Lateral fungal spore movement inside a simulated wall

Moisture inside walls can facilitate mold growth if left untreated. Once spores become airborne they may interact with pressures inside walls. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if airborne spores have the potential to migrate laterally inside walls with and without wiring installations. A simulated wall was fabricated, and Penicillium chrysogenum spores were aerosolized into a distant stud bay and an adjacent stud bay. The wall was subjected to a typical indoor pressure. Spore levels inside the bays were sampled, and a total of 36 trials (n = 36) were conducted. Results of Kruskal–Wallis tests revealed that spore levels inside the sampling bay and the distant bay with wiring installations were not significantly different. Spore levels inside the sampling bay were significantly lower than the adjacent bay without wiring installations (P < 0.05). The findings of the study suggest airborne fungal spores have the potential to move laterally inside walls.     

Current distribution and potential expansion of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. siamensis towards the warming waters of the Bay of Biscay,North-East Atlantic

In a future scenario of increasing temperatures in North-Atlantic waters, the risk associated with the expansion of the harmful, benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. siamensis has to be evaluated and monitored. Microscopy observations and spatio-temporal surveys of environmental DNA (eDNA) were associated with Lagrangian particle dispersal simulations to: (i) establish the current colonization of the species in the Bay of Biscay, (ii) assess the spatial connectivity among sampling zones that explain this distribution, and (iii) identify the sentinel zones to monitor future expansion. Throughout a sampling campaign carried out in August to September 2018, microscope analysis showed that the species develops in the south-east of the bay where optimal temperatures foster blooms. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed its presence across almost the whole bay to the western English Channel. An eDNA time-series collected on plastic samplers showed that the species occurs in the bay from April to September. Due to the water circulation, colonization of the whole bay from the southern blooming zones is explained by inter-site connectivity. Key areas in the middle of the bay permit continuous dispersal connectivity towards the north. These key areas are proposed as sentinel zones to monitor O. cf. siamensis invasions towards the presumably warming water of the North-East Atlantic.     

Aspects of behavioral ecology of Sotalia guianensis in Sepetiba Bay, southeast Brazil

Boat-based surveys were conducted from August 2002 to July 2003 to study the activity patterns, spatial pattern of area use, and group characteristics of Sotalia guianensis in Sepetiba Bay, southeast Brazil. Predetermined routes covered the entrance and interior of the bay, resulting in 210 dolphin sightings during 3,300 km total effort. Data on activity were collected using scan group sampling with instantaneous recording after 5 min of observation. Dolphins were sighted more frequently in the entrance of the bay, where water is deeper, and salinity and transparency are higher, than in the interior of the bay, where the environment is more influenced by freshwater inputs. Foraging and feeding were the most frequent activities, and occurred predominantly between 0600 and 1000. Foraging and feeding peaked during ebbing, low, and flooding tides, while socializing predominated at high tide. Mean group size was larger in the interior of the bay and when seabirds were present. Large aggregations containing >100 individuals of Sotalia guianensis seen year-round indicate that Sepetiba Bay is an important area for this species in coastal Brazil.     

Empirical evidence for large‐scale human impact on intertidal aggregations,larval supply and recruitment of Pyura praeputialis around the Bay of Antofagasta,Chile

In northern Chile, Pyura praeputialis is an invasive species inhabiting rocky intertidal and subtidal habitats restricted exclusively to the Bay of Antofagasta where it forms extensive aggregations. The negative impact of Pyura gathering on mid‐intertidal abundances of this species has recently been reported at the south‐eastern end of this bay. In the present study we have increased sampling sites to cover the entire bay toward the north‐western end and the northern section, where a coastal marine reserve for the scallop fishery partially restricts shellfish gathering. Therefore, the sampling sites were chosen to represent different levels of shellfish gathering access along the northern shore of the bay. Long‐term monitoring (1999–2014) of changes in tunicate cover and the abundances of larvae and recruits at seven sites are reported. The opening of a remodelled artificial and recreational beach in 2012, on the central‐eastern shore of the bay, has increased accessibility to rocky intertidal platforms that started to be massively visited by Pyura gatherers from the summer of 2013. This allowed for the implementation of an intensive short‐term monitoring program of changes in tunicate cover and the abundances of their larvae and recruits. When gathering access was present the reduction in intertidal cover was generalized to the entire bay and followed by reductions in larvae and recruits. However, these reductions were not found in sites with more restricted gathering access. We conclude that continuous extraction by Pyura gatherers followed by reductions of conspecific larvae and recruits are the main drivers behind the reduced abundance of P. praeputialis in the entire bay of Antofagasta. Thus, if gathering is not stopped important ecosystem services provided by this tunicate in the bay may be threatened. Similar consequences may be expected if other massive and irreversible reductions in other species of the Pyura complex, that inhabit other coasts in the southern hemisphere, occur. The controversy concerning the impacts of invasive species and whether they cause negative, positive or neutral impacts to original ecosystems and fisheries is discussed.     

Connectivity of a large embayment and coastal fishery: spawning aggregations in one bay source local and broad-scale fishery replenishment

Ichthyoplankton sampling and otolith chemistry were used to determine the importance of transient spawning aggregations of snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae) in a large embayment, Port Phillip Bay (PPB), Australia, as a source of local and broad-scale fishery replenishment. Ichthyoplankton sampling across five spawning seasons within PPB, across the narrow entrance to the bay and in adjacent coastal waters, indicated that although spawning may occur in coastal waters, the spawning aggregations within the bay were the primary source of larval recruitment to the bay. Otolith chemical signatures previously characterized for 0+ year C. auratus of two cohorts (2000 and 2001) were used as the baseline signatures to quantify the contribution that fish derived from reproduction in PPB make to fishery replenishment. Sampling of these cohorts over a 5 year period at various widely dispersed fishery regions, combined with maximum likelihood analyses of the chemistry of the 0+ year otolith portions of these older fish, indicated that C. auratus of 1 to 3+ years of age displayed both local residency and broad-scale emigration from PPB to populate coastal waters and an adjacent bay (Western Port). While the PPB fishery was consistently dominated (>70%) by locally derived fish irrespective of cohort or age, the contribution of fish that had originated from PPB to distant populations increased with age. At 4 to 5+ years of age, when C. auratus mature and fully recruit to the fishery, populations of both cohorts across the entire central and western Victorian fishery, including two major embayments and c. 800 km of coastal waters, were dominated (>70%) by fish that had originated from the spawning aggregations and nursery habitat within PPB. Dependence of this broadly dispersed fishery on replenishment from heavily targeted spawning aggregations within one embayment has significant implications for management and monitoring programmes.     

Semilunar postlarval settlement periodicity ensuing from semilunar larval release cycle in the Nihonotrypaea harmandi (Crustacea,Decapoda, Axiidea,Callianassidae) population on an intertidal sandflat in an open marine coastal embayment

Many decapod crustaceans in marine intertidal habitats release larvae toward coastal oceans, from which postlarvae (decapodids: settling-stage larvae) return home. Decapodid settlement processes are poorly understood. Previous studies showed that in Kyushu, Japan, the callianassid shrimp population on an intertidal sandflat of an open bay joining the coastal ocean near a large estuary released eight batches of larvae basically in a semilunar cycle from June through October and that decapodids performed diel vertical migration, occurring in the water column nocturnally. We conducted (a) frequent sampling for population density and size-composition on the sandflat through one reproductive season, (b) planktonic and benthic sampling for decapodids around the bay mouth, and (c) current meter deployment at three points across the bay mouth for tidal harmonic analysis. On the sandflat, six batches of newly-settled decapodids (settlers) occurred in a semilunar periodicity until October, with peaks occurring 0–3 days before syzygy dates except for the first one. For larval Batches 1–4, buoyancy-driven shoreward subsurface currents during July to mid-October would transport some pre-decapodid-stage larvae (zoeae) toward the bay. The absence of expected settler Batches 7–8 would be due to the converse subsurface currents caused by water-column mixing and seasonal winds after mid-October, carrying zoeae offshore. Once in the bay, phasing of night and nighttime-averaged shoreward tidal current explained the settlement pattern for Batches 1–4. For Batches 5–6 occurring in mid-September to mid-October, water currents generated by seasonal wind and tidal forcings may have caused peak settlement after the time expected from tidally-driven decapodid transport.     

Distribution of Japanese temperate bass, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lateolabrax japonicus</Emphasis>, eggs and pelagic larvae in Ariake Bay

We collected eggs and larvae of the Japanese temperate bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, and present horizontal and temporal changes of distribution relative to development and growth during the species pelagic life history in Ariake Bay. Sampling was conducted from the inner to central region (11 sampling stations) of Ariake Bay using a plankton net (80 cm diameter, 0.5-mm mesh) from November 2000 to February 2001. Both eggs and larvae were collected most abundantly in mid-December. The CPUE of eggs in the surface layer was higher than the middle layer, which is in contrast to that at the larval stage. Most eggs were collected around the central and western regions of the bay. The distribution of eggs shifted vertically to the middle layer with development. Yolk-sac larvae were collected in the central region of the bay, and preflexion and flexion larvae were more abundantly collected in the inner region of the bay. The body length of larvae around the inner bay was larger than in the central region. The pelagic life history can be summarized as follows: eggs are distributed around the central region of the bay and eggs and larvae expand their distribution to the inner and shallower waters with growth. We conclude that the shift of vertical distribution in pelagic stages and the hydrographic features of the middle layer form one of the mechanisms enabling the inshore migration of L. japonicus.     

Feeding ecology of King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Perciformes) recruits in seagrass and unvegetated habitats. Does diet reflect habitat utilization?

This study investigated the feeding ecology of King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus recruits to determine how diet composition varies between habitat types (seagrass and unvegetated habitats), and between sites separated by distance. Broad-scale sampling of seagrass and unvegetated habitats at nine sites in Port Phillip Bay (Australia) indicated the diet composition varied more by distance into the bay than by habitat. Near the entrance to the bay the diet was dominated by harpacticoids and gammarid amphipods, in the middle reaches of the bay the diet was completely dominated by harpacticoids, while at sites furthest into the bay, mysids and crab zoea were also important. Abundances of prey in guts was significantly higher between 1000 and 2200 hours compared with other times, indicating diurnal feeding. Laboratory determined gut evacuation rate (based on an exponential model) was estimated to be -0·54. Daily rations were highly variable among sites and habitat types. Sillaginodes punctatus recruits consumed much higher quantities of prey on unvegetated habitat than seagrass habitat at some middle reach sites; with prey consumption of harpacticoid copepods on unvegetated habitat approaching 3000 individuals per day at one site. The results of this study provide insight into why habitat associations of S. punctatus recruits within mosaics of seagrass and unvegetated habitat show high spatial variation.     

Temporal Coherence of Chlorophyll a during a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir,China

Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as “the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton”, yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from –0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Distribution and microhabitat use by flatfishes in a Louisiana estuary

We used a 1 m beam trawl to characterize microhabitat use of flatfishes in monthly samples collected in Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Six strata were established along a salinity gradient from the nearshore zone along the Gulf of Mexico to approximately 30 km inland. Randomized sampling within strata characterized flatfish distributions and environmental conditions throughout the bay. Microhabitats were characterized by salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, distance from shore, and substrate type. In 594 short-duration, beam-trawl samples collected from October 1992 through September 1994, we identified seven flatfish species from 7046 specimens, most of which were juveniles. Four species accounted for 98.3% of all flatfishes. The two most abundant, offshore tonguefish and bay whiff, were euryhaline and widely distributed over the salinity gradient; however, offshore tonguefish were concentrated in the lowermost stratum where bay whiff were uncommon. The third species, fringed flounder, was more abundant in middle and lower bay strata at higher salinities. The fourth species, blackcheek tonguefish, was most common in middle and upper bay strata and declined in abundance in coastal strata. A rotated factor analysis resolved six environmental variables into three major axes that explained 69 percent of the variance and were characterized as seasonal, depth-distance, and substrate-salinity axes. Separation of species and life history intervals in three-dimensional factor space reflected temporal and spatial segregation. Within the four common flatfishes, 14 of 24 variable comparisons showed clear ontogenetic trends in which at least two size-class means differed significantly. Among the common species, temporal differences were reflected by mean temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations and spatial differences were reflected by other environmental variables, including depth, distance, substrate, and salinity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Species composition,richness, and distribution of marine bivalve molluscs in Bahía de Mazatlán,México

We describe the composition and distribution of bivalve molluscs from the sandy and rocky intertidal and the shallow subtidal environments of Bahía de Mazatlán, México. The bivalve fauna of the bay is represented by 89 living species in 28 families, including 37 new records and four range extensions: Lithophaga hastasia, Adula soleniformis, Mactrellona subalata, and Strigilla ervilia. The number of species increases from the upper (44) and lower intertidal (53) to the shallow subtidal (76), but only 11 (17%) have a wide distribution in the bay (i.e., found in all sampling sites and environments). The bivalve assemblages are composed of four main life forms: 27 epifaunal species, 26 infaunal, 16 semi-infaunal, and 20 endolithic. A taxonomic distinctness analysis identified the sampling sites and environments that contribute the most to the taxonomic diversity (species to suborder categories) of the bay. The present work increased significantly (31%) to 132 species previous inventories of bivalves of Bahía de Mazatlán. These species represent 34% of the bivalve diversity of the southern Golfo de California and approximately 15% of the Eastern Tropical Pacific region.     

Nearshore contagion and sampling of freshwater larval fish

The existence of larval fish contagion and its approximate magnitudein four different biotopes: at the shore of a river, surfaceand at fixed depth at an exposed coast of a large lake, andin a shallow, sheltered bay, was investigated, using passiveand active sampling. Non-random distributions were the rule;patchiness differed according to species, size, abundance anddiurnal movement, and was inversely related to distance fromshore. Characterization of contagion was hindered by samplingequipment and techniques, which were found wanting.     

Variability in spatial and temporal occurrence of presettlement and settlement‐stage fishes associated with shallow reefs

Presettlement and settlement‐stage fishes were studied in a large, log‐spiral bay in temperate South Africa. The aim was to describe the assemblage composition, density and distribution associated with four types of habitats common to the bay: high profile reef, low profile reef, reef‐associated sand and open sand spatially separated from reef. Samples were collected with both a plankton ring net and a light trap at each habitat type as part of a mixed‐method approach. A total of 4084 presettlement and settlement‐stage fishes belonging to 31 teleost families and 84 species were captured. Reef‐associated sand and open sand habitats yielded higher species richness and diversity than the high and low‐profile reef habitats. Engraulidae, Gobiidae, Clupeidae and Cynoglossidae were the dominant fish families captured with the ring net, while Engraulidae, Clupeidae, Carangidae and Clinidae were captured with the light trap. A temporal difference in the abundance of presettlement fishes occurred between the sampling periods with highest values recorded during the summer settlement period. Habitat type together with associated physico‐chemical variables played a pivotal role in determining presettlement fish species composition, density and distribution across habitat types.     

Spatial and Temporal variations of mangrove fish assemblages in Martinique (French West Indies)

A study of the mangrove fish fauna in a bay of Martinique Island (French West Indies) was carried out at different seasons during two consecutive years. fishes were sampled with specific hoop-nets in the coastal areas at 8 stations.A total of 87 species was collected in the bay. Most individuals were represented by small-size specimens and juveniles. The overall species richness varied according to the stations and the sampling periods. The biomass and number of individuals were variable according to the location but remained stable in time. A factor correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering with median links were used to follow the evolution of the stations in space and time. Two types of stations were differentiated: the stations characterized by the mangrove and those under the influence of seagrass beds. A seasonal cycle, opposing the dry periods to the others, was observed.Thus, it seems that the use of the mangrove habitat by the fishes is optimized through a complete reorganization of communities in terms of species composition whereas the overall number and biomass remain stable. This model remains valid even for the most constraining biota of the mangrove ecosystem inhabited by a small number of well adapted species.     

粤东柘林湾无机氮的时空分布特征

2000年5月～2001年5月对粤东柘林湾海域调查结果表明该湾三氮分布呈湾内向湾外递减趋势,湾内以西部海域含量为高。NO₃-N是柘林湾无机氮的主要存在形态,其含量呈冬春季高、夏秋季低的特点。NH₄-N和NO₂-N与盐度的相关性较差,NO₃-N则除秋季外,其余季节与盐度均呈良好的负相关关系,表现保守性行为。     

Environmental management of a highly impacted,urbanized tropical estuary: rehabilitation and restoration

The principles of the dynamics and interrelationships within the dominant subtropical and tropical Caribbean seagrass community have been studied previously before, during, and after impact. From these and scores of observations of damage and recovery patterns inThalassia ecosystems, a sense of management recovery strategy has emerged. Artificial restoring ofThalassia testudinum seeds into areas cut off from stock (fruit, seeds) appeared feasible on a large scale after the Turkey Point (Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida) restoration and test sampling throughout North Biscayne Bay. Two large-scale seeding attempts were made; after 11 months they compared favorably with Turkey Point specimens with regard to growth parameters, despite the turbidity and other persistent pollution. Thus, the possible areas in whichThalassia seed restoration can be used has increased to include estuaries of multiple impact still in various stages of recovery after physical and sewage pollution. This technique should be especially useful to “developing” nations where important nearshore fisheries nurseries based onThalassia ecosystems have been heavily damaged and now lie barren. Man's impact on the estuary where seed restoration was attempted includes the following activities: 50% of the bay bottom directly dredged or filled (leaving much unconsolidated sediment); 50 million gallons of domestic waste dumped directly into a low flushing part of the bay for 20 years; seven major causeways transecting the bay, restricting circulation and flushing; two artificial inlets made into navigational channels; freshwater sheet flow drastically changed due to channelization by flood-control canals; urban runoff from a million people entering the bay. Most of the impacts have now abated; however, their long-term effects remain.     

Dynamics of nutrients and faecal bacteria in a macrotidal estuary,the Bay of Somme (France)

A stratified methodology for water sampling on tidal flats was adopted in 1988 and 1989 in the Bay of Somme. Analyses of nutrients, particulate matter and faecal germs showed the poor mixing of fresh and marine water and the weakness of stratification of the water column. Freshwater is pushed by marine water to the inner reaches of the bay and there are only a few lenses with true estuarine characteristics. In 1990, water was sampled simultaneously on the Somme river, the tidal flats and in the open sea, in order to point out estuarine gradients of several physical and chemical parameters and their evolution during a tidal cycle. The role of continental inputs was confirmed for faecal pollution, nitrate (20–25 mg l⁻¹), nitrite and silicate. The importance of ammonium excreted by the estuarine benthic populations was highlighted. High concentrations of continental chlorophyll (450 mg m⁻³) were also measured and contribute, with nitrates and ammonium, to eutrophication in the Bay of Somme. Pollution of the southern part of the bay by marine waters was regularly observed during the flow, raising doubts about the purifying capacity of sea-water and the conservation of faecal bacteria. A regular survey of fresh-water inputs and sea-water quality, offshore and within the bay, is considered to enable estimation of their respective influences in eutrophication processes in the Bay of Somme.     

舒血宁注射液对脑梗塞患者血小板活化状态的影响

目的:观察舒血宁注射液(成分:银杏提取物)对脑梗塞患者血小板活化的影响。方法:将63例脑梗塞患者随机分为两组,其中拜阿司匹灵组(aspirin group)31例,单用拜阿司匹灵治疗,舒血宁注射液+拜阿司匹灵组(Gingko+aspirin group)32例,予拜阿司匹灵联合舒血宁注射液治疗,并设立健康对照组30名,测定两组脑梗塞患者急性期和恢复期及健康对照组的PAC1、CD62P表达率,所测结果进行比较。结果:两组脑梗塞经分别治疗后,舒血宁注射液+拜阿司匹灵组PAC1、CD62P表达率较拜阿司匹灵组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:舒血宁注射液联合拜阿司匹灵可更好的抑制血小板活化。     

兴化湾浮游动物群落季节变化和水平分布

兴化湾为福建北部最大的海湾,于2006年对该海湾浮游动物群落进行了四季9个站位的调查。共检出浮游动物及幼虫124种,其中春季42种,夏季89种,秋季71种,冬季20种;分属近岸暖温、近岸暖水和广布外海3个生态类群;优势种15种,春季以水母和桡足类占优势,夏季以水母占优势,秋季以水母、桡足类和箭虫占优势,冬季则以桡足类占优势。不同季节兴化湾浮游动物生物量湿重和丰度水平分布特征变化明显,并与温度和盐度呈显著相关。聚类分析显示兴化湾浮游动物群落夏季类群和秋季类群相似度较高;各季节水平分布基本可分为湾口区和湾内区两大类群。与20世纪80年代相比,尽管本次调查浮游动物群落没有表现出显著差异,但随着电厂等大规模工程的投产,兴化湾海域生态系统健康面临着极大威胁,其环境压力需引起持续关注。     

Spring zooplankton distribution and production of the copepod Euterpina acutifrons in Marennes-Oléron Bay (France)

Short term variations of zooplankton populations were studied during an algal spring bloom in two characteristic areas of the Marennes-Oléron Bay (France). The sampling sites were chosen in the north of the bay, one close to the neritic zone, the other close to the estuarine zone. Five distinct zooplanktonic communities were observed: two typical neritic and estuarine assemblages, two eurytopic groups (linked to neritic or estuarine water masses) and an autochtonous community, widely distributed in the north of the bay. The copepod Euterpina acutifrons dominated the zooplankton community during this period of the year in terms of abundance (up to 83% of the zooplankton community). Its production differed between water masses: the highest production occurred at the estuarine station (3.48 ± 0.65 mg C m^–3 d^–1), where nauplii accounted for a large part of these high values. Its P/B ratio was similar at the two stations (0.196 and 0.209 d^–1).