在组织中空间信息的问题,可同时提供研究对象的转录物组数据信息和在组织中的空间位置信息。空间转录物组学技术对研究细胞谱系的发生过程、细胞间的调控机制和相互作用等具有重要作用,是组学技术研究的重要发展方向和热点。近年来,空间转录物组学技术发展迅速,新的检测方法不断产生,检测灵敏度、分辨率和检测通量等技术指标不断提升。本文根据获取空间信息的原理不同,将较为常用的空间转录物组学技术进行了分类,总结了各类方法的检测原理、代表性技术手段及其相应的技术指标。随后,从脑细胞类型区分与细胞层图谱构建、神经系统相关疾病特征分析与标志物研究两个方面举例论述了空间转录物组学技术在神经科学中的应用。最后,对空间转录物组学技术目前存在的问题进行了总结,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

LPS诱导海马星形胶质细胞活化与活化的星形胶质细胞对海马神经元的影响

探讨脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对长时间存活大鼠海马内星形胶质细胞的反应以及对神经元的影响。方法:本实验用10只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,海马CA3区注射LPS 10μ1．7和14d后,尼氏染色观察神经元的变化,免疫组织化学染色结合图像分析方法观察海马CA3区注射部位胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)、的表达变化。结果:脂多糖可促进海马星形胶质细胞的活化,但并不能引起海马区神经元的损伤。结论:星形胶质细胞在脑损伤后的脑内炎症反应起了一定的作用,但并不能引起神经元的损伤。     

Dopamine-dependent interactions between limbic and prefrontal cortical plasticity in the nucleus accumbens: disruption by cocaine sensitization

The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus exhibit converging projections to the nucleus accumbens and have functional reciprocal connections via indirect pathways. As a result, information processing between these structures is likely to be bidirectional. Using evoked potential measures, we examined the interactions of these inputs on synaptic plasticity within the accumbens. Our results show that the direction of information flow between the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures determines the synaptic plasticity that these inputs exhibit within the accumbens. Moreover, this synaptic plasticity at hippocampal and prefrontal inputs selectively involves dopamine D1 and D2 activation or inactivation, respectively. Repeated cocaine administration disrupted this synaptic plasticity at hippocampal and prefrontal cortical inputs and goal-directed behavior in the spatial maze task. Thus, interactions of limbic-prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity and its dysfunction within the accumbens could underlie complex information processing deficits observed in individuals following psychostimulant administration.     

Coordinated learning of grid cell and place cell spatial and temporal properties: multiple scales,attention and oscillations

A neural model proposes how entorhinal grid cells and hippocampal place cells may develop as spatial categories in a hierarchy of self-organizing maps (SOMs). The model responds to realistic rat navigational trajectories by learning both grid cells with hexagonal grid firing fields of multiple spatial scales, and place cells with one or more firing fields, that match neurophysiological data about their development in juvenile rats. Both grid and place cells can develop by detecting, learning and remembering the most frequent and energetic co-occurrences of their inputs. The model''s parsimonious properties include: similar ring attractor mechanisms process linear and angular path integration inputs that drive map learning; the same SOM mechanisms can learn grid cell and place cell receptive fields; and the learning of the dorsoventral organization of multiple spatial scale modules through medial entorhinal cortex to hippocampus (HC) may use mechanisms homologous to those for temporal learning through lateral entorhinal cortex to HC (‘neural relativity’). The model clarifies how top-down HC-to-entorhinal attentional mechanisms may stabilize map learning, simulates how hippocampal inactivation may disrupt grid cells, and explains data about theta, beta and gamma oscillations. The article also compares the three main types of grid cell models in the light of recent data.     

Retinal ganglion cells can rapidly change polarity from Off to On

Retinal ganglion cells are commonly classified as On-center or Off-center depending on whether they are excited predominantly by brightening or dimming within the receptive field. Here we report that many ganglion cells in the salamander retina can switch from one response type to the other, depending on stimulus events far from the receptive field. Specifically, a shift of the peripheral image--as produced by a rapid eye movement--causes a brief transition in visual sensitivity from Off-type to On-type for approximately 100 ms. We show that these ganglion cells receive inputs from both On and Off bipolar cells, and the Off inputs are normally dominant. The peripheral shift strongly modulates the strength of these two inputs in opposite directions, facilitating the On pathway and suppressing the Off pathway. Furthermore, we identify certain wide-field amacrine cells that contribute to this modulation. Depolarizing such an amacrine cell affects nearby ganglion cells in the same way as the peripheral image shift, facilitating the On inputs and suppressing the Off inputs. This study illustrates how inhibitory interneurons can rapidly gate the flow of information within a circuit, dramatically altering the behavior of the principal neurons in the course of a computation.     

Conditions of dominant effectiveness of distal sites of active uniform dendrites with distributed tonic inputs

This simulation study aimed at assessing linkage between the membrane properties and the effectiveness of somatopetal current transfer from activated tonic excitatory inputs homogeneously distributed along uniform dendrites. It was shown that in the dendrites having anN-shaped steady current-voltage membrane characteristic due to the negative slope within a certain range of potentials, distal sites can be more effective than proximal sites in somatopetal current transfer from tonically activated excitatory synaptic inputs. Inhomogeneous dendritic depolarization produced by these inputs should be found everywhere within a range of the negative slope. In simulated dendrites receiving, as in rat abducens motoneurons, voltage-sensitive synaptic inputs of anN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type, such spatial effects occurred at low depolarization produced by subcritical excitation. At supercritical excitation, depolarization increased and left the range of the negative slope, and proximal sites became much more effective than distal ones. It is suggested that persistent inward currents (including other than of NMDA nature) can provide similar effects.     

The medial prefrontal cortex as a part of the brain reward system

Summary. This review will briefly summarize experimental evidence for an involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in reward-related mechanisms in the rat brain. The mPFC is part of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. It receives prominent dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and, via the mediodorsal thalamus, inputs from other subcortical basal ganglia structures. In turn it projects back to the VTA and the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS), which are generally considered as main components of the brain reward system. Evidence for the involvement of the mPFC in reward-related mechanisms comes mainly from three types of studies, conditioned place preference (CPP), intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), and self-administration. Work will be summarized that has shown that certain drugs injected into the mPFC can produce CPP or that lesions of the mPFC can disrupt the development of CPP, that ICSS is obtained with the stimulating electrode placed in the mPFC, and that certain drugs are self-administered into the mPFC or that lesions of the mPFC disrupt the peripheral self-administration of certain drugs. However, it has also been shown that the role of the mPFC in reward is not uniform. For example, the mPFC appears to be particularly important for the rewarding actions of cocaine, while it appears not to be important for the rewarding actions of amphetamine. Also, different subareas of the mPFC appear to be differentially involved in the rewarding actions of different drugs. Taken together, the available evidence shows that some drugs can produce reward directly within the mPFC, and that some drugs, even though not having direct rewarding effects within the mPFC, depend on the function of the mPFC for the mediation of their rewarding effects. Received August 31, 1999 Accepted September 20, 1999     

Distributional patterns and community structure of Caribbean coral reef fishes within a river-impacted bay

This study examined how riverine inputs, in particular sediment, influenced the community structure and trophic composition of reef fishes within Rio Bueno, north Jamaica. Due to river discharge a distinct gradient of riverine inputs existed across the study sites. Results suggested that riverine inputs (or a factor associated with them) had a structuring effect on fish community structure. Whilst fish communities at all sites were dominated by small individuals (<20 cm), diversity and total biomass were reduced with increased proximity to the river mouth. The abundance of all fishes, but particularly small-bodied, juvenile and herbivorous fishes was reduced in turbid water when compared to clear-water sites. Results strongly suggest that fluvial sediment inputs may play an important role in structuring fish assemblages even under intense fishing pressure.     

Interactions between centrally and peripherally generated neuromuscular oscillations

Summary An experimentally based model of the mammalian neuromuscular system has been extended to include the interaction of sinusoidal inputs generated within the central nervous system and those produced peripherally by reflex pathways, together with muscle properties and external loads. Multiple reflex pathways and pathways having acceleration as well as velocity and length sensitivity are considered. The responses are analyzed for brief inputs (Dirac -functions), sinusoidal driving functions and mixtures of the two over ranges in which the model behaves either linearly or non-linearly. Approximate solutions are derived for the non-linear range, and exact numerical solutions are computed for a few examples within the linear range. The extent to which brief inputs can reset ongoing oscillations and the extent to which sinusoidal inputs can entrain these oscillations are of particular interest.This work was supported by grants from the Canadian National Research Council (to M. N. O.) and the Canadian Medical Research Council (to R. B. S.)     

Analysis of excitatory microcircuitry in the medial entorhinal cortex reveals cell-type-specific differences

Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) plays an important role in physiological processes underlying navigation, learning, and memory. Excitatory cells in the different MEC layers project in a region-specific manner to the hippocampus. However, the intrinsic microcircuitry of the main excitatory cells in the superficial MEC layers is largely unknown. Using scanning photostimulation, we investigated the functional microcircuitry of two such cell types, stellate and pyramidal cells. We found cell-type-specific intralaminar and ascending interlaminar feedback inputs. The ascending interlaminar inputs display distinct organizational principles depending on the cell-type and its position within the superficial lamina: the spatial spread of inputs for stellate cells is narrower than for pyramidal cells, while inputs to pyramidal cells in layer 3, but not in layer 2, exhibit an asymmetric offset to the medial side of the cell's main axis. Differential laminar sources of excitatory inputs might contribute to the functional diversity of stellate and pyramidal cells.     

Synchronized neural input shapes stimulus selectivity in a collision-detecting neuron

How higher-order sensory neurons generate complex selectivity from their simpler inputs is a fundamental question in neuroscience. The lobula giant movement detector (LGMD) is such a visual neuron in the locust Schistocerca americana that responds selectively to objects approaching on a collision course or their two-dimensional projections, looming stimuli [1-4]. To study how this selectivity arises, we designed an apparatus allowing us to stimulate, individually and independently, a sizable fraction of the ～15,000 elementary visual inputs impinging retinotopically onto the LGMD's dendritic fan [5-7] (Figure?1Ai). We then recorded intracellularly in?vivo throughout the visual pathway, assessing the LGMD's activity and that of all three successive presynaptic stages conveying local excitatory inputs. Our results suggest that as collision becomes increasingly imminent, the strength of these inputs increases, whereas their latency decreases. This latency decrease favors summation of inputs activated sequentially throughout the looming sequence, making the neuron maximally sensitive to collision-bound trajectories. Thus, the LGMD's selectivity arises partially from presynaptic mechanisms that synchronize a large population of inputs during a looming stimulus and subsequent detection by postsynaptic mechanisms within the neuron itself. Analogous mechanisms are likely to underlie the tuning properties of visual neurons in other species as well.     

The strength of ecological subsidies across ecosystems: a latitudinal gradient of direct and indirect impacts on food webs

Material and energy flows among ecosystems can directly and indirectly drive ecosystem functions. Yet, how populations of consumers respond to allochthonous inputs at a macroecological scale is still unclear. Using a meta‐analysis spanning several biomes, we show that the abundance of recipient populations is 36–57% larger with increased allochthonous inputs. The strength of direct effects on the recipients of these inputs as well as the indirect effects on the consumers of these recipients (i.e. ascending indirect effects) are constant across a latitudinal gradient spanning subtropical, arid, temperate, boreal and arctic ecosystems. However, indirect effect on the in situ resources of the input recipient (i.e. descending indirect effects) decreases with latitude. Our results suggest that the influence of allochthonous inputs can vary across large‐scale gradients of ecosystem productivity and may be driven by the types of trophic interactions within recipient food webs.