地膜覆盖对北方旱地土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

研究不同地膜覆盖时间对北方旱作农田土壤团聚体粒级稳定性和有机碳的影响,可为提升旱作农田生产力和保护农田环境选择合适的管理方式提供科学依据。以辽宁阜新5年秋覆膜(AP)、春覆膜(SP)和不覆膜(CK)的定位试验为研究对象,分析不同覆膜时间对0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层中2 mm、0.25—2 mm、0.053—0.25 mm和0.053 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性及有机碳的影响。结果表明,在北方旱作农田,连续5年的地膜覆盖可显著改变0—10 cm土层的土壤各级团聚体的分布、团聚体中有机碳的含量及其对土壤有机碳含量的贡献率,进而增加土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性,而对10—20 cm土层影响不显著。与不覆膜相比,秋覆膜和春覆膜可显著提高0—10 cm土层2 mm的水稳性团聚体的含量,分别提高了36.3%、47.9%(P0.05),而对微团聚体无显著影响,说明地膜覆盖有利于提高大团聚体数量及稳定性。在0—10 cm土层,粒径2 mm团聚体有机碳含量及储量表现为秋覆膜最高,显著高于春覆膜和不覆膜处理(P0.05)。与裸地不覆膜相比,秋覆膜和春覆膜显著提高2 mm团聚体中有机碳含量对土壤有机碳的贡献率,分别提高了37%和26.1%(P0.05)。而在0—10 cm和10—20cm土层中,微团聚体中有机碳含量对土壤有机碳贡献率没有影响。在辽宁阜新土壤及种植条件下,秋覆膜处理不仅显著提高0—10 cm土壤水稳性大团聚体的含量和稳定性,还可以显著增加水稳性大团聚体有机碳含量及储量,促进有机碳的固存。     

宁夏典型天然草地土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布特征

土壤团聚体作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤有机碳存在的重要场所,对维系土壤质量和生态环境可持续发展具有重要作用。为探究宁夏天然草地土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,以宁夏4种典型的天然草地（草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原）为研究对象,系统开展研究。结果表明：草甸草原、温性草原和草原化荒漠各粒级机械团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量均呈现随粒径减小而先减小后增大趋势,荒漠草原机械团聚体含量呈现随粒径减小而先减小后增大的趋势,水稳性团聚体含量呈现随粒径减小逐渐增大的趋势;且草甸草原和温性草原机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体在0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-40 cm 3个土层均以>0.25 mm大团聚体为主,草原化荒漠和荒漠草原水稳性团聚体均以<0.25 mm的微团聚体为主。4种草地类型机械团聚体和水稳性团聚体MWD和GMD,以及各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量均表现为草甸草原和温性草原显著高于草原化荒漠和荒漠草原。草甸草原和温性草原在3个土层深度均以>0.25 mm的大团聚体对有机碳的贡献率最高,分别达到43.86%、59.26%、58.89%和58.02%、54.03%、57.15%;草原化荒漠和荒漠草原在3个土层深度,均以<0.25 mm的微团聚体贡献率高,分别达到了60.37%、55.86%、54.33%和75.61%、78.34%、78.74%。结果表明：草甸草原和温性草原较草原化荒漠和荒漠草原土壤团聚体稳定性更高,更有利于土壤有机碳累积。     

稻草覆盖和香根草篱对红壤水稳性团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响

基于植物篱和秸秆覆盖控制红壤坡耕地水土流失的长期定位试验,研究香根草篱(H)、稻草覆盖(M)、香根草篱+稻草覆盖(HM)水保措施下红壤水稳性团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征。结果表明:与常规等高农作模式(CK)相比,草篱、稻草覆盖、草篱+稻草覆盖模式下土壤总有机碳含量提高0.07—2.42 g/kg。草篱对土壤团聚体组成及其结合有机碳的影响在篱内效果显著,随着与草篱距离增大影响减弱。草篱和稻草覆盖对土壤团聚体组成和结合有机碳含量的影响不同,草篱主要增加2 mm水稳性团聚体含量及其结合有机碳含量,稻草覆盖增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量及其结合有机碳含量。综合来看,草篱和稻草覆盖相结合对改善坡面土壤结构作用稳定。土壤有机碳含量较高时,土壤总有机碳含量与粒径2mm的大团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关(r=0.659);随着有机碳含量降低,土壤总有机碳含量与土壤0.25—0.053 mm和0.053 mm微小团聚体碳含量相关性逐渐增大。     

大颗粒活化腐植酸肥对苹果土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

新型大颗粒活化腐植酸肥(LAF)在苹果化肥减量和果实稳产方面的效果显著,探明其对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响是揭示该新型肥料对苹果土壤结构影响的重要依据。本研究设置4个LAF处理:LAF₁[全量施肥,施肥时期及重量比(下同):萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=3∶4∶3]、LAF₂(全量施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₃(减量1/4施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₄(减量1/3施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5),以不施肥(CK)处理为对照。通过4年盆栽试验,研究苹果土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳对不同施肥处理的响应。结果表明: 1)与CK相比,LAF各处理显著提高了土壤水稳性大团聚体含量,>2 mm和2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量分别提高了53.4%~77.5%和12.3%~17.0%,且提高幅度随施肥量的增加而增大,其中LAF₁处理土壤水稳性大团聚体含量最高。2)LAF各处理在各粒径团聚体含量上差异不显著,其中2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量所占的比例最高。3)与CK相比,LAF各处理均显著提高了团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了分形维数(D),其中LAF₁处理的MWD和GMD值最高,对土壤团聚体稳定性提升效果最好。4)除LAF₄外,其他LAF处理土壤有机碳含量均显著高于CK,其中LAF₂处理土壤有机碳含量最高;LAF各处理均增加了土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量,LAF₁、LAF₂、LAF₃处理显著提高了>2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量,且>2 mm团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率最大;LAF各处理的水稳性大团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率均显著高于CK,且贡献率均在66.0%以上,其中LAF₁处理最高。综上,施用LAF在促进苹果土壤水稳性大团聚体形成和稳定性、提高团聚体有机碳含量上应用效果显著,其中全量施用效果最好。施用LAF可作为改善苹果土壤结构和提升土壤肥力的有效措施。     

岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤团聚体有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为揭示岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤结构、土壤有机碳积累和碳库管理水平的影响,该研究选取了弃耕地、林地和草地三种土地利用方式,测定0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)、团聚体有机碳以及土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量。结果表明:(1)与弃耕地相比,林地和草地土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均重量直径(MGD)和2～5 mm团聚体含量显著增加,林地和草地土壤团聚体组成以2～5 mm为主,弃耕地以0.5～1 mm和0.25 mm为主,表明退耕还林还草能够促进土壤团聚体形成和稳定。(2)土壤团聚体有机碳含量呈现出林地草地弃耕地,随团聚体粒级增加而增加的趋势;林地和草地以2～5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最大,弃耕地则以0.25 mm团聚体贡献为主,表明弃耕地转变为林地和草地后,土壤SOC积累主要归功于2～5 mm有机碳含量的增加,以及团聚体由小粒径向大粒径转变。(3)与弃耕地比较,林地和草地土壤SOC、EOC含量和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均显著提高,其中土壤EOC含量和CPMI变化较为明显;土壤EOC可作为土壤碳库早期变化的有效指标,CPMI能够良好地表征植被恢复对土壤SOC和EOC的影响。     

不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

以长期定位试验5、10、15、20、30年旱砂田为研究对象,研究了不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:旱砂田土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小表现出“降-升-降”的变化趋势,10年以内旱砂田以>5 mm粒级团聚体为主,15年以上旱砂田以0.05～0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_0.25)和团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)均随着覆砂年限的延长而减小.不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级减小而增加,各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量、团聚体对有机碳的贡献率及团聚体有机碳储量均随着覆砂年限的延长和土层的加深而降低,>1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳对长期旱砂田有机碳变化响应敏感.10、15、20、30年较5 年旱砂田团聚体有机碳储量在0～10 cm土层分别降低了8.0%、24.4%、27.5%和31.4%,10～20 cm土层分别降低了1.4%、15.8%、19.4%和21.8%.综上所述,旱砂田土壤固碳能力随种植年限延长而降低,需加强15年以上旱砂田的土壤培肥工作.     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

干旱区典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布

以干旱区玛纳斯河流域扇缘带为研究区,分析了花花柴(Karelinia caspia)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)4个典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体的组成及有机碳分布。研究表明:不同植物群落土壤团聚体均以0.25—0.053 mm粒径为主,占了46.7%—74.6%,且与其他粒径差异显著(P0.05),0.25 mm和0.053mm粒径土壤团聚体含量较少,仅占7.8%—43%。梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体平均含量较高,达32%。不同植被群落土壤总有机碳介于2.01—8.73 g/kg之间,不同粒径团聚体有机碳介于1.70—13.68 g/kg之间。不同群落之间,梭梭和柽柳群落总有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量均相对较高,且随着土层深度下降而下降。不同粒径之间,有机碳含量在0.25—0.053 mm粒径最低,在0.25 mm和0.053 mm粒径中最高,呈现"V"型分布且差异显著(P0.05)。0.25—0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量的贡献率最高,达43.43%,而0.053 mm粒级贡献率较低,但有机碳含量较高,说明了小粒径团聚体对有机碳保护能力较强。土壤有机碳含量与0.25—0.053 mm团聚体含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。而从整体来看,梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体比例较高,且土壤有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量也较高,说明了在该研究区,梭梭群落聚集土壤养分能力较强,相对其他群落更有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响

土壤团聚作用和土壤有机碳固定之间密切相关.对宁南山区不同植被恢复措施和年限下土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性、土壤团聚体中有机碳及其组分分布进行了研究,探讨了有机碳及其组分对植被恢复的响应.结果表明,不同植被恢复措施下,土壤团聚体粒径分布表现为“V”字分布:＞5 mm和＜0.25 mm这两个粒径的团聚体含量最多,5-2 mm、1-0.25 mm团聚体的含量次之,2-1 mm粒径的团聚体含量最少.坡耕地的平均重量直径(MWD)最低,为1.4,其他植被恢复措施下土壤的平均重量直径MWD在1.9-3.1之间.不同的植被恢复措施下,0-20 cm土层和20-40 cm土层全土有机碳含量在7.4-17.7 g/kg之间、微生物碳含量分布在50.3-664.7 mg/kg之间、腐殖质碳含量在0.9-2.5g/kg之间.胡敏酸碳含量分布在0.2-0.6 g/kg,富里酸碳含量在0.6-1.9 g/kg之间.全土有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳均为坡耕地最低,其他植被恢复措施的有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳含量分别是坡耕地的1.1-2.3倍、2.0-8.4倍、1.0-2.0倍、1.2-2.4倍.不同粒径团聚体有机碳相比较,大多呈现中间高两边低的变化趋势,最大值出现在中间粒径,即5-2 mm、2-1 mm、1-0.25 mm这3个粒径.逐步回归表明,5-2 mm团聚体和1-0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成.研究结果表明,植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量,在碳形态上,富里酸碳和微生物生物量碳对不同植被恢复措施的敏感度较高,胡敏酸碳含量则相对稳定.     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.     

Update in research and methods in proteomics and bioinformatics

The 3rd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013)

Philadelphia, PA, USA, 15–17 July 2013

The Third International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013) was sponsored by the OMICS group and was organized in order to strengthen the future of proteomics science by bringing together professionals, researchers and scholars from leading universities across the globe. The main topics of this conference included the integration of novel platforms in data analysis, the use of a systems biology approach, different novel mass spectrometry platforms and biomarker discovery methods. The conference was divided into proteomic methods and research interests. Among these two categories, interactions between methods in proteomics and bioinformatics, as well as other research methodologies, were discussed. Exceptional topics from the keynote forum, oral presentations and the poster session have been highlighted. The topics range from new techniques for analyzing proteomics data, to new models designed to help better understand genetic variations to the differences in the salivary proteomes of HIV-infected patients.     

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and by-products in Argentina

The deoxynivalenol and nivalenol contamination in wheat and by-products obtained through milling was analized by Trucksess method slightly modified in the proportion of acetonitrile—water (3:1). Only one sample of wheat showed deoxynivalenol contamination, 1,200μg/kg. No samples obtained in different stages of the milling were contaminated with deoxynivalenol or nivalenol. In the commercial wheat flours the levels found ranged between 400 and 800μg/kg, as follows: 400μ/kg, 5 samples; 800jug/kg, 1 sample.