高寒内陆河流域植被覆盖增加对地下水补给的影响

地下水是干旱区内陆河流域的主要基础性资源,对流域生态安全、可持续发展等具有重要意义。干旱/半干旱区的地下水补给比湿润地区更易受到地表覆盖条件的影响。为揭示干旱区内陆河流域植被覆盖增加对地下水补给的影响,以巴音河中下游为例,针对土壤和水评价工具(SWAT)模型未有效考虑降水、地形等因素对植被覆盖影响的缺陷,改进SWAT模型,采用全球地表卫星叶面积指数(GLASS LAI)数据代替其LAI计算模块,再结合SWAT土地利用更新模块,准确刻画区域植被覆盖变化。将改进后的SWAT模型与模块化有限拆分地下水流耦合(MODFLOW)模型耦合,准确模拟并分析植被覆盖增加对流域地下水补给的影响。结果表明：基于植被动态变化的土壤和水评价工具与模块化有限拆分地下水流耦合模型(DVSWAT-MODFLOW)模型的月蒸散发及月地下水位模拟效果较好;巴音河中下游2019年林地及草地面积以及LAI较2001年明显增加;2019年植被覆盖情况对应的年际及月际尺度地下水补给量较2001年分别减少了6.1—26.52 mm以及0—15.03 mm;植被覆盖增加对年际尺度地下水补给量的影响强弱在一定程度上取决于年降水量,对...     

气候年际变率对全球植被平均分布的影响

采用改进后的通用陆面模式的动态植被模式(CLM-DGVM)研究当前气候条件下气候年际变率对全球潜在植被平均分布的影响。设计两组区域数值实验,一组使用基于NCEP再分析资料衍生的1960-1999年多年气象数据循环驱动,对照实验使用这40a的气候平均态或单年气象资料驱动(即没有气候年际变率),分别考察有无气候年际变化对热带、温带和寒带的潜在植被分布平衡态的影响。在此基础上以1950-1999年上述数据及对应的气候平均态为驱动做两组全球实验。结果表明气候年际变率导致全球植被总覆盖度下降,其中树和灌木减少而草增加;全球平均覆盖度的变化按常绿树、草、灌木、落叶树顺序递减,而相对变化(即格点覆盖度差异的绝对值的全球平均值与气候平均态下植物覆盖度的比值)按灌木、草、落叶树、常绿树顺序递减。在温度、降水、风速、比湿、光照、气压等6种气候因子中降水年际变率对于植被平均分布影响最显著。受降水影响,当年降水小于1200mm时植被总覆盖度的差异随其变率增加而下降,其它时候影响不明显。年降水小于1500mm时树减少,幅度随其年际变率变大而增加。常绿树无论降水多寡均减少,而落叶树在年降水大于1500mm时随其变率变大而增加。草在年降水小于1500mm、变率为中等时差异最大,降水较大时其年际变化对草的影响不大。温度年际变率对落叶树分布影响不大而使常绿树减少,尤其是在寒带,其幅度大致随变率增加而变大。草主要在温度高于-10℃增加而灌木在温度低于0℃增加。植被总体覆盖度在温度高于0℃时受影响普遍降低,降低的区域对应于温度年际变率较大的区域。以上结果说明用气候模式或生物地理模式预测未来植物分布时要同时考虑气候平均态和气候变率两方面的变化。     

基于遥感和Penman-Monteith模型的内陆河流域不同生态系统蒸散发估算

遥感数据具有很好的时空连续性,它是区域蒸散发通量估算的有效方法。引入了一个简单的具有生物物理基础的Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型,分别利用黑河流域高寒草地阿柔站和干旱区农田盈科站2008—2009年的气象数据和MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)叶面积指数(LAI),实现了2008—2009年日蒸散发的估算,并同时实现了对植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的分别估算。结果表明,利用P-M公式模拟的蒸散发与实测的蒸散发具有较好的一致性,日蒸散发模拟的决定系数(R2)超过0.8。估算的高寒草甸和干旱区农田玉米全年平均的蒸腾分别为0.78 mm/d和1.20 mm/d,分别占总蒸散发的60%和61%,土壤蒸发分别为0.53和0.77 mm/d,占总蒸发的40%和39%。可见两种生态系统的作物蒸腾均强于土壤蒸发,同时农田玉米蒸腾强于高寒草甸蒸腾。研究结果证明了基于遥感的P-M公式可以很好地实现对高寒草地和干旱区农田生态系统蒸散发的估算。通过考虑土壤水分变化对气孔导度的影响,可以提高模型对农田蒸散发的模拟精度。     

黄土高原植被恢复引发区域气温下降

黄土高原退耕还林(草)等生态恢复工程促进了地表植被覆盖增加,进而通过影响地表-大气之间热量交换影响区域气候过程。基于黄土高原1998—2000年和2008—2010年SPOT卫星反演的植被覆盖资料、54个地面气象站气温资料及EIN-Interim地表热通量数据,采用空间分析交叉验证及地表热量平衡分析的方法,从站点尺度探讨了退耕还林(草)工程初期和10年后黄土高原植被变化与气温和地表热通量变化之间的关系。研究表明,退耕还林(草)工程开展10年后,黄土高原气温最小值、最大值与平均值均有下降,植被覆盖增加与气温变量降低在空间上呈正相关。同时,植被覆盖增加与潜热通量增加、感热通量与大气下行长波辐射下降在空间上也呈正相关关系。这些结果表明,植被恢复可通过增加地表蒸散发作用对区域气候产生降温效应,会减缓气温升高对黄土高原生态系统的影响。     

陕西省退耕还林植被覆盖度与湿润指数的变化关系

使用MODIS-NDVI数据和气象站点资料,通过GIS遥感技术和数理统计等方法,分析了陕西省退耕还林后(2000—2012年)植被覆盖度与湿润指数的时空变化规律及两者变化的关系。结果表明,陕西省植被覆盖度和湿润指数都呈现由南向北递减的分布规律并且有明显的季节变化特征。2000—2012年,陕西省植被覆盖度在波动中呈现大幅增加的趋势,陕北地区增加最为显著,生态环境得到明显改善,然而部分城市周边地区植被有退化的迹象。2000—2012年湿润指数年际变化波动较大,有上升的趋势,陕南地区增加显著。空间分布上随着植被覆盖度的增加湿润指数呈指数变化趋势,相关性与植被覆盖度面积取值范围有关,范围取值越大相关系数越高。植被覆盖度的年际变化受到气候和人为因素影响,陕南地区植被覆盖度与湿润指数的相关性较显著,而受到人为影响比较明显的陕北、关中地区相关性不显著。     

黑河流域高寒草甸生态系统水分收支及蒸散发拆分研究

水分收支是对水循环要素降水、蒸发蒸腾、径流以及土壤贮储水量变化等的定量刻画,对水资源的可持续开发及利用至关重要。基于黑河流域阿柔观测站2014和2015年水文气象观测数据,运用水量平衡理论,定量的评估了高寒草甸生态系统的水分收支动态,并结合双源模型对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)进行拆分及评价。研究结果表明(1)在生长季(5—9月)植被蒸腾是高寒草甸生态系统主要的耗水形式,2014和2015年生长季平均蒸散比(T/ET)分别为0.74和0.79;(2)土壤水分的剧烈变化主要发生在0—40 cm处,且受冻融过程影响显著;(3)在降水较多的年份(2014)高寒草甸生态系统水分收支基本平衡,且不受冻融影响的月份(6—9)有地表径流产生约42 mm;在正常年份(2015),生态系统呈现水分亏缺,亏缺量约为134 mm,6—9月约亏缺26 mm;(4)模型估算蒸散发(ET)与实测蒸散发具有很好的一致性,相关系数可达0.90,敏感性分析表明模型输入变量对蒸散发(ET)及蒸散比(T/ET)产生的误差较小,双源模型可以很好地实现对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(ET)的拆分。     

荒漠草原人工灌丛化对蒸散发及其组分的影响——以盐池县为例

我国西北防沙治沙工程中大量的种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)会导致荒漠草原发生灌丛化现象,研究人工灌丛化对荒漠草原蒸散发的影响,不仅能够揭示半干旱区人为活动对生态系统水循环的影响机理,还可以指导区域生态治理实践。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原为例,基于植被的生理生态参数和荒漠草原水热条件,采用生物地球化学模型(Biome Bio-Geochemical Cycles,Biome-BGC)和地球呼吸系统模拟模型(Breathing Earth System Simulator,BESS)结合的方法,模拟荒漠草原生态系统人工灌丛引入前后蒸散发及其组分的变化,定量研究荒漠草原人工灌丛化对区域生态水文循环中蒸散发的影响。结果表明,人工灌丛的引入使植被结构及特征发生了变化,叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)年最大值由0.20增加为0.67,改变了植被年内与年际变化特征。荒漠草原人工灌丛化后,生态系统年均蒸散发由251.74 mm增加到了281.42 mm;人工灌丛化对生长季的蒸散发增强明显,8月蒸散发峰值时,日均蒸散发由1.27 mm/d增加到1.56 mm/d。...     

基于Shuttleworth-Wallace模型的科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘蒸散发模拟

陆面蒸散发在气候调节和维持区域水量平衡中起关键作用.量化蒸散发及其各组分项,对深刻揭示干旱半干旱地区的生态水文过程具有重要意义.本研究基于科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘2017年生长季气象监测系统的原位监测数据,利用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型对沙丘蒸散发进行模拟,在此基础上,对蒸散各组分进行拆分,并利用涡度相关对模拟蒸散发值进行验证.结果表明: 整个生长季模型模拟蒸散发值为308 mm,涡度相关实测值为296 mm,偏差较小,证明S-W模型适用于该地区的蒸散发模拟.蒸散发整体呈生长旺盛期>生长后期>生长初期,分别为192、71和45 mm,分别占总量的62.3%、23.1%和14.6%.日尺度上模型模拟值与实测蒸散发值一致性较高,模型模拟精度大体表现为: 晴天>阴天>雨天,且阴雨天模型模拟值较涡度相关实测值偏低.经拆分,土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾分别为176和132 mm,分别占总量的57.1%和42.9%,表明沙地水分利用效率较低.持续干旱和降水后,蒸散发规律明显不同,且土壤蒸发对降水的敏感性强于植被蒸腾.     

植被覆盖度和物候变化对典型黑沙蒿灌丛生态系统总初级生产力的影响

气候变化和人类活动是植被生产力年际尺度变化的重要驱动因素, 明晰二者对植被生产力的共同影响对于生态系统可持续管理至关重要。气候变化可能导致植被物候变化, 进而影响植被生产力。目前尚不清楚毛乌素沙地典型植被物候如何响应气候变化, 并因此影响生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)。此外, 植被恢复(覆盖度增加)和物候变化对GPP的共同影响有待明确。该研究选取典型黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛生态系统, 结合MODIS遥感数据与涡度相关数据, 利用植被光合模型(VPM), 模拟并分析了2005-2018年间植被覆盖度和物候变化对GPP的影响。结果表明: (1) VPM模型能够较好地模拟涡度相关法观测的GPP动态(GPP_Flux), 而MODIS遥感产品(MOD17A2H)则显著低估GPP_Flux; (2)研究期内年均归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、最大NDVI (NDVI_max)和年总GPP均显著增加, 表明植被恢复促进了植被生产力增加; (3)基于NDVI和GPP日序列估算的生长季开始日期显著提前(2.1 d·a^-1), 生长季结束日期显著推迟(1.5 d·a^-1), 二者共同促使生长季长度延长(3.6 d·a^-1); (4)物候期延长促进了GPP增加, 生长季长度每延长1天, 全年GPP显著增加6.44 g C·m^-2·a^-1; (5)植被覆盖度增加和生长季延长分别可以解释79%和57%的GPP增加; (6)尽管植被覆盖度和物候变化均促进GPP增加, 但前者是其增加的主要驱动因素。鉴于植被覆盖度增加和生长季延长也可能导致生态系统呼吸和蒸散发增加, 未来研究仍需探究生态系统碳汇能力、水分利用效率和水分承载力对气候变化和人类活动的响应。此外, 该研究主要探讨GPP在年际尺度的变化趋势及影响因素, 未来需要研究GPP的年际变异规律及驱动因素, 尤其是对降水年际变异和极端干旱事件的响应。     

黄土高原典型干旱区退耕还林后植被覆盖变化研究

以MODIS NDVI 为数据源, 选择退耕还林意义最为典型的甘肃省会宁地区为示范区, 应用像元二分模型计算该地区2000-2010 年11 a 的植被覆盖度, 分析了退耕还林后该地区植被覆盖度动态变化特征及趋势。结果表明: 从实施退耕还林还草政策以来, 会宁县植被覆盖度虽然年际间有较大波动, 但总体上呈微弱的增加趋势, 并以低植被覆盖度类型和中低植被覆盖度类型为主, 11 a 监测期植被覆盖度增加的面积达到70.60%, 且植被覆盖度主要向10%-45%范围内转化。空间上植被覆盖度差异较大, 南部高、中部和北部显著偏低。人类活动与气候变化是影响植被覆盖度变化的主要因素。     

CLM3.0-DGVM中植物叶面积指数与气候因子的时空关系

作为陆面模型里植被的特征量,叶面积值数（LAI）和植被覆盖度在陆地-大气相互作用的相关研究里被广泛应用。LAI的模拟是动态植被模式（DVM）的核心任务之一,需要对模拟的LAI与气候因子间的时空关系进行评估以更好的了解模式性能以及理解植被-大气反馈过程。用1950—1999年的气象数据驱动通用陆面模式的动态植被模式（CLM3.0-DGVM）模拟得到的全球潜在植被的LAI和2001—2003年MODIS观测资料衍生出的LAI数据进行对比,并在此基础上研究当前气候条件下不同植物功能型（PFT）的LAI与不同气候因子在年际尺度上的时空关系,包括运用Moran系数理论分析空间自相关性、运用逐步回归算法构建空间最优一阶线性回归方程、分析模式LAI与气候因子间的滞后相关性。研究表明：1）以MODIS衍生数据作参照,改进后的CLM3.0-DGVM能较好地模拟不同PFTs的LAI年最大值的空间分布型,但是在物候模拟即LAI的季节循环上存在不足;2）植物LAI的分布具有正的空间自相关性。对潜在植物LAI和气候因子进行拟合时不同气候因子对不同PFTs的方差贡献不一样,一般降水最大、风速最小。这反映了陆地生态系统和气候间复杂的相互关系;3）模式模拟的LAI和气候因子有显著的1～2年的滞后相关,其中光照、降水和LAI的滞后相关性波动较大,而温度、比湿的较小,风速的不明显。这些基于CLM3.0-DGVM的结论在自然界的植物–气候相互作用系统中具有普遍意义：不同地区不同植物受不同气候因子的影响不一样;找出不同PFT的主要气候影响因子和理解其中最关键的生物物理和生物化学过程是至关重要的。进一步工作需要用更精确和更高分辨率的气候数据以及局地观测的LAI对DGVM做评估,同时DGVM本身也需要继续改进（例如加入农作物和灌溉过程的模拟）。     

Dynamic global vegetation modelling for prediction of plant functional types and biogenic trace gas fluxes

1. A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) has been developed as a new feature of the NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) ecosystem production and trace gas model. This DGVM includes seasonal phenology algorithms calibrated using historical interannual data sets derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution (AVHRR) satellite ‘greenness’ index. 2. The coupled CASA-DGVM design is based conceptually on two main elements of Tilman's resource-ratio hypothesis of vegetation change, namely: 1) plant competition for resources (water and light) over relatively short time periods of months and seasons; and 2) the long-term pattern in the supply of growth-limiting resources such as water and nutrients, i.e. the resource-supply trajectory. This simulation model generates global gridded estimates of primary production, above and below ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and trace gas fluxes from soil. 3. Eight distributed test locations for the DGVM were evaluated initially to represent a variety of climate conditions ranging from Arctic (64°N Alaska) to tropical and subtropical (24°S southern Africa) latitude zones. At all test locations, the predicted plant functional type (PFT) matched closely with the actual reported PFT. 4. In the process of running the model to steady state PFTs, most forest locations showed a rapid progression of transient states, from bare ground to grassland, to grasses with shrub cover, and finally to the forest PFT. From this first global application, the DGVM correctly predicts the presence of forest classes in approximately 75–95% of all cases worldwide, and grasslands in approximately 58% of all cases. 5. The effects of two hypothetical climate change scenarios were evaluated. Scenario I was set by warming air surface temperatures linearly to 4 °C above average over a 25-year simulation period. Scenario II was set by decreasing annual rainfall amounts linearly to 50% below average over a 25-year simulation period. 6. The warming scenario I resulted in PFT at high-latitude forest and boreal forest sites changing to mixed coniferous forest, accompanied by increase in canopy LAI. The drought scenario II resulted in PFT at the boreal forest and savanna sites changing to grasslands. At locations where PFT did not change with climate, however, soil water and canopy LAI were predicted to decline progressively under the warming scenario, beginning from steady-state temperate and tropical zone PFTs. They also declined under the drought scenario beginning from practically any steady state PFT.     

Temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture under different vegetation types in Qilian Mountain, China

Field observations were conducted near the forest boundary in Qilian Mountain to test the differences in temporal variability of soil moisture between grassland, shrubland and forest habitats, and to examine the contributions of canopy rainfall interception and plant uptake to any observed differences. It was found that considerable differences of the temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture do exist between the three habitats. The coefficient of variance (CV) in soil moisture content at 5 cm depth was significantly higher in grassland and shrubland than in forest, while that at 20 cm was significantly higher in shrubland and forest than in grassland. High canopy rainfall interception of shrubs and intense soil moisture evaporation in grassland should be responsible for the higher temporal variability of soil moisture content at 5 cm depth in the two habitats, respectively, while the differences at 20 cm depths are most likely only due to the differences in canopy rainfall interception. Water uptakes provide little contribution to the differences in CVs of soil moisture at both 5 cm and 20 cm depths. It was also found that the CV at depth of 20 cm is significantly higher than that at depth of 5 cm, suggesting that the most active depth of soil moisture does not necessarily happen on the surface.     

Implementing plant hydraulic architecture within the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

Aim To implement plant hydraulic architecture within the Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ–DGVM), and to test the model against a set of observational data. If the model can reproduce major patterns in vegetation and ecosystem processes, we consider this to be an important linkage between plant physiology and larger‐scale ecosystem dynamics. Location The location is global, geographically distributed. Methods A literature review was carried out to derive model formulations and parameter values for representing the hydraulic characteristics of major global plant functional types (PFTs) in a DGVM. After implementing the corresponding formulations within the LPJ–DGVM, present‐day model output was compared to observational data. Results The model reproduced observed broad‐scale patterns in potential natural vegetation, but it failed to distinguish accurately between different types of grassland and savanna vegetation, possibly related to inadequate model representations of water fluxes in the soil and wildfire effects. Compared to a version of the model using an empirical formulation for calculating plant water supply without considering plant hydraulic architecture, the new formulation improved simulated patterns of vegetation in particular for dry shrublands. Global‐scale simulation results for runoff and actual evapotranspiration (AET) corresponded well to available data. The model also successfully reproduced the magnitude and seasonal cycle of AET for most EUROFLUX forests, while modelled variation in NPP across a large number of sites spanning several biomes showed a strong correlation with estimates from field measurements. Main conclusions The model was generally confirmed by comparison to observational data. The novel model representation of water flow within plants makes it possible to resolve mechanistically the effects of hydraulic differences between plant functional groups on vegetation structure, water cycling, and competition. This may be an advantage when predicting ecosystem responses to nonextant climates, in particular in areas dominated by dry shrubland vegetation.     

Global vegetation models: incorporating transient changes to structure and composition

Abstract. We describe an approach for developing a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) that accounts for transient changes in vegetation distribution over a decadal time scale. The DGVM structure is based on a linkage between an equilibrium global vegetation model and smaller scale ecosystem dynamics modules that simulate the rate of vegetation change. Vegetation change is classified into four basic types, based largely on the projected change in above-ground biomass of the vegetation. These four types of change are: (1) dieback of forest, shrubland or grassland; (2) successional replacement within forest, shrubland or grassland; (3) invasion of forest, shrubland or grassland; (4) change in tree/grass ratio. We then propose an approach in which the appropriate ecosystem dynamics module for each type of change is applied and the grid cells of the global model updated accordingly. An approach for accounting for fire, as an example of a disturbance which may strongly influence the rate and spatial pattern of forest dieback, is incorporated. We also discuss data needs for the development, calibration and validation of the model.     

Interannual Invariability of Forest Evapotranspiration and Its Consequence to Water Flow Downstream

Although drought in temperate deciduous forests decreases transpiration rates of many species, stand-level transpiration and total evapotranspiration is often reported to exhibit only minor interannual variability with precipitation. This apparent contradiction was investigated using four years of transpiration estimates from sap flux, interception–evaporation estimates from precipitation and throughfall gauges, modeled soil evaporation and drainage estimates, and eddy covariance data in a mature oak-hickory forest in North Carolina, USA. The study period included one severe drought year and one year of well above-average precipitation. Normalized for atmospheric conditions, transpiration rates of some species were lower in drought than in wet periods whereas others did not respond to drought. However, atmospheric conditions during drought periods are unlike conditions during typical growing season periods. The rainy days that are required to maintain drought-free periods are characterized by low atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, leading to very low transpiration. In contrast, days with low air vapor pressure deficit were practically absent during drought and moderate levels of transpiration were maintained throughout despite the drying soil. Thus, integrated over the growing season, canopy transpiration was not reduced by drought. In addition, high vapor pressure deficit during drought periods sustained appreciable soil evaporation rates. As a result, despite the large interannual variation in precipitation (ranging from 934 to 1346 mm), annual evapotranspiration varied little (610–668 mm), increasing only slightly with precipitation, due to increased canopy rainfall interception. Because forest evapotranspiration shows only modest changes with annual precipitation, lower precipitation translates to decreased replenishment of groundwater and outflow, and thus the supply of water to downstream ecosystems and water bodies.     

Estimation of evaporation components in agricultural crops

There are three components of the total evapotranspiration (soil evaporation, interception loss and transpiration) influenced strongly by the vegetation. Hydrological models need information about the temporally varying portions of the components. On a well equipped research station in the east of Germany all these components have been measured under corn, winter wheat and sunflower (Zea mais L., Triticum aestivum L., Helianthus annuus, L.) and calculated with different methods, respectively. The portion of soil evaporation decreased dramatically from 50% at a LAI = 0.5 to 1–5% for dense crops (LAI > 3). It was stated that transpiration and interception loss took place simultaneously.     

西北黑河中游荒漠绿洲农田作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发区分及作物耗水规律

利用中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站绿洲农田2009年小气候、湍流交换、土壤蒸发和叶片气孔导度等综合观测试验数据,应用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)双源模型以半小时为步长估算了绿洲农田玉米生长季实际蒸散量,并利用涡动相关与微型蒸渗仪实测数据对田间蒸散发量和棵间土壤蒸发量计算结果进行了检验。结果表明:S-W模型较好地估算研究区的蒸散量,并能有效区分农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发;全生育期玉米共耗水640 mm,其中作物蒸腾累积量为467 mm,土壤蒸发累积量为173 mm,分别占总量的72.9%和27.1%;日时间尺度上,作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发分别在0—6.3 mm/d和0—4.3 mm/d之间变化,其日平均分别为2.9和1.0 mm/d;田间供水充足,作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发比值明显受作物生长过程影响,播种—出苗期、出苗—拔节期、拔节—抽雄期、抽雄—灌浆期、灌浆—成熟期,其比值分别为0.04、0.8、7.0、5.2和1.4,不同阶段的比值差异主要受叶面积指数影响。     

基于树干液流及涡动相关技术的葡萄冠层蒸腾及蒸散发特征研究

针对西北干旱区绿洲经济作物葡萄树冠层蒸腾及蒸散发特征的相关问题,在甘肃省敦煌市南湖绿洲开展无核白葡萄树液流速率及蒸散发观测试验,采用基于热平衡原理的包裹式茎流计,详细分析了典型生长季7—9月份葡萄树蒸腾耗水规律,使用"单位叶面积上的平均液流速率SF×叶面积指数LAI"的方法,实现了从单株到林分冠层蒸腾的尺度扩展,并通过与涡动相关技术所测蒸散发数据对比,详细研究了葡萄地冠层蒸腾及蒸散发规律。结果表明:典型生长季中葡萄树液流速率日变化为单峰型曲线,日均耗水量从2.76 kg到10 kg不等,胸径越大的葡萄树日均耗水量越大;冠层蒸腾及蒸散发日变化曲线亦为单峰型,白天8:00—12:00与17:00—20:00期间,葡萄冠层蒸腾与蒸散发曲线均比较吻合,该时间段葡萄地蒸散发绝大部分来源于葡萄冠层蒸腾,而12:00—17:00之间由于午后太阳辐射强烈土壤蒸发量增加,葡萄蒸散发大于冠层蒸腾;典型生长季3个月中,葡萄冠层蒸腾量的变化范围在1.88—8.12 mm/d之间,日均冠层蒸腾量为6.12 mm/d,蒸散发在1.74 mm/d至10.78 mm/d之间,日均蒸散发量为7.13 mm/d;日均土壤蒸发量约为1.01 mm/d,只占总蒸散发量的14.2%,日均冠层蒸腾占日均蒸散发的比重达到85.8%,说明该生长阶段冠层蒸散发以作物蒸腾为主。