干旱区典型绿洲城市发展与水资源潜力协调度分析

基于1995-2010年城市发展与水资源开发利用现状,构建了城市发展与水资源潜力的综合评价模型及二者的协调度模型,以探讨乌鲁木齐城市发展及水资源潜力的变化与二者的协调关系。结论如下:(1)乌鲁木齐市的城市发展综合水平基本呈逐年上升趋势,其中经济发展与人口增长是乌鲁木齐城市发展的主要形式,社会进步和空间扩张对城市综合发展的影响相对较小。(2)水资源开发利用潜力的变化波动性较强,总体呈现下降趋势,主要受水资源本底条件变化的影响,水资源利用效率和管理能力的提高则促进水资源潜力的提升。(3)城市发展与水资源系统的协调度先升后降,呈倒U字型变化,总体二者的协调发展度不高,城市发展系统和水资源系统的矛盾日渐突出。     

长株潭城市群城镇化水平与生态质量的冲突与交互作用

城镇化的快速发展给生态质量提升带来挑战,如何解决城镇化发展与生态质量提升之间的冲突是实现区域可持续发展的关键。通过构建城镇化与生态质量评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型(CCDM)和时空地理加权回归模型(GTWR)揭示2000—2020年长株潭城市群城镇化与生态质量的冲突程度,并对其交互作用的时空异质性进行测度。结果表明：(1)研究期间,长株潭城市群城镇化水平呈上升趋势,表现出中心地区高于四周的特征;生态质量呈现先降低后上升的趋势,并表现出四周高中心低的特征。(2)长株潭城市群城镇化水平与生态质量之间的冲突程度逐渐降低,经历了从城市化滞后到生态质量滞后的转变,并在空间上表现出由中部高四周低向北高南低过渡的特征。(3)城镇化水平与生态质量之间的交互作用表现出明显的阶段性特征,城镇化水平与生态质量的负向作用主要分布在中部发达地区,而正向作用主要分布在经济欠发达的四周区域。其中,人口和空间城镇化导致生态不断恶化,而生态功能的减弱以及结构的破碎化制约了城镇化的发展。     

1996-2016 年洞庭湖区土地利用及景观格局演变特征

以1996 年、2001 年、2007 年、2012、2016 年洞庭湖区的遥感影像数据为基础, 利用转移矩阵模型及景观格局指数等方法分析了洞庭湖区20 年间的土地利用及景观格局变化特征。结果表明: 洞庭湖区土地利用景观格局变化主要表现为耕地、林地和建设用地的增加, 水域、草地和其它用地有不同程度的减少; 总体景观呈破碎化趋势, 形状更加复杂, 多样性指数呈增加趋势; 各类型土地的斑块数目总体呈上升趋势, 其中水域与其他用地基本保持不变, 耕地的最大斑块指数变化最大, 平均分维数基本呈上升趋势。     

2010-2020年中国市域城镇化与生态环境协调状态的空间分异及影响因素

城镇化与生态环境协调平衡是提升城市品质的重要举措,也是推进新型城市建设的内在要求。基于构建的城镇化与生态环境系统综合评价指标体系,引入耦合协调模型对2010-2020年中国市域城镇化与生态环境系统的耦合协调度进行测度并分析其影响因素。结果表明:(1)从空间分布格局来看,城镇化发展水平整体呈现京津冀、长三角、珠三角地区领先,成渝、中部地区中等,西南、西北地区相对落后的分布特征;生态环境建设水平呈现出"南高北低,多点开花"的分布特征。(2)从空间关联格局来看,城镇化发展水平和生态环境建设水平皆呈现明显的集聚现象,且以HH、LL区分布为主。其中城镇化发展水平显著LL区主要在西部地区集中分布,大范围低值集聚态势明显,反映出该地区城镇化有待进一步发展;生态环境建设水平显著HH区主要在东南地区集中分布,显著LL区主要在西部和东北地区,反映出广大西部和北方地区的生态环境欠佳。(3)从耦合协调度来看,两大系统之间的磨合作用持续向好,轻度失调及以下协调发展类型的城市数量不断下降,整体迈入转型发展阶段。在空间分布上东部沿海地区整体的耦合协调度水平高于内陆地区。从城镇化与生态环境耦合协调关系看,在研究期总体上呈均衡发展状态,但是有向生态环境滞后型发展趋势。在空间分布上呈南-北差异化格局,2020年生态环境滞后型南北方城市之比为4 ∶ 6。(4)从影响因素看,城镇化状态、城市和谐状态、城市总体生态状况、城市对生态环境治理投入程度、城市绿色低碳建设程度以及水资源利用情况这几个方面均有重要解释作用。     

洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质污染特征与生态风险评价

为揭示洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质的空间分布特征与生态风险, 分别于2012 年2 月和2013 年4 月采集了该湖具有代表性的9 个点位的表层沉积物, 测定了其OM、TN 和TP 的含量, 分析了营养物质的空间分布特征, 并采用沉积物质量基准法对其潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明, 洞庭湖表层沉积物中OM 含量在1.48%-4.22%之间, 平均值为2.06%, TN 含量在382-2217 mg·kg–1 之间, 平均值为1340 mg·kg–1, TP 含量在142-716 mg·kg–1 之间, 平均值为294 mg·kg–1, 与国内其它湖泊(水库)相比, 洞庭湖表层沉积物中OM 和TN 含量处于中等水平, 其内源负荷不容忽视;OM 和TN 含量的空间分布相似, 总体表现为南洞庭湖区>东洞庭湖区>西洞庭湖区, TP 含量总体表现为东洞庭湖区>西洞庭湖区>南洞庭湖区; 初步评价结果表明, 洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质存在较低程度的生态风险, 主要来自TN 和OM。     

京津冀地区新型城镇化对土地生态效率影响的实证分析

近年来, 城市化进程的不断推进对城市土地利用及生态环境产生了极大影响。选取城镇化发展最为迅速与典型的京津冀地区作为研究区域, 采用超效率DEA模型及Malmquist效率指数, 从经济学角度分析2006-2015年土地生态效率的时空演变, 随后, 基于人口、富裕和技术(STRIPAT)模型, 构建新型城镇化发展水平的综合指标评价体系, 分析新型城镇化对土地生态效率的影响。研究结果表明: 京津冀地区城镇化发展水平与土地生态效率之间存在显著的正相关关系, 即城镇化水平的不断提升对土地生态效率的提高具有积极作用, 各城市土地生态效率在新型城镇化发展背景下存在明显的空间差异, 此外, 土地利用与管理技术水平的提高、环境政策的改变等均会对土地生态效率的提升产生积极影响。这项研究旨在为提高城市土地管理水平, 推动城市可持续发展提供决策支持。     

人文因素对中国灰水经济生产率的影响

促进水资源环境与经济的可持续发展,已成为当前我国亟待解决的问题。以灰水经济生产率为研究主体,将其定义为GDP与灰水足迹之比,基于对我国31个省市(香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省数据尚未统计)2000—2014年灰水经济生产率区域特征和空间相关性的分析,利用空间Durbin模型对人文因素与灰水经济生产率的关系进行了研究。结果显示:(1)我国灰水经济生产率整体呈现上升趋势,东部地区显著高于中、西部,西部地区最低;(2)各省区灰水经济生产率在空间分布上存在显著正自相关性且空间集聚程度较高,近年来区域间的分化加剧;(3)从全国范围来看,提升产业结构优化度、城镇化水平及社会福利有利于本地灰水经济生产率增长,提高受教育程度和社会福利对邻近地区灰水经济生产率具有正向影响;(4)从各分区情况来看,提升民众受教育程度、产业结构优化度、城镇化水平和社会福利都对东部地区灰水经济生产率具有显著积极效用,城镇化建设的发展和社会福利水平的提高有利于西部地区灰水经济生产率增加;在间接效应结果中,东部民众受教育程度的提高,中部社区服务机构的减少,西部社会福利的改善都对相应邻近地区灰水经济生产率产生了显著正向影响;此外,各地需缩小城乡差距,提高农村地区GDP,促进经济与环境健康发展。提出了推动我国水环境与经济协调发展的建议。     

黄土高原人口密集区城镇扩张对生境质量的影响——以兰州、西安-咸阳及太原为例

快速城镇化过程极大改变了区域生境的空间格局和功能要素,深刻影响生境斑块之间的物质流和能量流,同时对生境和生物多样性造成严重威胁.本研究采用InVEST模型、景观指数及多元线性回归,系统分析了1990-2018年黄土高原全域及人口密集区城镇化对生境质量影响的时空格局特征与因素.结果表明:黄土高原城镇扩张显著影响生境质量,...     

吉林省城镇化与生态环境协调发展的时空演变特征

构建城镇化与生态环境评价体系,评价2000—2012年吉林省城镇化和生态环境综合发展水平及两者耦合协调度.结果表明: 研究期间,吉林省城镇化综合水平呈持续增长态势,其中,经济城镇化贡献份额最大;生态环境综合水平呈波动上升趋势,国家实施振兴东北战略以来生态环境状态、响应、压力都增长较快;耦合协调度呈持续增长趋势,从基本不协调发展为高级协调,由城镇化滞后型转化为生态环境滞后型.中部地区城镇化水平较高,东西部地区生态环境水平高于中部地区,长春市城镇化与生态环境耦合协调度最高,白山市最低;2000—2012年,长吉地区耦合协调度在全省一直处于领先水平,但生态环境滞后水平越来越严重,四平、辽源、松原3市和延边朝鲜族自治州的耦合协调度呈上升趋势,白城市呈现下降趋势.     

生境质量对城镇化的时空响应——以长春市为例

生境质量是评价区域生态安全的重要指标,掌握其对城镇化发展的时空响应,有利于新型城镇化的深入推行。本研究基于土地利用数据,在综合利用空间分析及生态模型分析基础上,从网格尺度对长春市景观格局、生境质量及其样带进行时空特征分析,并进一步探讨生境质量在城镇化发展过程中的响应状况。结果表明: 长春市景观斑块密度、边缘密度及Shannon多样性指数低值多分布在西部平原地带,聚合度指数高值区则在市域东部及南部呈现片状格局。2000—2015年,长春市生境质量呈退化趋势且空间异质性显著,大致呈现出“东高西低”分布态势,建设用地扩张及交通基础设施建设对区域生境质量退化起到主导作用;不同样带内生境质量变化存在显著差异性,水域整体变化相对较小,而山脉、城市扩张及交通的变化频度及幅度处于较高水平。坡度及高程等自然因素基本塑造了长春市生境质量整体分布格局,而人口密度、国内生产总值、夜间灯光指数等城镇化要素与生境质量总体呈负相关关系。为缓解城镇化带来的生态压力、促进生境质量的回升,本研究提出防止大黑山脉林区滥砍乱伐、以生态手段修复生境退化地区,提升城镇建成区土地利用效率、促进城镇“精明增长”,设定丘陵地带耕地红线、加强生态基础设施建设等差异化发展策略。     

MicroRNA in cell differentiation and development

The regulation of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) is a recently discovered pattern of gene regulation in animals and plants. MiRNAs have been implicated in various aspects of animal development and cell differentiation, such as early embryonic development, neuronal development, muscle development, and lymphocyte development, by the analysis of genetic deletions of individual miRNAs in mammals. These studies show that miRNAs are key regulators in animal development and are potential causes of human diseases. Here we review some recent discoveries about the functions of miRNAs in cell differentiation and development. Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB724602) and Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KSCX2-YW-R-096, KSCX1-YW-R-64)     

In vitro cultivation of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae and of partially developed flukes recovered from mice

Attempts were made to culture the metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica under a wide variety of conditions. Of the media tested, the most successful was NCTC 135 plus 50% heat inactivated chick serum and sheep red blood cells at 37°–38°C. In this medium, somatic development of newly excysted juveniles was similar to that of flukes recovered from the liver of a mouse 11 days post-infection. There was, however, no corresponding development of the genital rudiment. Various supplements, such as liver extract, bile, yeast extract, embryo extract, egg products, monolayer cells and diphasic media were tested, but none enhanced development. The effects of various physical parameters on growth and development in vitro were examined. Cultured metacercariae appeared to be in a state of ‘suspended animation’; when injected intraperitoneally into mice they developed into egg-producing adults. Flukes recovered from the abdomen and liver of mice continued their somatic growth in vitro but their genitalia failed to develop further.     

Conserving global biological diversity by encouraging alternative development paths: can development coexist with diversity?

The conservation of biological diversity concerns the management of the development process, not only at the national but also at the global level. Individual countries have made their development choices independently but relatedly, too often following the precise form of the choices of other countries preceding them in the development process. Development via imitation is pursuing the form, rather than the substance of a successful development strategy. Countries should instead be developing upon a base of assets that provides them with a relatively unique set of goods and services to place upon global markets. When the first countries developed, this criterion indicated that they should convert their countries to new forms of production; when the last countries are developing, relatively unique goods and services flow from their lands as they stand. What is required is the development of global institutions that encourage countries to see that their best development opportunities lie down these alternative development pathways, based upon their already-existing but relatively unique national assets.     

Characterization of Sgo1 expression in developing and adult mouse

SGO1 has been characterized in its function in correct cell division and its role in centrosome cohesion in the nucleus. However, its organ-specific maturation-related expression pattern in vivo remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we show clear SGO1 expression in post-developmental neuronal cells and cytoplasmic localisation in nucleated cells with a transgenic mice model and immunohistochemistry of wild type mice. We demonstrate extranuclear expression of Sgo1 in the developing heart and gut, which have been shown to be dysregulated in humans with homozygous SGO1 mutation. Additionally, we show Sgo1 expression in select population of retinal cells in developing and post-developmental retina. Our expression analysis strongly suggests that the function of SGO1 goes beyond its well characterized role in cell division.     

MicroRNA与动物发育

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类约22nt大小的内源性非编码RNA,它们通过剪切靶基因的转录产物或者抑制转录产物的翻译从而起到转录后调控靶基因表达的作用。在动物体内,通过基因敲除等方法所进行的大量研究表明了miRNA参与了胚胎早期发育、脑及神经发育、心脏发育、肌肉及骨骼发育等动物发育的各个方面。miRNA是动物发生发育过程中重要的调控因子。主要介绍了近年来miRNA在动物生长发育过程中的研究进展。     

A requirement for Fgfr2 in middle ear development

The skeletal structure of the mammalian middle ear, which is composed of three endochondral ossicles suspended within a membranous air‐filled capsule, plays a critical role in conducting sound. Gene mutations that alter skeletal development in the middle ear result in auditory impairment. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), an important regulator of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation, cause a spectrum of congenital skeletal disorders featuring conductive hearing loss. Although the middle ear malformations in multiple FGFR2 gain‐of‐function disorders are clinically characterized, those in the FGFR2 loss‐of‐function disorder lacrimo‐auriculo‐dento‐digital (LADD) syndrome are relatively undescribed. To better understand conductive hearing loss in LADD, we examined the middle ear skeleton of mice with conditional loss of Fgfr2. We find that decreased auditory function in Fgfr2 mutant mice correlates with hypoplasia of the auditory bulla and ectopic bone growth at sites of tendon/ligament attachment. We show that ectopic bone associated with the intra‐articular ligaments of the incudomalleal joint is derived from Scx‐expressing cells and preceded by decreased expression of the joint progenitor marker Gdf5. Together, these results identify a role for Fgfr2 in development of the middle ear skeletal tissues and suggest potential causes for conductive hearing loss in LADD syndrome.     

Perinatal dental development in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

The synthesis of both ontogenetic and phylogenetic data should provide the ideal explanation of morphologic variation, but for the primate dentition, this has not yet occurred. Information concerning growth and development of primate teeth is lacking, in part because of the paucity of specimens. We have therefore examined the deciduous second molars (dm2) and tooth buds of the permanent first molar (M1) of 12 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), aged 6.5 months of gestation to 4 postnatal months. The ordering of cusp calcification was identical to that of other primates. By regression analysis, correlations of mesial and distal widths with buccal, lingual, and mesiodistal lengths were low, most probably because of decreased rates of change (slopes) and the relatively small sample size. Correlations were, however, greater for mandibular than for maxillary dentition and higher for age than for body weight; for both the dm2 and M1, distal moieties increased faster and were more highly correlated with other dental variables and age than were mesial ones. Comparison with data from humans revealed both differences and similarities in the absolute size and growth rate of dental moieties during the perinatal period. As the reasons for ontogenetic variation become understood for individuals, species, and higher taxa, the phylogenetic implications of differential growth should become clearer as well.     

The role of oxygen availability in the embryonation of Heterakis gallinarum eggs.

The importance of oxygen availability in the embryonation of the infective egg stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum was studied in the laboratory. Unembryonated H. gallinarum eggs were kept under either aerobic conditions by gassing with oxygen, or anaerobic conditions by gassing with the inert gas nitrogen, under a range of constant temperatures. Oxygenated eggs embryonated at a rate influenced by temperature. Conversely, eggs treated with nitrogen showed no embryonation although when these eggs were transferred from nitrogen to oxygen gas after 60 days of treatment, embryonation occurred. This demonstrated that oxygen is an essential requirement for H. gallinarum egg development, although undeveloped eggs remain viable, even after 60 days in low oxygen conditions. The effects of climate on the biology of free-living stages studied under constant laboratory conditions cannot be applied directly to the field where climatic factors exhibit daily cycles. The effect of fluctuating temperature on development was investigated by including an additional temperature group in which H. gallinarum eggs were kept under daily temperature cycles between 12 and 22°C. Cycles caused eggs to develop significantly earlier than those in the constant mean cycle temperature, 17°C, but significantly slower than those in constant 22°C suggesting that daily temperature cycles had an accelerating effect on H. gallinarum egg embryonation but did not accelerate to the higher temperature. These results suggest that daily fluctuations in temperature influence development of the free-living stages and so development cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of constant temperature culture.