基于 rDNA ITS 1序列探讨臂尾轮属轮虫的系统发生关系

本文通过对剪形臂尾轮虫、矩形臂尾轮虫、十指臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、双棘臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫和萼花臂尾轮虫等八种臂尾轮虫rDNAITS 1序列分析,并以西氏晶囊轮虫为外群,使用PAUP和贝叶斯软件分别构建臂尾轮属轮虫系统发生树( MP树、NJ树、ML树和贝叶斯树) ,以探讨臂尾轮属的系统发生关系,并解决其中的一些分类问题。结果表明:本研究所涉及的轮虫rDNAITS 1平均序列差异百分比较高,为29 %;海水和淡水臂尾轮虫被明显分为不同的进化枝;除双棘臂尾轮虫外,在淡水臂尾轮虫中具有三对前棘刺且营附着生活的种类与前棘刺少于三对且营浮游生活的种类聚在不同支系中,这与以形态特征为主所进行的系统发生研究结果基本一致;所有的系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系分离出来,裂足臂尾轮虫应归入臂尾轮属。     

Selective feeding and its effect on polymorphism and sexuality in the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi

SUMMARY. Campanulate females of A. sieboldi (clone 12C1) attack Asplanchna brightwelli and A. girodi much more readily than either the alga Volvox aureus or the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus . Pre-feeding campanulates on B. calyciflorus prior to testing does not appreciably affect their response to this prey. Discrimination during feeding occurs immediately after the campanulate's corona contacts a potential food organism and is probably mediated by chemoreceptors. Once a food organism is attacked, the probabilities of it being captured and subsequently swallowed are high and similar for each of the four organisms tested.
Since food organisms other than Asplanchna . such as V. aureus and B. calyciflorus , induce campanulates in this clone to produce cruciform, and thus frequently sexual, females in succeeding generations, a tendency of these campanulates to select congeneric prey would favour the maintenance of the campanulate morphotype and thus the continuation of parthenogenetic reproduction in the ensuing population.     

五种淡水轮虫种群增长参数的比较研究

在32℃培养条件下,实验研究了5种淡水常见浮游轮虫的种群增长参数。通过编制生命表计算其内禀增长率rm(h-1)、净生殖力(R0)和世代时间T(h)分别为:萼花臂尾轮虫-0.091、14.1和34.1;壶状臂尾轮虫-0.055、6.9和38.4;角突臂尾轮虫-0.035、4.9和50.9;臂尾水轮虫-0.038、4.3和46.1以及裂足臂尾轮虫-0.017、2.1和43.7。其中,萼花臂尾轮虫内禀增长率大,繁殖率高,可作为批量培养的首选种类。       

Mating behavior in eight rotifer species: using cross-mating tests to study species boundaries

We characterized the mating behavior of eight freshwater rotifer species from five different families of Monogononts (Asplanchnidae, Brachionidae, Euchlanidae, Lecanidae, and Trichocercidae). Were corded the percentages of male-female encounters resulting in mating attempts and the number of completed copulations. The characterization of mating behavior also included data on: (1) duration of copulation, (2) female and male swimming speed, (3) sites of initial mating attempts, (4) sites of copulation, and (5) sizes of males and females. In the five families investigated, cross-mating tests may be used to assess the ability of males to discriminate conspecifics, establishing limits to gene flow. We also present data on two families, Brachionidae and Lecanidae where we used cross-mating tests to compare discrimination between conspecific females and those of other species. Brachionus calyciflorus males attempted mating with females of the closely related genus Plationus, but did not attempt mating with Keratella Americana females. Males of other three Brachionidae species only attempted mating with nonspecific females. Lecane quadridentata males attempted to mate with females of two different Lecane species besides their own. Percentages of mating attempts and completed copulations were quantified in all crosses. Lower percentages of copulation after a mating attempt were found among brachionids than among non-brachionids. These data demonstrate that male discrimination of females is an effective pre-mating reproductive barrier in several species of Monogonont rotifers. These results, further suggest that investigations of mating behavior are useful for determining species boundaries in rotifers and perhaps other zooplankters. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Physiological responses to variable environments: storage and respiration in starving rotifers

1. Zooplankton exist in environments where food availability varies greatly over time, and success depends in part on the ability to store resources when food is abundant and to conserve them when food is scarce. This paper reports on interspecific differences in the size of stored reserves, and in respiration rate during food deprivation, of four species of planktonic rotifers.
2. The size of reserves varied from 42 to 71% of initial (well-fed) body mass. Interspecific differences in reserve size explained some of the previously observed differences in starvation time.
3. The initial response of respiration rate to food deprivation was quite variable between species. Brachionus calyciflorus was the only species to conserve energy by decreasing respiration rate in response to food deprivation. In contrast, the respiration rate of starved Asplanchna priodonta increased, while that of A. silvestrii and Synchaeta pectinata did not change, during food deprivation.
4. Theory predicts that temporal variation in resource level may facilitate the coexistence of competing species. This theory depends upon trade-offs between traits that confer competitive success in different environments. Although rotifers show a trade-off between competitive ability and maximum population growth rate, we found no evidence for trade-offs between either of those two traits and the size of reserves.     

Occurrence of Rotifera in the field under natural and intentionally-changed conditions

A comparison of population dynamics of rotifers under natural conditions with those under intentionally-changed ones was carried out at one Lake and five outdoor pools. In Lake Numasawa, dominant rotifers under natural conditions for the past two years were Polyarthra trigla vulgaris, Kellicottia longispina, Ploesoma truncatum, Asplanchna priodonta and Filinia longiseta. Keratella hiemalis, K. cochlearis, K. valga tropica, Brachionus caudatus and Ascomorpha saltans appeared sporadically. Three months after the start of circulation of part of the lake water by a water power plant no remarkable changes were observed as far as the seasonal and vertical distribution of dominant rotifers are concerned. In five pools with different kinds and ratios of covering by such macrophytes as Eichornia and Lemna or reed screen, three types of rotifer communities were found. Type I: Liliferotrocha sp., Brachionus calyciflorus, (B. budapestinensis), B. angularis, K. valga tropica, etc., in which both densities and frequencies were generally reduced in proportion to the ratio of covering either with macrophytes or reed screens. Type II: Filinia longiseta, Polyarthra trigla vulgaris, Asplanchnella sieboldi, etc. in which densities and frequencies were increased by covering either with macrophytes or reed screens. Type III: Trichocerca pusilla, B. quadridentatus, B. leydigi rotundus, Scaridium longicaudum, Euchlanis dilatata, Dicranophorus sp., etc, in which no precise correlation was found between occurrences of the Rotifers and ratio of covering.     

Rotifers ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum

Six genera of rotifers including Philodina, Monostyla, Epiphanes, Euchlanis, Brachionus, and Asplanchna were exposed to oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum cleaned of fecal debris. Unstained oocysts and those stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody were added to suspensions of viable rotifers and were examined by phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. Rotifers of all six genera were observed ingesting oocysts. A maximum of 25 oocysts was observed in the stomachs of Eauchlanis and Brachionus. Euchlanis and Epiphanes were observed excreting boluses containing up to eight oocysts. It was not determined whether rotifers digested or otherwise rendered oocysts nonviable.     

长江仪征－崇明段的轮虫调查

作者于１９８８年５月－１９９０年７月对长江下游仪征－崇明江段的轮虫进行了调查,发现轮虫１０３种,平均密度１５．６个／升,平均生物量０．０１３１毫克／升。各江段轮虫的种类组成及数量分布差异较大,这与长江口复杂多变的环境有关,其中盐度是造成这种差异的主要因素。     

Feeding preference and population growth of Asplanchna brightwelli (Rotifera) offered two non-evasive prey rotifers

Population growth rates of the predatory rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli were determined at 25 °C using a large (Brachionus calyciflorus) and a small (Anuraeopsis fissa) rotifer prey species in three concentrations (0.5, 0.1 and 2.0 g dry weight ml^-1) and in five combinations. The prey ingestion time by the predator was also measured. For B. calyciflorus the ingestion time (22.97–8.95 s) was more than six times that of A. fissa (3.68 ± 0.93). Regardless of prey type, the population growth of Asplanchna increased with increasing food density. There was a direct correlation between densities of amictic and mictic fernales. The maximum rate of population growth (1.01 ± 0.10 d^-1) was higher at high density of A. fissa prey than that at the same density of B. calyciflorus. Progressive increase of A. fissa density in the offered food combination resulted in a corresponding increase of the predator's number. Gut content analysis of A. brightwelli revealed that the number of prey ingested increased with increasing prey densities.     

上海市中心城区河道浮游动物群落结构的周年变化

于2007年11月—2008年10月,对上海市中心城区的午潮港、横港、朝阳河、曹杨环浜等4条河道中浮游动物的群落结构及其相关水环境指标进行了调查。共鉴定浮游动物63种,其中轮虫44种(69%),枝角类13种(21%),桡足类6种(10%),优势种主要为转轮虫(Rotaria rotatoria)、长足轮虫(R.neptunia)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、长肢多肢轮虫(Pol-yarthra dolichoptera)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)、发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)和广布中剑水蚤(Microcyclops leuckarti)。4条河道浮游动物的平均密度变动范围为726～2571ind.L-1;平均生物量为12.04～44.27mg·L-1。相关分析结果显示,浮游动物种群密度、生物量与溶解氧呈显著正相关(P<0.05),水体中的磷酸盐、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮对浮游动物的群落结构有一定的影响。对河道中浮游动物群落结构的周年变化进行分...     

温度和铜绿微囊藻毒性对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史参数的影响

文章开展了25℃下两个品系铜绿微囊藻(有毒与无毒)不同浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史的影响研究, 及在5个温度下不同浓度有毒铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史影响的研究。结果表明铜绿微囊藻毒性、浓度及二者交互作用对轮虫生活史参数净生殖率(R₀; F=31.83, P<0.01; F=30.36, P<0.01; F=13.51, P<0.01)、内禀增长率(r_m; F=34.67, P<0.01; F=18.73, P<0.01; F=12.99, P<0.01)均有显著影响; 温度、铜绿微囊藻浓度及二者交互作用对轮虫生活史参数净生殖率、内禀增长率也均有显著影响。无毒铜绿微藻在低浓度(1×104 cells/mL)下对轮虫种群有促进作用, 可作为轮虫食物来源, 但缺乏脂肪酸等营养物质, 食物质量比蛋白核小球藻低; 在高浓度(1×105和5×105 cells/mL)下轮虫摄食无毒铜绿微囊藻机率变大, 整体食物品质下降, 对轮虫有抑制作用。有毒铜绿微囊藻对轮虫种群的抑制作用更加明显, 微囊藻浓度升高, 净生殖率和内禀增长率显著下降。研究结果还表明30℃和35℃高温下轮虫生长繁殖变快, 世代时间缩短。在高温(30℃和35℃)环境下, 铜绿微囊藻浓度升高对轮虫抑制作用更加明显。     

高浓度三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫 生殖策略的影响

以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试动物,研究了不同浓度(400、800和1 200 mg/L)的三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长、有性生殖、个体大小和卵大小的影响.结果显示,三聚氰胺对萼花臂尾轮虫的24 h LC50值为2 627.00 mg/L.与空白对照组相比,800和1 200 ...     

Comparative studies on the relationship between temperature and duration of embryonic development of rotifers

The embryonic development times of four planktonic rotifers from Neusiedlersee (Austria) (Rhinoglena fertöensis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella quadrata and Polyarthra dolichoptera) were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 0.6 °C to 10.5 °C. Development times decreased with increasing temperatures. The curvilinear relationship between temperature and development time was described by Bělehrádek's equation. Data on embryonic development times of rotifers are summarized and regression equations for the temperature-duration of development relationship are presented. Adaptation to temperature is discussed in the context of the thermal history of the various species and populations.     

滆湖轮虫群落结构与水质生态学评价

研究了浅水湖泊--滆湖的轮虫群落结构,并用轮虫污染指示种类、E/O值、QB/T值和生物多样性指数评价滆湖的水质和营养状况.在两周年的研究中,共发现轮虫69种,污染指示轮虫39种.优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionua calyciflorus)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、长三肢轮虫(Filinia longiseta)和裂足臂尾轮虫(B.diversicornis).轮虫密度年平均值为1584 ind./L,生物量年平均值为5.982 1 mg/L.密度秋季最高,生物量夏季较高.轮虫物种多样性较低,多样性指数与其密度及生物量正相关.滆湖三个生态功能区轮虫的种类相似;湖区北部与中部的轮虫现存量差异不显著,与南部的差异显著,中部与南部间差异极显著.根据指示生物法、生物指数法和多样性指数法评价滆湖水质及营养类型,涌湖为富营养型.     

Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotatoria) in Inland Waters of Tropical Latitudes Brachionus calyciflorus Tropical in Waters

The widely distributed Brachionus calyciflorus was studied for morphological variation based on material from all tropical areas. The subspecies B. calyciflorus borgerti Apstein is redescribed and its subspecific status affirmed. Various forms with local distributions were noted and described and the morphological differences are attributed to a variety of possible factors. From the distribution patterns it is clear that rotifers are governed by the general principles that apply to other invertebrates and are not cosmopolitan. There are evidently dispersal centres for Brachionus calyciflorus and its subspecies borgerti.     

Form Variations in the Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas from a Perennial Impoundment in India

All three classical forms of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas viz., calyciflorus, dorcas and amphiceros were recognised in the impoundment. The form amphiceros was most abundant, and its occurrence is attributed to the presence of Asplanchna brightwelli in the tank. Euglena viridis appears to be the preferred food of B. calyciflorus in this impoundment.     

Histofluorescent labelling of catecholaminergic structures in rotifers (Aschelminthes) in whole animals

1. Catecholaminergic neuronal structures were investigated in the rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, Asplanchna priodonta and Asplanchna herricki, using three different aqueous histofluorescent methods. 2. The adrenergic receptors were labelled using the dansyl analog of propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker. Catecholamine neurotransmitters were visualized by derivatizing with glyoxylic acid and formaldehyde respectively. 3. Although all three methods lead to similar results, dansyl-propranolol gave the most rapid and strong fluorescence. 4. The results reveal a complex and highly developed catecholaminergic neuronal system in all adult organs and sensory structures. While developed embryos in the egg show strong fluorescence, immature eggs do not.     

食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率的影响

在短期慢性观测过程中,食物类型可能是造成萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)种群繁殖率变化的一种原因。共观测了分别单独投喂10种不同绿藻对轮虫种群增长率的影响。为验证藻青菌是藻类饵料(如绿藻Scenedesmus)有价值的佐剂这一假说,还用蓝细菌单独投喂或与斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)混合投喂轮虫进行实验观测。结果发现食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率影响显著。斜生栅藻组获得最大种群增长(1.6/d),而Desmodesmus组增长率最低(0.3/d)。以占斜生栅藻组最大增长的百分率来表示,其它几种绿藻组种群增长由高到低依次为:Desmodesmussubspicatus88%,小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)83%,单壳缝藻(Monoraphidiumminutum)77%,D.quadricauda74%,S.falcatus71%,S.acuminatus69%,S.pectinatus64%,莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonasreinhardtii)57%,D.abundans19%。轮虫增长率的差异不能用藻类饵料的大小差异来解释。蓝细菌(Microcystisaeruginosa)和(Synechococcuselongates)不论是单独投喂还是与优良藻类饵料(斜生栅藻)混合投喂都对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长有抑制作用。这种副作用似乎与微囊藻素无关。该结果不支持无毒蓝细菌可作为与其他绿藻饵料配合使用的优良佐剂这一假说。本研究所观察到的生长变化显示了饵料种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响,也预示了对毒性实验结果的影响     

Assoziationskoeffizienten dreier planktischer Rotatorienarten im Freiland und ihre Deutung aufgrund interspezifischer Beziehungen (Konkurrenz,Räuber-Beute-Beziehung)

Summary Coefficients of interspecific association of three rotifer species (Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus rubens, Asplanchna brightuelli) of 314 plankton samples from about 100 ponds in South Germany were determined: two coefficients basing on present-absent data (Table 2: C ₇, C ₈), one coefficient regarding population density (Table 2: C ₉), and one coefficient of partial interspecific association taking in mind the presence or absence of the third species (Table 3: C _p). Some of the computed coefficients are significantly positive or negative indicating that joint appearances are sometimes more and sometimes less frequent than expected by chance. Most of these results cam be interpreted by the knowledge of interspecific relationships, vz. competition between Brachionus calyciflorus and B. rubens, and predator-prey relationships between Asplanchna brightwelli and B. rubens which had been detected in former studies. In each case the association between two of the species is modified by the presence of the third. The causes (alternative prey, destruction of the competitors etc.) are discussed.     

Population growth rates of two closely related rotifer species: effects of food quantity, particle size, and nutritional quality

SUMMARY. 1. The relationship between population growth rates and the concentrations of several algal species was determined in laboratory experiments with the rotifers Brachionus rubens and B. calyciflorus .
2. The effects of food quantity were well described by a modified Monod model with a threshold for zero population growth. The model parameters depended on particle size and nutritional quality of the food algae. Differences between the rotifer species were significant and reflected their varying food-size preferences.
3. For each rotifer species, thresholds were lowest for algae in the most readily ingested size range. The lowest thresholds were 0.07–0.09 mgC 1⁻¹ with algae of about 5 μm equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) for B. rubens , and 0.19 mgC 1⁻¹ with algae of about 10 μm ESD for B. calyciflorus .
4. Maximal growth rates ( r _max) were slightly below 0.8 day⁻¹ for both rotifers with most algal species. The highest r _max values for both rotifers were observed when Cyclotella meneghiniana was provided as food. With this alga, B. calyciflorus had a significantly higher r_max (1.02 day⁻¹) than B. rubens (0.838 day⁻¹).
5. From a comparison of the relationship between growth rates and ingestion rates, Chlamydomonas reinhardii appeared to be of low nutritional quality for B. rubens .
6. Egg ratios were related to growth rate and were not influenced by the algal food used. Egg development times and average mortality rates were estimated from the relationship between egg ratio and growth rate. B. calyciflorus appeared to have a high average mortality rate (0.383 day⁻¹) compared to B. rubens (0.083 day⁻¹).