Effects of ecological factors on plant communities of Ziwuling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China

This paper explores the relationships between environmental factors and community patterns. In 60 plots in the Malan Forest Region of the Loess Plateau, 17 variables were used as indicators of spatial position, soil and topography characteristics. Plant community types were analyzed by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Significant environmental factors were selected by forward selection and Monte Carlo tests. The relationship between communities and environmental factors was identified by DCCA (Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Partial CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) partitioned observed compositional variation into components explained by environment, locality and covariation between them. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities can be divided into 13 types including 4 different successional stages. (2) Salt and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are the significant factors related to plant community distribution at early stage. Elevation and humus thickness are the significant factors in the transitional stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, thickness of forest floor, humus thickness and pH are the significant factors for the sub-climax stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, pH and available phosphorus are the significant factors for the climax stage. (3) The ecological characters and the distribution patterns of plant communities in different successional stages are consistent with environmental gradients. (4) As succession proceeds, the impact of environmental conditions on plant communities increases, while the total influence of spatial location, and the interaction between the spatial location and environmental factors decrease.     

Effects of ecological factors on plant communities of Ziwuling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China

This paper explores the relationships between environmental factors and community patterns. In 60 plots in the Malan Forest Region of the Loess Plateau, 17 variables were used as indicators of spatial position, soil and topography characteristics. Plant community types were analyzed by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Significant environmental factors were selected by forward selection and Monte Carlo tests. The relationship between communities and environmental factors was identified by DCCA (Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Partial CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) partitioned observed compositional variation into components explained by environment, locality and covariation between them. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities can be divided into 13 types including 4 different successional stages. (2) Salt and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are the significant factors related to plant community distribution at early stage. Elevation and humus thickness are the significant factors in the transitional stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, thickness of forest floor, humus thickness and pH are the significant factors for the sub-climax stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, pH and available phosphorus are the significant factors for the climax stage. (3) The ecological characters and the distribution patterns of plant communities in different successional stages are consistent with environmental gradients. (4) As succession proceeds, the impact of environmental conditions on plant communities increases, while the total influence of spatial location, and the interaction between the spatial location and environmental factors decrease.     

陕西子午岭森林植物群落种间联结性

用方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过x2统计量检验、共同出现百分率(PC)、联结系数(AC)的方法,对地处黄土高原中部的陕西子午岭森林植物群落乔木层12个树种、灌木层20个树种和草本层21种植物的种间联结性进行了研究。结果表明,乔木层、灌木层总体种间关联性表现为显著正关联,草本层为不显著正关联。乔木层主要种群表现出相互独立的特点,但辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)和油松(Pinus tabulaefomis),油松和茶条槭(Acer ginnal),茶条槭和白桦(Betula platyphylla),杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia)与辽东栎、油松、茶条槭、白桦等7个种对存在一定正关联。正关联的种对数是副关联的2倍。灌木层南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)和悬钩子(Rubus corchorifolius)、水栒子(Cotoneaster maltiflorus)和红瑞木(Cornus alba)、多花胡枝子(Lespedeza floribund)和华北丁香(Syringa oblate)之间存在极显著的正联结;华北绣线菊(Spiraea fritschiana)和野葡萄(Vitisamurensis)、冻绿(Rhamuns utilis)和栓翅卫矛(Euonymus phellomanes)、南蛇藤和野葡萄、南蛇藤和葱皮忍冬(Lonicera ferdinandii)之间存在显著的正联结。正关联和副关联种对数相当。草本层种间联结表现出较为松散的特征,无关联的种对数多达21个。正副关联的种对数约为3∶2。最好将多个指标配合使用能更好地说明种间联结程度。     

河北坝上草原东沟植物群落生态梯度的数量分析

运用DCCA排序轴分类,将河北坝上草原东沟的植物群落划分为8类,效果较好．排序图表达了植物群落的环境梯度、结构梯度和人为干扰．第1轴反映了群落在海拔和坡度方面的空间梯度,第2轴反映了群落的坡向分异格局,两轴综合反映了群落沿水分梯度的空间分异．群落的层片构成和各层片物种组成也表现出相应的空间分布格局．白桦局限在阴坡高海拔陡峭处．阴坡灌木与草本层片优势种分别为金露梅与细叶苔草,阳坡则为蒿类和冰草．阳坡群落各层片优势种还存在海拔和坡度分布格局．另外,放牧、耕作和伐树等人为干扰对群落时空分布也有显著影响．一般来说,生境条件较好的群落,人为干扰较严重．     

短期增温对西藏念青唐古拉山典型植物群落结构和稳定性的影响

青藏高原气候变暖幅度显著高于全球其他区域,深刻影响着该地区植物群落的结构和稳定性。选择西藏念青唐古拉山的三种典型植物群落(高寒草原、高寒草甸和流石滩)作为研究对象,采用开顶式增温箱(OTC)模拟增温,研究了短期增温对植物群落结构和稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)增温改变了群落的优势物种,影响其结构组成,而对物种多样性无显著影响;(2)增温显著降低了高寒草甸的地上生物量(P < 0.05),增加地下生物量(P < 0.01),从而导致了群落地下地上生物量分配策略的改变;(3)增温降低群落中部分物种的生态位宽度,进而影响群落稳定性,其中高寒草甸变化最大,达到-66.8%。研究结果可为青藏高原高寒草地生态系统应对和适应未来气候变化提供一定科学依据。     

猫儿山不同海拔植物群落树木构型差异及其影响因子

通过对猫儿山海拔梯度上常绿阔叶林(低海拔,1100 m)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林(中海拔,1500 m)和常绿针阔叶混交林(高海拔,1900 m)3种典型植物群落中乔木层植物构型性状以及环境因子的测定,分析乔木层植物构型性状在3个群落间的变异规律及其影响因素.结果表明:随海拔升高,乔木层树冠面积、45 cm基径、胸径和叶片聚集度持续增加,树高、枝下高和树冠厚度先增加后减小;枝条伸展方向表现为在低海拔群落中水平枝条比例最大,高海拔群落次之,中海拔群落最小;中海拔群落中乔木层植物构型性状之间的相关性更强.冗余分析表明,土壤有机质和总辐射是乔木层植物构型性状变异的主要环境影响因素,它们分别解释了构型性状39.6%和23.9%的变异.土壤有机质对树冠面积和枝下高影响较大,总辐射对胸径和45 cm基径影响较大,且都呈正相关.猫儿山乔木层植物在不同海拔群落间存在构型分异,影响乔木层植物构型变化的主要环境驱动力是土壤有机质和总辐射.     

冀北山地天然次生林土壤生态化学计量特征及影响因素

为了探究天然次生林植被及立地因子对土壤养分含量的影响,量化植被与立地因子对土壤养分的影响比例,为合理抚育冀北山区次生林,提高次生林生产力提供依据,以冀北山地分布的天然次生林为研究对象,选取代表性的地段并设置面积为20 m×20 m的样地,以均匀布点与多点混合为原则,按照0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层取样。测定土壤pH值、土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）、全氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、全磷（Total phosphorus,TP）、全钾（Total potassium,TK）、速效磷（Available phosphorus,AP）、速效钾（Available potassium,AK）含量,并计算土壤碳、氮、磷计量比。结果表明：不同深度土层土壤TN与SOC之间保持显著相关（P<0.001）,SOC、C∶N与AK之间呈显著正相关（P<0.01）;研究区域冀北山地次生林3层不同深度土壤C∶N平均值（27.74、29.96、29.44）与C∶P平均值（158.86、128.63、119.20）明显高于全国土壤C∶N（11.90）与C∶P（60.00）平均值,N∶P平均值（6.45、4.59、4.70）与全国平均水平（3.56）基本相当,对各深度层土壤N∶P值与土壤TN、TP值进行相关性分析发现,TN值与N∶P的相关性更加显著,说明影响N∶P值的主要因素为氮素量的限制。环境因子对3层不同深度土壤的养分指标分别做出48.64%、53.45%及49.23%的解释比例（P<0.001）,因子交互后的解释能力相较因子自身的解释能力更强,地形因子与其他因子相交互后,解释比率分别为其单独解释比例的6.45、8.06、3.21倍。从立地条件角度讲,地形因子能够对土壤养分空间分布产生一定的影响,抚育过程中对地形因子的作用应当予以重视。     

人为干扰下子午岭次生林土壤生态因子动态变化

对黄土高原陕西子午岭次生林区不同人为扰动条件下林地土壤容重、有机质、团聚体和微生物等进行了研究.结果表明,人为干扰(砍伐与开垦)对土壤生态因子影响较大,随干扰程度加剧,土壤理化性质变差,土壤有机质由2.2%下降到0.8%.土壤稳定性团聚体减少30%;微生物数量由1×10⁹个·g^-1干土下降到8×10⁷个·g^-1干土,土壤退化严重.在同一干扰类型的土壤剖面上,土壤有机质和土壤微生物随土层深度的增加分别减少了50%和90%,并且在不同干扰强度下变化幅度略有差异.土壤容重由表层的0.9 g·cm^-3增加到1.21 g·cm^-3,呈增大趋势.同一干扰类型土壤理化性质在沟缘线上下存在一定差别,沟缘线以下样地表现出较好的土壤理化性质和较高的微生物量.     

天龙山木本群落种间关系的研究

采用χ^2检验方法和相关分析等方法对山西天龙山木本植物群落进行了种间关系分析．结果表明木本植物群落的种间关系以正相关为主,但是负关联的比重也较大,而且还有一定的独立格局存在,表明物种间的关系不大稳定,群落正处于发展演替之中,同时也表明物种对环境资源的竞争并不激烈,物种资源比较丰富。     

昆嵛山典型植物群落生态学特性

在群落调查的基础上,采用优势度、丰富度、物种多样性、均匀度和种间相遇几率几个指标,对昆嵛山主要的天然植物群落和人工植物群落的生态学特性进行研究。结果表明不同植被类型中,灌草层物种数不同,物种的优势度和占优势的物种也各不相同;表征群落生态学特性的各个指数之间有很强的相关性,其中Shannon-Wiener指数H与其它指数的相关性最高;在以H为代表的不同层次多样性的比较中发现,不同植被类型,灌木层和草本层多样性的关系不同,但它们的平均值趋于稳定,即灌木层和草本层的物种多样性有很强的互补性;同一植被类型的不同群落间由于环境的异质性,多样性往往也不同;天然或者人工抚育强度小的4种植被类型比较,灌草层物种多样性的顺序是杂木林>赤松林>黑松林>麻栎林,在赤松林和黑松林中加入人工管理或者人工管理加强以后则变为黑松林>赤松林>杂木林>麻栎林,同时,黑松林和赤松林中乔木层的生长也受到了很大的影响,中度干扰理论在其中起了重要的作用,综合看来,对赤松林的管理达到了中度干扰的水平,而对黑松林的管理则有些过度。