早籼稻碾磨品质品种、地点、品种×地点互作效应的研究

以浙江省1995年早籼稻品种区域试验6个试点参试品种碾磨品质测定结果为试验材料,用多元分析法探讨了糙米率、精米率、整精米率3个碾磨品质的品种(基因型)、地点、品种×地点互作效应和各效应内碾磨品质间的相关关系,进行了参试品种互作效应检验。分析结果表明,糙米率、精米率以品种效应为主,整精米率性状以环境效应最大。相关分析显示,糙米率、精米率呈较强正相关,糙米率、精米率与整精米率均无相关关系。参试品种互作效应检验显示,多数品种整精米率均存在基因型×地点交互作用,糙米率、精米率多数品种较稳定。 Abstract:The genotype,test site,genotype×site effects on brown rice rate,milled rice recovery and head rice recovery as well as the correlation coefficients between the milling qualities within various effects were approached by using multiple analysis method with the data collected from early season indica rice varieties tested in regional trial in Zhejiang Province.Results showed that brown rice rate,milled rice recovery were predominantly affected by genotype.While head rice recovery was mostly conditioned by environment effect.Correlation analysis displayed that there were positive correlation between brown rice rate and milled rice rate.However,no correlation between brown rice rate,milled rice recovery and head rice recovery was found.The analysis of genotype×site of the varieties tested displayed that head rice recovery of the most tested varieties is involved with the interaction effects between the two components,while brown rice rate,milled rice recovery of the most tested varieties were more stable.     

云南粳稻碾磨品质性状稳定性分析

利用AMMI模型对2年5点12个粳稻品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率进行了稳定性分析,并以碾磨品质性状的表型值及其相应的稳定性参数(Di)为指标,对供试品种进行聚类分析和评价.结果表明,糙米率、精米率和整精米率在不同品种和环境间的差异以及品种×环境互作效应均达极显著水平;碾磨品质性状的稳定性随品种和环境不同而变化较大,其稳定性顺序为糙米率>精米率>整精米率.综合考虑糙米率、精米率和整精米率及其稳定性,云粳优14号、滇元1号、云粳18号和滇元2号的碾磨品质和稳定性好,可作育种亲本,以改良水稻品种的碾磨品质及其稳定性.     

增效位点在稻米碾磨品质分子预测中的效应及其与遗传效应的关系

利用重庆和泸州两个环境下种植的两套杂交水稻不完全双列组合（按NCII设计）,结合SSR和AFLP标记,按照单向分组的方差分析法筛选与凡碾磨品质表现相关的阳性位点和增效位点,分别就此两类位点建立相应的预测模型,同时采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型对这两套材料进行遗传效应分析,旨在分析水稻碾磨品质的分子预测效果及其与遗传效应之间的关系．结果表明：（1）增效预测模型较阳性预测模型稳定性好,精确度高．糙米率、精米率和整精米率的增效预测模型可决系数分别为0．6467、0．6516和0．7265,而阳性预测模型则为0．4053、0．4981和0．6897;增效预测模型的剩余平方和分别为0．8104、0．8011和4．4508,而阳性预测模型则为0．9826、0．9673和6．2676;增效预测模型的预测变异系数为6．79％、7．27％和5．02％,而阳性预测模型则为9．12％、8．13％和6．09％．（2）增效预测模型预测效果因材料和性状的不同存在差异,套内预测好于套间预测,固定不育系预测好于固定恢复系预测;预测效果以整精米率最好,精米率次之,糙米率稍差;（3）不同性状和材料自々预测效果受环境互作自々影响不同,糙米率受环境互作影响大干精米率大干整精米率．因此,可根据不育系和恢复系材料特性,在一定环境条件下建立碾磨品质性状的预测模型,或者选择遗传主效应表现良好,同时环境互作效应表现较为稳定的亲本建立预测模型,可能将会获得较为理想的预测效果．     

水稻碾磨品质稳定性及基因型×环境互作与气候因子的关系

基于AMMI模型,研究了辽宁省25个水稻品种碾磨品质的稳定性,并对基因型×环境（G×E）互作与气候因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：糙米率和整精米率在不同试点间、品种间及G×E互作间差异极显著;糙米率稳定性高的品种有V12（花粳49）、V3（辽粳294）和V4（0163）等,整精米率稳定性高的品种有V3、V1（仙S38）和V18（LDC248）等。糙米率的气候生态适应性表明：品种V15（沈农9810）、V19（雨田301）和V7（桥201—2）分别对低温和高温的环境有特殊的适应性;整精米率的气候生态适应性表明品种V22（营9207）对较高温度的环境有特殊适应性,品种V11（0157）对相对低温和少雨的环境具有特殊适应性,而品种V15（Shenong9810）和V16（龙盘5号）分别适应相对少雨和多雨的环境。     

籼稻稻米碾磨与外观品质性状的QTL定位

文章利用籼籼交组合特青/IRBB衍生的重组自交系群体, 在2个环境下对稻米碾磨品质和外观品质进行QTL定位。共计检测到控制稻米碾磨品质的QTL 12个和控制外观品质的QTL 18个, 包括糙米率8个、精米率2个、整精米率2个、粒长7个、粒宽5个和长宽比6个, 这些QTL分布于除第4和12染色体外的其他10条染色体上。其中, 第3染色体涵盖粒形基因GS3的区域对粒长、长宽比、糙米率和整精米率具有较大效应, 其献率分别为56.71%、42.23%、10.05%和4.91%; 第5染色体涵盖粒宽基因GW5的区域对粒宽、长宽比、糙米率和精米率具有较大效应, 表型变异贡献率分别为59.51%、36.68%、19.51%和4.56%。此外, 第6染色体涵盖直链淀粉含量基因Wx的区域对糙米率和精米率具有较小效应。GS3和GW5对糙米率和粒形具有重要作用。     

云南高原粳稻品质特性分析

采用表型主成分及聚类分析法,对76个云南高原粳稻的11个品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,（1）直链淀粉含量的平均值达食用稻品种品质1级标准,糙米率、透明度、碱消值和胶稠度达2级标准,精米率达3级标准,其余品质性状的平均值均在3级以下。品种间变异最小的品质性状是糙米率和碱消值,变异最大的是垩白度,其次是垩白粒率。（2）稻米品质性状间存在复杂的相关关系。（3）在选出的6个影响云南稻米品质的主因子中,精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度因子对稻米品质的累积贡献率为49.6%。（4）76个云南粳稻聚为4类,其中第一类包括52个品种,表明遗传距离近,遗传基础狭窄。在今后的云南粳稻品质育种中,应降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高精米率和整精米率,同时拓宽遗传基础。     

杂交水稻加工、外观品质性状间接选择的数学模型研究

利用19个优质杂交水稻品种（组合）,采用双向逐步筛选,求出加工和外观品质性状与产量性状的最优相关子集,建立了品质性状的回归方程,并对子集作了广义相关分析。结果表明千粒重、穗长与糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率的相关已反映了品质性状与产量性状相关的主要信息（90％以上）,千粒重在21.96～27.64g、穗长在21.18～26.07cm范围内,增大千粒重可提高糙米率,但整米率下降、垩白粒率上升,适当缩短穗长可提高糙米率和整精米率,降低垩白粒率。     

不同环境条件下粳型杂交稻米碾磨品质性状的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型,对粳型杂交稻稻米碾磨品质性状进行了遗传研究.结果表明:各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子直接效应、细胞质效应和母体效应等遗传主效应外,还明显受到各基因型×环境互作效应的影响.其中糙米率性状以遗传主效应为主,而精米率、整精米率性状以基因型×环境互作效应为主.在遗传主效应中,糙米率性状主要受种子直接加性效应、母体加性效应的控制;在基因型×环境互作效应中,精米率和整精米率性状都是以种子直接加性×环境互作效应和母体加性×环境互作效应为主,细胞质×环境互作效应也起着较为重要的作用.大部分稻米碾磨品质性状的狭义遗传率均较高,其中糙米率性状以普通狭义遗传率为主,而精米率和整精米率性状则以互作狭义遗传率为主.另外,根据性状的遗传效应预测值对各亲本的育种利用价值作了评价.     

稻米碾磨品质性状遗传主效应及其与环境互作的遗传分析

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的种子三倍体遗传模型,分析了不同环境条件下籼稻稻米碾磨品质的遗传特性。结果表明,各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子基因效应、细胞质效应和母体植株基因效应等遗传主效应外,还会明显受到各遗传效应与环境互作效应的影响。其中精米重和精米率两个性状的表现主要是以遗传主效应为主,而糙米重和糙米率则以基因型ｘ环境互作效应为主。在各遗传体系中,除了精米率性状的种子直接遗传效应与环境的互作效应略大于母体植株遗传效应与环境的互作效应外,其他碾磨品质性状的母体植株基因的表达受环境条件的影响程度要大于种子基因。细胞质ｘ环境互作效应对精米重和糙米率的影响也较为重要。遗传效应预测值结果表明,Ｐ７和Ｐ８两个亲本的遗传主效应表现突出,可以明显改良杂交后代多数碾磨品质性状。Ｐ１和Ｐ２两个亲本的碾磨品质性状预测值在两年中的环境互作效应较为－致,不易受到外界条件的影响。上述亲本在水稻品质育种中可加以利用。     

水稻碾磨品质稳定性及基因型×环境互作与气候因子的关系

基于AMMI模型,研究了辽宁省25个水稻品种碾磨品质的稳定性,并对基因型×环境(G×E)互作与气候因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明:糙米率和整精米率在不同试点间、品种间及G×E互作间差异极显著;糙米率稳定性高的品种有V12(花粳49)、V3(辽粳294)和V4(0163)等,整精米率稳定性高的品种有V3、V1(仙S38)和V18(LDC248)等.糙米率的气候生态适应性表明:品种V15(沈农9810)、V19(雨田301)和V7(桥201-2)分别对低温和高温的环境有特殊的适应性;整精米率的气候生态适应性表明品种V22(营9207)对较高温度的环境有特殊适应性,品种V11(0157)对相对低温和少雨的环境具有特殊适应性,而品种V15(Shenong9810)和V16(龙盘5号)分别适应相对少雨和多雨的环境.     

Genetic variability,heritability and correlations for milling and grain appearance qualities in some accessions of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Poor milling and grain appearance is a common feature of locally produced rice (Oryza sativa L.) in West Africa. Development of genotypes with high yield and uniform milled grain size will enhance the market for the locally produced rice. One hundred rice accessions were evaluated to assess genetic variability, heritability and correlations for 11 milling and appearance quality traits and grain yield. The field was laid as a 10?×?10 alpha lattice design with three replications following standard cultivation practices. ANOVA revealed significant differences for the traits studied. The genotypic and environmental variances showed significant differences for all characters studied. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was greater than its corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation for each studied trait. Heritability at broad-sense varied from 14.1% for milling degree to 73.8% for milled grain length-to-width ratio (L/W). Genetic advance as percent of mean ranged from 2.2% for brown rice recovery to 129.6% for percentage of grain with chalkiness (PGWC). In general, genotypic correlations ranged higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations. Brown rice recovery had significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with milling recovery and head rice recovery. Consequently, brown rice recovery, milling recovery and L/W could be used as selection criteria for the improvement of head rice recovery. Genotypes BETIA and CRI-AMANKWATIA had the desirable PGWC and degree of chalkiness, therefore, they are recommended for the improvement of high yielding varieties with high amount of chalkiness.

     

5个早籼稻品种不同播种期米质性状的主成分分析

对8个播种期的5个早籼稻品种的品质性状进行主成分分析,归纳出了对综合米质影响较大的外观因子、加工因子、营养因子、蒸煮因子,它们对综合米质的贡献率依次减小,因此,稻米品质改良工作的重点应首先放在对外观及加工品质的改良上．不同品种及不同播种时期的稻米品质有较大的差异,整精米率和垩白是变异幅度较大并且对综合米质影响最大的指标、品种或播种期对米质的影响同时表现在米质性状的各个方面,综合米质好的稻米往往整精米率高、垩白少、蒸煮品质良好、蛋白质含量适中．在早稻生产中,应争取3月底以前播种并采取保温育秧措施,避开灌浆结实期高温的不良影响。此外,本文还阐述了各品质指标间的相关关系．     

生育前期遮光对水稻后期功能叶生长及稻米品质的影响

以2个不同直链淀粉含量的水稻品种为材料,研究了生育前期(插秧至幼穗分化期)遮光对水稻后期功能叶生长及稻米品质的影响。结果表明,前期遮光处理后,水稻剑叶面积明显增大,功能叶的碳、氮代谢水平提高;2个品种的籽粒直链淀粉积累过程受到的影响不同,而蛋白质积累受到的影响均一致(即百分含量下降幅度增大);糙米率有所降低,但未达到显著水平;精米率和垩白率极显著下降;整精米率和直链淀粉含量显著或极显著升高;粒长、粒宽和蛋白质含量无显著性变化,但蛋白质含量表现为下降趋势;2个品种间存在着差异。     

Neglecting Rice Milling Yield and Quality Underestimates Economic Losses from High-Temperature Stress

Future increases in global surface temperature threaten those worldwide who depend on rice production for their livelihoods and food security. Past analyses of high-temperature stress on rice production have focused on paddy yield and have failed to account for the detrimental impact of high temperatures on milling quality outcomes, which ultimately determine edible (marketable) rice yield and market value. Using genotype specific rice yield and milling quality data on six common rice varieties from Arkansas, USA, combined with on-site, half-hourly and daily temperature observations, we show a nonlinear effect of high-temperature stress exposure on yield and milling quality. A 1°C increase in average growing season temperature reduces paddy yield by 6.2%, total milled rice yield by 7.1% to 8.0%, head rice yield by 9.0% to 13.8%, and total milling revenue by 8.1% to 11.0%, across genotypes. Our results indicate that failure to account for changes in milling quality leads to understatement of the impacts of high temperatures on rice production outcomes. These dramatic losses result from reduced paddy yield and increased percentages of chalky and broken kernels, which together decrease the quantity and market value of milled rice. Recently published estimates show paddy yield reductions of up to 10% across the major rice-producing regions of South and Southeast Asia due to rising temperatures. The results of our study suggest that the often-cited 10% figure underestimates the economic implications of climate change for rice producers, thus potentially threatening future food security for global rice producers and consumers.     

Ethylene and ACC levels in developing grains are related to the poor appearance and milling quality of rice

The possible relationship between the levels of ethylene and 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the grains and the quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated by using 12 rice cultivars. The results showed that both the ethylene evolution rate and ACC content in grains during the grain filling period correlated negatively with head rice production and positively with chalky kernels, chalky size, and chalkiness. The levels of ethylene and ACC were not significantly correlated with alkali spreading value and amylose content. Application of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing agent, or ACC to panicles at the early grain filling stage significantly reduced the rates of brown rice, milled rice, and head rice, and significantly increased the percentage of chalky kernels, chalky size, and chalkiness. Application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ACC synthase, had the opposite effect. Chalkiness appears to be a senescence related phenomenon which is stimulated by ethylene. The results suggest that ethylene and ACC in grains play an important role in regulating rice quality, and that grain appearance and milling quality would be improved though the reduction of ethylene and ACC in grains during grain filling.     

籼稻稻米外观品质的细胞质,母体和胚乳遗传效应分析

利用浙协2号A等9个籼型不育系和T49等5个籼型恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,研究了籼稻稻米外观品质的遗传效应．结果表明,稻米外观品质性状的表现受制于胚乳、母体和细胞质三套遗传体系．糙米长、长宽比和长厚比等性状以母体遗传率为主,而糙米宽和糙米厚则以胚乳直接遗传率为主,糙米长和长宽比等性状的细胞质遗传率亦很重要．结果还发现外观品质性状间存在着较强的遗传相关,其中糙米长与糙米宽、糙米长与糙米厚、糙米宽与糙米厚、糙米宽与长宽比、糙米厚与长厚比以及糙米长宽比与长厚比性状间以胚乳直接加性和母体加性相关为主．而糙米长与长宽比、糙米长与长厚比、糙米宽与长厚比以及糙米厚与长宽比性状间则以胚乳直接显性和母体显性相关为主．就外观品质的总体情况而言,遗传效应预测值表明参试亲本以V20A、作5A和测早2-2较好,其各种遗传效应能够显著改善稻米品质性状。V20A／102和作5A／测早2-2等组合具有较好的稻米外观品质．     

航天诱变水稻抗褐飞虱新种质的培育、遗传分析与生物学特性

利用"实践八号"育种卫星搭载"玉香油占"干种子,在褐飞虱爆发条件下,从M2代中首次获得农艺综合性状优良的抗褐飞虱水稻突变体PR955。遗传分析表明,PR955的抗褐飞虱性状受1对显性基因控制。米质检测分析表明,PR955的出糙率、精米率、整精米率均达国家一等优质米标准,综合评定为二等优质米。     

川东南杂交中稻超稀栽培对稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的影响

以‘II优7号’、‘汕优63’和‘香优2号’为材料,研究了超稀栽培与稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的关系及其作用原因,结果表明：栽秧密度与整精米率呈极显著负相关,与垩白粒率呈极显著正相关。在中高氮施肥水平条件下,当栽秧密度超稀到7.51万穴•hm-2时,在保证比传统高产栽培密度每公顷栽秧21.64万穴的对照不减产前提下,整精米率提高了15.69%～29.92%,垩白粒率降低了16.34%～21.22%。其原因在于,超稀植增加了每穗着粒数,降低了齐穗期的叶粒比,以致稻穗籽粒灌浆速率减慢而改善整精米率和垩白粒率。齐穗后20 d施氮可同时起到提高结实率和整精米率的双重效果。