黑麦染色体的银染研究

在对黑麦染色体银染过程的盐酸解离条件进行探索的同时,对黑麦染色体的银染正反应区进行了研究,首次发现经短时间空气干燥(4-24h)的黑麦染色体制片,随着盐酸解离强度的递增,分别出现了核仁组织区(NOR)、NOR和端粒以及NOR和着丝点的银染正反应,就此现象讨论了端粒和着丝点的银染机理。     

黑麦染色体银染的初步研究

本文对黑麦染色体的银染条件进行了探索,并对黑麦染色体上银染正反应分布区进行了研究。首次发现黑麦染色体的核仁组成中心区、着丝点和端粒均能用硝酸银染色。对此现象的原因进行了讨论。     

黑麦1R染色体特异性PCR引物的分子证据

根据黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒａｌｅＬ．）与小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｗｕｍＬ．）ｒＲＮＡ基因间隔区序列差异,按Ｋｏｅｂｎｅｒ设计的引物序列,合成了黑麦特异引物ＮＯＲ－Ｒ１。运用该引物对不同植物材料进行ＰＣＲ扩增,观察表明,含有黑麦１Ｒ染色体的植物均扩增出黑麦的特异带,但含有其他黑麦染色体的小麦种质,普通小麦品种及其近缘物种长穗偃麦草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｂｅａｕｖ）     

东北梅花鹿染色体核仁组成区的银染观察

已知哺乳动物中18S+28S核糖体基因(rDNA)位于特定染色体的核仁组成区(NOR_s),银染技术能使哺乳动物染色体上的核仁组成区着色。银染核仁组成区是一种很好的遗传学标记。近年来,银染技术已开始用于追溯家畜的品种起源(王子淑等,1982)。还发现患白血病的黑白花奶牛的Ag-NOR_s出现率比正常牛显著下降(郭爱朴等,1983)。一些哺乳动物的Ag-NOR_s,如狗(张锡然等,1982)、灵长类(曹彼梅等,1981)、毛冠鹿(张锡然,1983)等已有过报道。本文应用银染技术,对东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon hortulorum)的体细胞染色体的核     

几种鲤鱼染色体核仁组织者的银染观察

本文对鲤属（Cyprinus）春鲤C.longipectoralis杞麓鲤C.carpio chilia、以及鲤鱼C.carpio四种品系的核型与核仁组织者（NORs）进行了银染观察,结果表明: 1.几种鲤鱼的染色体数均为2n=100,核型组成均包括中着丝点（A组）、亚中着丝点（B组）和端着丝点或近端着丝点（C组）染色体,但构成比例彼此稍有差异。春鲤及杞麓鲤核型为22m 30sm 48st.t（昝瑞光,1980）;鲤鱼四种品系:荷包鲤、玻璃鲤、兴国红鲤及青鲤的核型为28m 22sm 50st.t,在C组第3对上有一对具随体的染色体,四种品系鲤鱼随体的形态,大小各不相同。 2.几种鲤鱼均有一对同源染色体带有NORS,且均出现在St染色体的短臂上。 3.几种鲤鱼的NORs均呈现显著的多态性。此外还观察到Ag-NORs的联合现象。     

黑麦B染色体端粒相关序列的克隆

利用显微切割技术,分离了黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌＬ．）１０个Ｂ染色体短臂端部片段,并利用寡核苷酸引物（ＣＣＣＴＡＡＡ）３及新建立的二级单引物序列ＰＣＲ扩增法,扩增了黑麦Ｂ染色体端粒相关序列。染色体原位杂交实验将ＰＣＲ产物定位于Ｂ染色体短臂末端,多数Ａ染色体末端也显示清晰的杂交信号。部分ＰＣＲ产物克隆到ｐＵＣ１９载体中,对其中一个克隆子ｐｐ３的序列分析结果表明,它与玉米亚端部克隆子ｐＢＦ２６６部分区域的同源性为９２％。就目前资料检索,黑麦、玉米端粒相关序列具有高度同源性还未见报道。对这一实验设计在构建高密度ＲＦＬＰ图谱中的应用进行了探讨     

胃粘膜病变核仁组成区嗜银蛋白的银染计量和能谱分析

对77例胃粘膜活检标本进行银染,显示核仁组成区相关的嗜银蛋白(Ag-NOR),进行计数和统计分析,并对银染标本作电镜观察及能谱分析。结果表明,Ag-NOR 颗粒计数的多少,对胃肿瘤恶性程度的诊断有重要参考价值。电镜证实银染物质定位于核仁组成区,银染阳性区能谱分析显示 Ag 峰,说明银染反应具特异性.     

牡丹染色体的Ag-NORs和Giemsa C带的研究

本文首次报道了紫斑牡丹和栽培牡丹5个重要品种的Ag-NORs和Giemsa C带带型。所有材料的核型组成均为2n=2x=10=6m+2sm+2st。多数材料具6个Ag-NORs,但在染色体上的分布位点不同。C带的差别主要表现在第1、2、3对染色体上。以上两种核学特征,具有品种的特异性。分带所显示的端(T)带和Ag-NORs的数目及分布基本一致。牡丹染色体的端带,本质上是N带;常规染色所显示的所谓随体,实际上是瑞部核仁组成区(NORs)。此外,对牡丹的细胞学研究技术进行了讨论。     

BrdU和Hoechst 33258诱导黑麦染色体臂内银染区的研究

黑麦（Secale cereale)染色体除核仁组成区,着丝粒、端粒能被AgNt)3染色体,还可用BrdU和Hoechst 33258诱导出银染区,本文还对染色体差别银染的机制作了探讨。     

一个1B/1R小麦-黑麦染色体易位的鉴定

本研究对冬小麦品系73(36)9-1的1B/1R易位染色体进行了遗传分析。发现73(36)9-1有一对随体染色体,它的两个亲本矮丰四号及洛夫林10(Lovrin lo)分别有两对和一对随体染色体。观察用矮丰四号回交的F_1,绝大部分花粉母细胞的中期染色体都能正常配对,而用洛夫林10回交的,除了多数产生两个单价体之外,正常配对的情况也能经常看到。同时还发现,73(36)9-1和“中国春”双端体(CSDT)的1BL能很好地配对并形成一个棒状的异形二价体,而它和CSDT 1BS的染色体则主要产生20″+1′+t′的构型,从而证明易位发生在1B染色体的短臂,并且该易位的片段来自黑麦染色体1RL。本文还讨论了该易位发生的可能途径,推断是由于在F_1花粉母细胞中的两个单价体(一个是小麦染色体1B,一个是黑麦染色体1R)同时进行错分裂之后产生的两种端着丝点染色体(1BL和1RL)重新并合形成的,因而冬小麦73(36)9-1可能是一个自发产生的易位系。     

The Banding Pattern of the Rye (Secale cereale) Chromosomes and Its Application

The Giemsa C-banding technique has been used in this paper for analysis of chromosome banding pattern, and the changes of the chromosome structures of irradiated rye and wheat-rye were identified preliminarily. Heterochromatin polymorphism of rye was also discussed.     

Freeze-Induced Membrane Ultrastructural Alterations in Rye (Secale cereale) Leaves

Freezing injury in protoplasts isolated from leaves of nonaccli-mated rye (Secale cereale cv Puma) is associated with the formation of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. However, in protoplasts from cold-acclimated rye, injury is associated with the occurrence of localized deviations in the fracture plane, a lesion referred to as the "fracture-jump lesion." To establish that these ultrastructural consequences of freezing are not unique to protoplasts, we have examined the manifestations of freezing injury in leaves of non-acclimated and cold-acclimated rye by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. At -10[deg]C, injury in nonacclimated leaves was manifested by the appearance of aparticulate domains in the plasma membrane, aparticulate lamellae subtending the plasma membrane, and by the frequent occurrence of the HII phase. The HII phase was not observed in leaves of cold-acclimated rye frozen to -35[deg]C. Rather, injury was associated with the occurrence of the fracture-jump lesion between the plasma membrane and closely appressed cytoplasmic membranes. Studies of the time dependence of HII phase formation in nonacclimated leaves indicated that freeze-induced dehydration requires longer times in leaves than in isolated protoplasts. These results demonstrate that the freeze-induced formation of the HII phase in nonacclimated rye and the fracture-jump lesion in cold-acclimated rye are not unique to protoplasts but also occur in the leaves from which the protoplasts are isolated.     

Abnormal Condensation of Meiotic Chromosomes Caused by the mei8 Mutation in Rye Secale cereale L.

Inheritance of two spontaneous meiosis-specific mutations with similar cytologic phenotype was studied. Both mutations were independently obtained from two rye populations (Vyatka variety and weedy rye). Both mutations are recessive, allelic, and monogenically inherited; the corresponding gene is designated mei8. The mutant alleles of the gene cause abnormal meiotic chromosome structure expressed as irregular compaction along the chromosome length, chromatin stickiness at all stages of meiosis, and chromosome fragmentation in anaphase I.     

Opaline Silica Deposition in Rye (Secale cereale L.)

The types of opaline silica-bodies (opal phytoliths) which occurin the mature prophylls, radical and culm leaves, culms, andinflorescence bracts of rye (Secale cereale L.) are describedand figured. Silica-bodies are absent from the coleoptile, andthe adaxial epidermis of the prophylls, leaf sheaths, and inflorescencebracts. The stages of silica-body formation in young radicalleaf sheaths are also described. Alternative hypotheses forthe origin of silica-bodies are discussed.     

Microdissection and Recovery of 1R Chromosome in Rye ( Secale cereale )

The technique of mieromanipulaion has been used to establish a system of single chromosome mierodissection. According to the standard karyotype of rye ( Secale cereale L. ), 1R chromosome carrying disease-resistant gene has been identified, microdissected and transferred into Ep-pendorf tube using mieromanipulator. The results showed that IR chromosome in cells pretreated with α-bromonaphthalene could be identified quickly and the efficiency of microdissection was greatly improved when the technique of wall degradation and hypotonic treatment was applied.     

The Study of Joint Inheritance of Mutations Impairing the Structure of Meiotic Chromosomes in Rye Secale cereale L.

Genetic analysis has demonstrated that meiotic mutations mei8 (irregular condensation and fragmentation of meiotic chromosomes) andmei10 (chromosome overcompaction) are nonallelic. Mutation mei10 exhibits digenic inheritance (with a segregation ratio of 13 : 3) in the combinations of crosses studied. It is assumed that the phenotypic expression of mutation mei10is suppressed by the effect of recessive genelch1 or lch2 (long chromosomes), both of which have been revealed in one of the parental lines (Mc10). These genes determine weak condensation of meiotic chromosomes. In double mutantsmei8 mei10, the mutations are expressed independently of each other. Gene mei10 is linked with gene mei8(r^ = 36.8 ± 5.38%); genes lch1 and lch2 are not linked either with them or with each other. Taking into account the data on the linkage between genes mei10and sy10 and between mei8andsy10, the order of genes in the linkage group is shown to be the following: mei8–sy10–mei10.     

Site of Synthesis of NADPH: Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase in Rye (Secale cereale)

The site of synthesis of the plastid membrane-located enzyme, protochlorophyllide reductase, has been determined. Plastid ribosome-deficient and normal rye (Secale cereale L., cv Rheidol) plants were grown in darkness at 33°C and 22°C, respectively. Extracts from these plants were analyzed for the levels of different ribosomal RNAs and cytochrome f and the activity of a number of enzymes with well-established sites of synthesis. The results confirmed that the higher temperature had induced a specific inhibition of protein synthesis in the plastids. The activity and level of protochlorophyllide reductase was unaffected by growth at the higher temperature, suggesting it to be a cytoplasmically synthesized enzyme.     

Characterization and Quantification of Intrinsic Ice Nucleators in Winter Rye (Secale cereale) Leaves

Extracellular ice formation in frost-tolerant organisms is often initiated at specific sites by ice nucleators. In this study, we examined ice nucleation activity (INA) in the frost-tolerant plant winter rye (Secale cereale). Plants were grown at 20[deg]C, at 5[deg]C with a long day, and at 5[deg]C with a short day (5[deg]C-SD). The threshold temperature for INA was -5 to -12[deg]C in winter rye leaves from all three growth treatments. Epiphytic ice nucleation-active bacteria could not account for INA observed in the leaves. Therefore, the INA must have been produced endogenously. Intrinsic rye ice nucleators were quantified and characterized using single mesophyll cell suspensions obtained by pectolytic degradation of the leaves. The most active ice nucleators in mesophyll cell suspensions exhibited a threshold ice nucleation temperature of -7[deg]C and occurred infrequently at the rate of one nucleator per 105 cells. Rye cells were treated with chemicals and enzymes to characterize the ice nucleators, which proved to be complexes of proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids, in which both disulfide bonds and free sulfhydryl groups were important for activity. Carbohydrates and phospholipids were important components of ice nucleators derived from 20[deg]C leaves, whereas the protein component was more important in 5[deg]C-SD leaves. This difference in composition or structure of the ice nucleators, combined with a tendency for more frequent INA, suggests that more ice nucleators are produced in 5[deg]C-SD leaves. These additional ice nucleators may be a component of the mechanism for freezing tolerance observed in winter rye.